suc-

to drink

suc- ("k") vb. "to drink" (1st pers. aorist sucin "I drink") (SUK)

yul-

verb. to drink

A verb for “to drink” from the 1950s and 60s (PE17/63) based on the root √YUL of the same meaning (PE22/155; WJ/416).

Cognates

• ᴺS. ýl- “to drink”

Derivations

• √YUL “drink”

Element in

• Q. yulda “drink, draught, thing drunk; cup” ✧ PE17/063
• Q. yúlima “drinkable”
• ᴺQ. yullas “tea”
• Q. yulma “cup, drinking vessel, drinking implement, goblet” ✧ PE17/063
• ᴺQ. yulmo “drinker”
• Q. yuluitë “drinking (as a habit), *aquatic”

lav-

verb. to lick

A verb for “to lick” based on the root √LAB of similar meaning (PE17/72; PE22/151-152; RGEO/59).

Conceptual Development: This verb dates all the way back to ᴱQ. lava- “lick” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s where it was derived from the early root ᴱ√LAVA (QL/52). It retained this form in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/134), and in The Etymologies of the 1930s it appeared as ᴹQ. lavin “I lick” under the root ᴹ√LAB “lick” (Ety/LAB). The verb and root continued to appear regularly in Tolkien’s later writings.

Cognates

• ᴺS. lav- “to lick”

Derivations

• √LAB “lick, move the tongue” ✧ PE22/151
• ✶lab- ✧ PE22/152; PE22/152
  • √LAB “lick, move the tongue” ✧ PE22/152

Element in

• Q. ar lumbulë undulávë ilyë tier “and (heavy) shadow swallowed (lit. down-licked) all roads” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. undulav- “to drown, swallow, submerge, (lit.) lick down” ✧ PE17/072

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√LABA > lamne	[labne] > [lamne]	✧ PE22/151
✶labā́ > lava	[labā] > [laβā] > [laβa] > [lava]	✧ PE22/152
✶laƀuvā > lavuva	[labuvā] > [laβuvā] > [laβuva] > [lavuva]	✧ PE22/152

suhto

draught

suhto noun "draught" (SUK)

-da

draught, the amount drunk

-da suffix used to derive nouns denoting the result of an action, like yulda "draught, the amount drunk" (the stem YUL is here given the meaning "drink"). (PE17:68) Cf. also carda "deed" (q.v.) vs. the verb car- "do".

yulda

noun. drink, draught, thing drunk; cup

A noun for “draught” appearing in the Namárië poem from The Lord of the Rings (LotR/377). In various commentaries on the poem Tolkien clarified that the meaning of the word was “something drunk, a drink, a draught” (PE17/63), “a thing drunk, draught” (PE17/135), or “a draught, the amount drunk” (PE17/68). In one place Tolkien said it could mean “a cup” as in “a cup of miruvore” (PE17/64), though most likely this refers to the contents of the cup rather than the cup itself.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use this word primarily in the sense of “a drink, a draught” = “the thing or amount drunk”, as opposed to [ᴹQ.] suhto for “a draught” = “a single act of drinking” (Ety/SUK).

Cognates

• ᴺS. yll “draught”

Derivations

• ✶yuldā “what is drunk, a draught”
• √YUL “drink” ✧ PE17/063

Element in

• Q. yéni ve lintë yuldar avánier “the years have passed like swift draughts” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. yéni avánier ve lintë yuldar “years have passed away like swift draughts” ✧ RGEO/58

Elements

Word	Gloss
yul-	“to drink”
-da	“product of an action”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√YUL > yulda	[julda]	✧ PE17/063

Variations

• yulda ✧ PE17/051; PE17/063; PE17/063; PE17/064; PE17/068; PE17/135

yulda

draught, something drunk, a drink, the amount drunk

yulda noun "draught, something drunk, a drink, the amount drunk", pl. yuldar (Nam, PE17:63, 68, RGEO:66). See -da regarding etymology.

