yul

root. drink

A root meaning “drink” in Tolkien’s later writings, most notably the basis for Q. yulda “draught” and Q. yulma “cup” from the Q. Namárië poem (LotR/377). It seems likely the root was coined in association with this poem, though there are no signs of any yul- forms in its earliest drafts from the 1940s (TI/284). The root √YUL (or √JULU) was mentioned a number of times in Tolkien’s later writings in the 1950s and 60s (PE17/63, 180; PE22/155; WJ/416), but there is no sign of it before then. In earlier writings Tolkien generally used √SOK or √SUK for “drink”, and the root √SOK appeared as late as the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (VT39/11), an essay that also referenced √YUL (WJ/416). Thus it isn’t clear whether √SOK was supplanted by √YUL, or if the two roots coexisted.

sok

root. drink, gulp, quaff, drain

The first appearance of this root was unglossed ᴱ√SOKO in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives ᴱQ. soko- “drink” and ᴱQ. sokto- “give to drink, drench” (QL/85). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon the base form was given as sog- which had derivatives like G. sog- “drink” and G. suith “a drink, a draught” (GL/68).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root was given as ᴹ√SUK with derivatives like ᴹQ. suhto/N. sûth “draught” and ᴹQ. suk-/N. sog- “drink”, along with a variant root ᴹ√SUG with derivatives ᴹQ. súlo/N. sûl “goblet” (Ety/SUK). The root appeared with vocalic variants √SUK and √SOK “drain, drink” in both the first and second versions of Tengwesta Qenderinwa from the 1930s (TQ1: PE18/45) and circa 1950 (TQ2: PE18/94). Finally the root √SOK “gulp, quaff, drink” appeared in notes associated with the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 where it had a single derivative: Q. soika “thirsty” (VT39/11).

In Tolkien’s later writings, the roots √SUK and √SOK had competition from √YUL “drink”; see that entry for details. Since both √SOK and √YUL coexisted in the Quendi and Eldar essay, I am of the opinion that √SUK/SOK may not have been abandoned.

suk

root. drink, drain, gulp, quaff

yulmā

noun. drinking-vessel

yulmē

noun. drinking, carousal

sog-

verb. to drink

A verb appearing as infinitive sogo “drink” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√SUK of the same meaning (Ety/SUK), with short u becoming o as usual.

Conceptual Development: The same verb G. sog- “drink” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/68), but in Tolkien’s earlier writings the root was ᴱ√SOKO (QL/85). The verb ᴱN. sog- also seems to appear in sample sentences in the Early Noldorin Grammar of the 1920s such as ᴱN. manthil sóg odog “✱having eaten he drinks a lot” (PE13/128), but these sentences were not translated.

Neo-Sindarin: In Tolkien’s later writing, the usual Quenya word for “drink” was Q. yul- from the root √YUL, so some Neo-Sindarin writers prefer to coin a neologism ᴺS. ýl- “drink” based on this root. However, I prefer to retain sog- for “drink” in Neo-Sindarin, since the roots √SOK and √SUK also appeared in Tolkien’s later writings, including documents that also had √YUL (PE18/94; VT39/11).

sog-

verb. to drink

sûth

noun. draught

A noun appearing as N. sûth “draught” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√SUK “drink”, likely from primitive ✱suktō given its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. suhto (Ety/SUK). It is thus likely that the combination ukt vocalized to ūth, as it did for similar words in The Etymologies such as N. lhûtha- “enchant” vs. ᴹQ. luhta- under the root ᴹ√LUK (Ety/LUK).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s instead had G. suith “a drink, a draught” (GL/68) from the early root ᴱ√SOKO (QL/85), representing a different vocalization: okt vocalizing to oith (HPG/§2.6) and then oi becoming ui (PE15/13). It seems the phonetic developments in The Etymologies of that late 1930s were different, but in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from this same period, Tolkien said [ui] was the result of vocalized u + χ (PE22/40), and indeed that seems to be the phonetic developments in later Sindarin as well, given words like S. nuitha- from primitive ✶nuktā- (WJ/413).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d use ᴺS. suith for “draught, a drink”, a form I saw first suggested by David Salo in his book Gateway to Sindarin (GS/321).