yulma

cup

yulma (1) noun "cup" (Nam, RGEO:67), "drinking-vessel" (WJ:416, PE17:180). The plural form yulmar is attested (VT48:11). Yulmaya ("k") colloquial Quenya for "his cup" (the formally correct form being *yulmarya) (VT49:17)

suith

noun. draught

soga

drink

(vb.) soga- (3rd person sg. sôg, pa.t. sunc or sogant; passive participle sogannen). Hence i hôg ”who drinks”, ?i sogar ”who drink”. The form ”asogant” in LR:388 s.v. _

soga

drink

(3rd person sg. sôg, pa.t. sunc or sogant; passive participle sogannen). Hence i hôg ”who drinks”, ?i sogar ”who drink”.  The form ”asogant” in LR:388 s.v. SUK is an error for sogant, VT46:16. The participle, listed in

ýl-

verb. to drink

Cognates

• Q. yul- “to drink”

Derivations

• √YUL “drink”

lav-

verb. to lick

Cognates

• Q. lav- “to lick”

suith

draught

*suith (i huith, o suith), no distinct pl. form except with article (i suith). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” sûth.

suith

draught

(i huith, o suith), no distinct pl. form except with article (i suith). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” sûth.

yll

noun. draught

A neologism for “draught” coined by Ryszard Derdzinski in PPW (PPW) from the early 2000s, based on Q. yulda. I prefer ᴺS. suith “draught, a drink”, but ᴺS. yll might be preferable if you think Tolkien abandoned the root √SOK/SUK “drink”.

Cognates

• Q. yulda “drink, draught, thing drunk; cup”

Derivations

• √YUL “drink”

Element in

• ᴺS. yllas “tea, *(lit.) drink of leaf”

sogannen

lr

.

yul

root. drink

A root meaning “drink” in Tolkien’s later writings, most notably the basis for Q. yulda “draught” and Q. yulma “cup” from the Q. Namárië poem (LotR/377). It seems likely the root was coined in association with this poem, though there are no signs of any yul- forms in its earliest drafts from the 1940s (TI/284). The root √YUL (or √JULU) was mentioned a number of times in Tolkien’s later writings in the 1950s and 60s (PE17/63, 180; PE22/155; WJ/416), but there is no sign of it before then. In earlier writings Tolkien generally used √SOK or √SUK for “drink”, and the root √SOK appeared as late as the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (VT39/11), an essay that also referenced √YUL (WJ/416). Thus it isn’t clear whether √SOK was supplanted by √YUL, or if the two roots coexisted.

Derivatives

• ✶yulmā “drinking-vessel”
  • Q. yulma “cup, drinking vessel, drinking implement, goblet” ✧ WJ/416
  • S. ylf “drinking-vessel, *cup” ✧ WJ/416
• Q. yul- “to drink”
• Q. yulda “drink, draught, thing drunk; cup” ✧ PE17/063
• Q. yulda “drunk”
• Q. yúlima “drinkable” ✧ PE22/155
• Q. yulma “cup, drinking vessel, drinking implement, goblet” ✧ PE17/063
• Q. yuluitë “drinking (as a habit), *aquatic” ✧ PE22/155
• ᴺS. yll “draught”
• ᴺS. ýl- “to drink”

Element in

• ✶yuldā “what is drunk, a draught”
• ✶yulmā “drinking-vessel” ✧ WJ/416
• ✶yulmē “drinking, carousal” ✧ WJ/416
• Q. yulma “cup, drinking vessel, drinking implement, goblet” ✧ PE17/180
• Q. yulunefítë “amphibious, *(lit.) drinking-breathing” ✧ PE22/155

Variations

• JULU ✧ WJ/416

sok

root. drink, gulp, quaff, drain

The first appearance of this root was unglossed ᴱ√SOKO in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives ᴱQ. soko- “drink” and ᴱQ. sokto- “give to drink, drench” (QL/85). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon the base form was given as sog- which had derivatives like G. sog- “drink” and G. suith “a drink, a draught” (GL/68).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root was given as ᴹ√SUK with derivatives like ᴹQ. suhto/N. sûth “draught” and ᴹQ. suk-/N. sog- “drink”, along with a variant root ᴹ√SUG with derivatives ᴹQ. súlo/N. sûl “goblet” (Ety/SUK). The root appeared as vocalic variants √SUK and √SOK “drain, drink” in both the first and second versions of Tengwesta Qenderinwa from the 1930s (TQ1: PE18/45) and circa 1950 (TQ2: PE18/94). Finally the root √SOK “gulp, quaff, drink” appeared in notes associated with the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 where it had a single derivative: Q. soika “thirsty” (VT39/11).