calf

noun. water-vessel

gwîn

noun. wine, vine

The wine of Dor-Winion occurs in the Lay of the children of Húrin and a place located either in the "burning South" in the first version, or probably east of the Blue Mountains in the second. Then we have Dorwinion as a meadow-land in Tol Eressëa at the end of the Quenta Silmarillion. It reappears in The Hobbit, and was finally placed North-West of the Sea of Rhûn in the decorated map by Pauline Baynes (see HL/115-117 for discussion). The meaning of this name is unknown and has been largely discussed. What do we have indeed in this "Winion", or rather gwinion since the initial w- must come from lenition? According to Christopher Tolkien, the Lay was begun c. 1918 and was composed during his father's stay at Leeds, a date meaning that the word can be Gnomish, possibly Early Noldorin, or in an indigenous language of Beleriand. In Gnomish and later in Doriathrin and Ilkorin, there is a genitive plural ending -ion which may very well be contained in this word. Then we would segment gwin-ion "of gwin". The context calls for "wine", "vine" or something similar. It can hardly be a coincidence that gwin is precisely the Welsh word for "wine", a loan from the Latin vinum, as the English "wine" itself

lhav-

verb. to lick

A noun appearing as N. lhâf “lick” (with Noldorin-style infinitive form lhebi) in The Etymologies of the 1930s from the root ᴹ√LAB of the same meaning (Ety/LAB) where the initial initial l was unvoiced to lh as was the case in Noldorin of the 1930s.

Conceptual Development: This verb was G. lav- “lick” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/53), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√LAVA since the unvoicing of initial l was not a feature of Gnomish in the 1910s.

Neo-Sindarin: Most Neo-Sindarin writers adapt this word as ᴺS. lav- “to lick” since the unvoicing of initial l was also not a feature of Sindarin in the 1950s and 60s.

sûth

noun. draught

gwîn

adjective. young

yul-

verb. to drink

A verb for “to drink” from the 1950s and 60s (PE17/63) based on the root √YUL of the same meaning (PE22/155; WJ/416).

yulda

noun. drink, draught, thing drunk; cup

A noun for “draught” appearing in the Namárië poem from The Lord of the Rings (LotR/377). In various commentaries on the poem Tolkien clarified that the meaning of the word was “something drunk, a drink, a draught” (PE17/63), “a thing drunk, draught” (PE17/135), or “a draught, the amount drunk” (PE17/68). In one place Tolkien said it could mean “a cup” as in “a cup of miruvore” (PE17/64), though most likely this refers to the contents of the cup rather than the cup itself.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use this word primarily in the sense of “a drink, a draught” = “the thing or amount drunk”, as opposed to [ᴹQ.] suhto for “a draught” = “a single act of drinking” (Ety/SUK).

limpë

(wine), drink of the valar

limpë noun "(wine), drink of the Valar" (LIP), cf. the early "Qenya" gloss"drink of the fairies" (LT1:258)

miruvórë

noun. mead, nectar, special wine or cordial, drink of the Elves, (lit.) precious juice, mead, nectar, special wine or cordial, drink of the Elves, (lit.) precious juice, [ᴱQ.] sweet drink

The Quenya word for the special Elvish drink of Rivendell, more commonly known by its (Sindarin) name S. miruvor (LotR/290), itself a loan word from Quenya (PE17/37). The Quenya word dates all the way back to the earliest versions of the legendarium, with ᴱQ. miruvōre “nectar, drink of the Valar, sweet drink” appearing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/61), and the shorter form miruvor appearing The Lost Tales from this same period (LT1/153).

Possible Etymology: In notes from 1967, Tolkien admitted this word was inspired by Germanic među + wōþi = “sweet mead”, which would have become miřuwoři in the English language branch (PE17/64). In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s it was a combination of ᴱQ. miru “wine” and ᴱQ. wóre “sweet” (QL/61, 104). In notes from the late 1950s, Tolkien redefined it as a combination of √MIR “precious” and ✶wōri “juice”, but then declared this was a false etymology (PE17/37-38). Indeed, in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 Tolkien said the Quenya word was based on Valarin mirubhōze (WJ/399), elsewhere glossed “a honey wine” (PE17/38), with the element Val. mirub being “wine”.

suc-

to drink

suc- ("k") vb. "to drink" (1st pers. aorist sucin "I drink") (SUK)

yulda

draught, something drunk, a drink, the amount drunk

yulda noun "draught, something drunk, a drink, the amount drunk", pl. yuldar (Nam, PE17:63, 68, RGEO:66). See -da regarding etymology.

sulpa-

verb. lap up, drink greedily

yuluitë

adjective. drinking (as a habit), *aquatic

A verbal adjective meaning “drinking (as a habit)”, a combination of Q. yul- “drink” and Q. -itë “generally or naturally doing” (PE22/155). It was used for the class of animals Q. yuluiti cuimar “fish, etc.”, so it likely had the connotation “✱aquatic”.

yúlima

adjective. drinkable

A verbal adjective meaning “drinkable”, a combination of Q. yul- “drink” and Q. -ima “able” (PE22/155).

cilinyul

noun. drinking-vessel (made of glass)

A drinking vessel made of glass, a combination of Q. cilin “glass” (PE17/37). Its second element is probably a reduced form of Q. yulma “cup”. If so, its stem form would be ✱cilinyulm-.

yulmë

noun. drinking, carousal

An abstract noun formation meaning “drinking, carousal” appearing in the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 and derived from the root √JULU [YUL] (WJ/416).

cilinyul

drinking-vessel

cilinyul noun "drinking-vessel" (made of glass) (PE17:37)

sungwa

drinking-vessel

sungwa noun "drinking-vessel" (SUK)

yulmë

drinking, carousal

yulmë (1) noun "drinking, carousal" (WJ:416)

yuluite

adjective. drinking (as a habit)

yúlima

adjective. drinkable

yulma

noun. cup, drinking vessel, drinking implement, goblet

A word for “cup” in the Namárië “poem” (LotR/377). Elsewhere Tolkien specified it was a more general term for a “drinking vessel” or “drinking implement”, a derivative of ✶yulmā = √YUL + ✶-mā and hence more literally “a thing used in drinking” (PE17/63, 68, 135; WJ/416).

yulmo

noun. drinker

A neologism for “drinker” created by Petri Tikka in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s, a combination of Q. yul- “drink” and the agental suffix Q. -mo.

-da

draught, the amount drunk

-da suffix used to derive nouns denoting the result of an action, like yulda "draught, the amount drunk" (the stem YUL is here given the meaning "drink"). (PE17:68) Cf. also carda "deed" (q.v.) vs. the verb car- "do".

miruvor

mead

miruvor, full form miruvórë noun "mead", "a special wine or cordial"; possessive miruvóreva "of mead" (Nam, RGEO:66; WJ:399).In the "Qenya Lexicon", miruvórë was defined "nectar, drink of the Valar" (LT1:261).

yulma

cup

yulma (1) noun "cup" (Nam, RGEO:67), "drinking-vessel" (WJ:416, PE17:180). The plural form yulmar is attested (VT48:11). Yulmaya ("k") colloquial Quenya for "his cup" (the formally correct form being *yulmarya) (VT49:17)

hyero

noun. wine

A word for “wine” appearing in notes on the Common Eldarin Article (CEA) from 1969, derived from primitive ✶syeru (PE23/139).

lav-

verb. to lick

A verb for “to lick” based on the root √LAB of similar meaning (PE17/72; PE22/151-152; RGEO/59).