In Tolkien’s later writings, the roots √SUK and √SOK had competition from √YUL “drink”; see that entry for details. As both √SOK and √YUL coexisted in the Quendi and Eldar essay, I am of the opinion that √SUK/SOK may not have been abandoned.

Derivatives

• ᴺQ. sohta- “to give to drink, drench”
• Q. soica “thirsty” ✧ VT39/11
• ᴺQ. suhta- “to drain”
• ᴺS. suith “draught, [G.] a drink”

Element in

• ᴺS. soethor “drinking-horn”

Variations

• SUK ✧ PE18/094

suk

root. drink, drain, gulp, quaff

sog-

verb. to drink

sog-

verb. to drink

A verb appearing as infinitive sogo “drink” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√SUK of the same meaning (Ety/SUK), with short u becoming o as usual.

Conceptual Development: The same verb G. sog- “drink” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/68), but in Tolkien’s earlier writings the root was ᴱ√SOKO (QL/85). The verb ᴱN. sog- also seems to appear in sample sentences in the Early Noldorin Grammar of the 1920s such as ᴱN. manthil sóg odog “✱having eaten he drinks a lot” (PE13/128), but these sentences were not translated.

Neo-Sindarin: In Tolkien’s later writing, the usual Quenya word for “drink” was Q. yul- from the root √YUL, so some Neo-Sindarin writers prefer to coin a neologism ᴺS. ýl- “drink” based on this root. However, I prefer to retain sog- for “drink” in Neo-Sindarin, since the roots √SOK and √SUK also appeared in Tolkien’s later writings, including documents that also had √YUL (PE18/94; VT39/11).

Cognates

• ᴹQ. suk- “to drink, to drink [rapidly], *gulp, quaff” ✧ Ety/SUK

Derivations

• ᴹ√SUK “drink, drain” ✧ Ety/SUK

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√SUK > sôg	[suk-] > [sok-] > [sog-]	✧ Ety/SUK

Variations

• asogant ✧ EtyAC/SUK

lhav-

verb. to lick

A noun appearing as N. lhâf “lick” (with Noldorin infinitive form lhebi) in The Etymologies of the 1930s from the root ᴹ√LAB of the same meaning (Ety/LAB) where the initial initial l was unvoiced to lh as was the case in Noldorin of the 1930s.

Conceptual Development: This verb was G. lav- “lick” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/53), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√LAVA since the unvoicing of initial l was not a feature of Gnomish in the 1910s.

Neo-Sindarin: Most Neo-Sindarin writers adapt this word as ᴺS. lav- “to lick” since the unvoicing of initial l was also not a feature of Sindarin in the 1950s and 60s.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. lav- “to lick” ✧ Ety/LAB

Derivations

• ᴹ√LAB “lick” ✧ Ety/LAB

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√LAB > lhefi	[lab-] > [lav-] > [l̥av-]	✧ Ety/LAB

sûth

noun. draught

sûth

noun. draught

A noun appearing as N. sûth “draught” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√SUK “drink”, likely from primitive ✱suktō given its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. suhto (Ety/SUK). It is thus likely that the combination ukt vocalized to ūth, as it did for similar words in The Etymologies such as N. lhûtha- “enchant” vs. ᴹQ. luhta- under the root ᴹ√LUK (Ety/LUK).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s instead had G. suith “a drink, a draught” (GL/68) from the early root ᴱ√SOKO (QL/85), representing a different vocalization: okt vocalizing to oith (HPG/§2.6) and then oi becoming ui (PE15/13). It seems the phonetic developments in The Etymologies of that late 1930s were different, but in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from this same period, Tolkien said [ui] was the result of vocalized u + χ (PE22/40), and indeed that seems to be the phonetic developments in later Sindarin as well, given words like S. nuitha- from primitive ✶nuktā- (WJ/413).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d use ᴺS. suith for “draught, a drink”, a form I saw first suggested by David Salo in his book Gateway to Sindarin (GS/321).

Cognates

• ᴹQ. suhto “draught, draught, *a single act of drinking” ✧ Ety/SUK

Derivations

• ᴹ√SUK “drink, drain” ✧ Ety/SUK

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√SUK > sûth	[suktu] > [sukto] > [suktʰo] > [suxθo] > [sūθo] > [sūθ]	✧ Ety/SUK