Conceptual Development: This verb dates all the way back to ᴱQ. lava- “lick” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s where it was derived from the early root ᴱ√LAVA (QL/52). It retained this form in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/134), and in The Etymologies of the 1930s it appeared as ᴹQ. lavin “I lick” under the root ᴹ√LAB “lick” (Ety/LAB). The verb and root continued to appear regularly in Tolkien’s later writings.

suhto

draught

suhto noun "draught" (SUK)

miru

noun. wine

ylf

noun. drinking-vessel, *cup

A word for a “drinking-vessel” appearing in the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 as a derivative of ✶julmā [yulmā] = √YUL + ✶-mā “✱thing for drinking” (WJ/416), where the final lm became lf (pronounced [lv]). It was cognate to Q. yulma, and hence probably also means “✱cup”.

ylf

noun. drinking-vessel

soga

drink

(vb.) soga- (3rd person sg. sôg, pa.t. sunc or sogant; passive participle sogannen). Hence i hôg ”who drinks”, ?i sogar ”who drink”. The form ”asogant” in LR:388 s.v. _

soga

drink

(3rd person sg. sôg, pa.t. sunc or sogant; passive participle sogannen). Hence i hôg ”who drinks”, ?i sogar ”who drink”.  The form ”asogant” in LR:388 s.v. SUK is an error for sogant, VT46:16. The participle, listed in

ýl-

verb. to drink

soethor

noun. drinking-horn

ylf

drinking vessel

ylf (no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. ylvath) (WJ:416). Note: a homophone means ”brand”.

ylf

drinking vessel

(no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. ylvath) (WJ:416). Note: a homophone means ”brand”.

yll

noun. draught

A neologism for “draught” coined by Ryszard Derdzinski in PPW (PPW) from the early 2000s, based on Q. yulda. I prefer ᴺS. suith “draught, a drink”, but ᴺS. yll might be preferable if you think Tolkien abandoned the root √SOK/SUK “drink”.

calph

noun. water-vessel

gwîn

noun. wine, vine

The wine of Dor-Winion occurs in the Lay of the children of Húrin and a place located either in the "burning South" in the first version, or probably east of the Blue Mountains in the second. Then we have Dorwinion as a meadow-land in Tol Eressëa at the end of the Quenta Silmarillion. It reappears in The Hobbit, and was finally placed North-West of the Sea of Rhûn in the decorated map by Pauline Baynes (see HL/115-117 for discussion). The meaning of this name is unknown and has been largely discussed. What do we have indeed in this "Winion", or rather gwinion since the initial w- must come from lenition? According to Christopher Tolkien, the Lay was begun c. 1918 and was composed during his father's stay at Leeds, a date meaning that the word can be Gnomish, possibly Early Noldorin, or in an indigenous language of Beleriand. In Gnomish and later in Doriathrin and Ilkorin, there is a genitive plural ending -ion which may very well be contained in this word. Then we would segment gwin-ion "of gwin". The context calls for "wine", "vine" or something similar. It can hardly be a coincidence that gwin is precisely the Welsh word for "wine", a loan from the Latin vinum, as the English "wine" itself

herw

noun. wine

A word for “wine” appearing in notes on the Common Eldarin Article (CEA) from 1969, derived from ancient ✶herwā (PE23/139). Its Quenya equivalent Q. hyero was derived from ✶syeru, of which herwā was a variant, so it is clear that the actual primitive form was ✱syerwā, especially since this was an example of how [[os|sy became voiceless spirantal y ([ꜧ])]], and then later becoming ch [x] > h (PE23/138).

suith

noun. draught

calph

vessel

(water vessel) calph (i galph, o chalph), pl. celph (i chelph). By another suggestion, if the word goes like alph "swan", the pl. forms could be ceilph (i cheilph).

calph

vessel

(i galph, o chalph), pl. celph (i chelph). By another suggestion, if the word goes like alph "swan", the pl. forms could be ceilph (i cheilph).

lav-

verb. to lick

miru

noun. wine

sogannen

lr

.

suith

draught

*suith (i huith, o suith), no distinct pl. form except with article (i suith). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” sûth.

suith

draught

(i huith, o suith), no distinct pl. form except with article (i suith). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” sûth.

ŷ

noun. wine

A neologism for “wine” coined by Hialmr appearing in VQP (VQP), based on ᴱQ. io “wine” (PE16/141).

sero

noun. wine