anfalas

place name. Langstrand

anc

noun. jaw, row of teeth

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “jaw, row of teeth” derived from the root ᴹ√(A)NAK “bite” (Ety/ÁNAK, NAK). The continued appearance of words like Anfauglir “Jaws of Thirst” (S/180) and its Quenya cognate Q. anca (LotR/1123) indicate its ongoing validity.

Conceptual Development: G. gag “jaw” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/37) might be a conceptual precursor.

anna-

verb. to give

ant

noun. gift

ann

adjective. long

an(d)fang

proper name. Longbeard

an-

prefix. with, by

anann

adverb. long

an-

prefix. with, by

anc

noun. jaw, row of teeth

ann

adjective. long

ant

noun. gift

-ian(d)

suffix. -land

cûm-nan-arasaith

place name. Mound of Avarice

A remnant of earlier G. Cûm an-Idrisaith appearing in Silmarillion drafts from the early 1930s (SM/133, 323), though its elements resemble early Gnomish more than later Noldorin.

hana

pronoun. it

hana

pronoun. it

nan

preposition. of

panna-

verb. to open, to enlarge

dae

noun. shadow (cast by an object or form), shade

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “shadow” derived from the root ᴹ√DAY of the same meaning (Ety/DAY). The original penciled version had {daer >>} dae, while the inked version had daew “shadow (cast by an object or form)” and Dae “shade” (EtyAC/DAY). It was most notably an element in the name N. Dor-Daedeloth “Land of the Shadow of Dread” (LR/120, 405). Christopher Tolkien had S. dae “shadow” in The Silmarillion appendix (SA/dae), but I suspect that was copied from The Etymologies. In later writings, Tolkien seems to have changed the initial element of Daedeloth to a variant of S. daer “great”, and its meaning from “Shadow of Dread” to “Great Dread” (WJ/183).

oltha-

verb. to dream, to dream; [G.] to appear as an apparition

A verb for “to dream” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶olsa- based on the root ᴹ√OLOS “dream” (Ety/LOS, ÓLOS), where the primitive ls became lth as was usual.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s G. oltha- was glossed “to appear as an apparition”, but could be used for “I dream” as an impersonal verb with the putative subject in the dative (GL/62). This seems to be similar to how Q. óla- “dream” was used in Tolkien’s later writings, which likewise was an impersonal verb (UT/396). The Gnomish Lexicon had another verb G. olma- “I dream” as well (GL/62). These Gnomish verbs were clearly based on the early root ᴱ√OLO (QL/69).

rhofal

noun. pinion, great wing (of an eagle)

afor

proper name. Refuser, an Elf who did not journey to Aman

talad

noun. an incline, slope

iaur

adjective. ancient, old, original

ind

noun. inner thought, meaning, heart

inn

noun. inner thought, meaning, heart

taen

adjective. long (and thin)

toll

noun. island, (steep) isle rising with sheer sides from the sea or from a river

lhum

noun. shade

A word appearing as N. lhum “shade” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√LUM, most notably an element in the name N. Hithlum (Ety/LUM). It was the cognate of ᴹQ. lumbe, and thus derived from primitive ✱lumbē, which explains why the final m survived as a reduction of mb.

Conceptual Development: The earliest iteration of this word was G. lôm {“pool, sl...” >>} “gloom, shade” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, based on primitive ᴱ✶lou̯me (GL/54) and probably derived from the early root ᴱ√LOMO as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Hisilómë). In this early document, G. lum or glum was “a cloud” (GL/55), likely a derivative of ᴱ√LUVU for “✱dark weather” as also suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Luvier). In Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s Tolkien had ᴱN. {lom >>} lhom “shadow” (PE13/149). This became N. lhum “shade” in The Etymologies, as noted above.

Neo-Sindarin: In later writings, Hithlum was designated North Sindarin and its final element was based on a loan from Q. lómë “dusk”, with the m surviving only because it was from the North dialect (PE17/133; WJ/400). However, the root √LUM “shadow, darkness” also survived in later writings (PE17/168), so I think N. lhum “shade” can be salvaged, though if adapted to Neo-Sindarin it would need to become ᴺS. lum as suggested in HSD (HSD). Given the later use of Q. lumbo for “(dark) cloud”, I think the Gnomish sense G. lum “[dark] cloud” can be salvaged as well.

cûl

noun. flame

A word for “flame” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KUL “golden-red”, but this word was deleted (EtyAC/KUL).

naew

noun. jaw

A noun for “jaw” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶nakma (✱“bite-thing”) under the root ᴹ√NAK “bite” (NAK). This word remains phonologically plausible in Sindarin, with ancient k vocalizing to i and the resulting diphthong ai become ae, after which the m became v > w; see VT42/26 for a description of the basic phonetic changes. However, naew might have been displaced conceptually by anc “jaw”, which appeared in a number of later Sindarin names and whose Quenya cognate Q. anca appeared in The Lord of the Rings Appendix E.

caer

cardinal. ten

a-

prefix. intensive prefix

-(i)on

suffix. adjectival suffix

-(r)on

suffix. agental suffix

-or

suffix. agental suffix

a(n)

preposition. of

adar

noun. father

brethil

noun. beech

calad

noun. light

carach

noun. jaws

dae

adverb. very

el

noun. star

galad

noun. light

geil

noun. star

gwath

noun. shade

ha

pronoun. it

lhewig

noun. ear

mell

adjective. dear

muin

adjective. dear

naur

noun. flame

nauth

noun. thought

penedh

noun. Elf

penn

noun. Elf

peth

noun. word

ui

adverb. ever

rhofal

noun. pinion, great wing (of eagle)

-on

suffix. agental suffix

ada

noun. father, daddy

adar

noun. father

brethel

noun. beech, beech-tree, silver birch

brethel

noun. beech

caer

cardinal. ten

calad

gerund noun. light

dae

noun. shadow

daew

noun. shadow

edhel

noun. Elf

edra-

verb. to open

edro

verb. open!

fêr

noun. beech-tree

gail

noun. bright light

gal-

prefix. light

geil

noun. star, bright spark

giliath

noun. all the host of stars

glaur

noun. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin)

glor-

noun. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin)

golodh

noun. "Deep Elf" or "Gnome", one of the Wise Folk

golodhrim

noun. Deep Elves, Gnomes

gwath

noun. shade, shadow, dim light

gwath

noun. stain

ha

pronoun. it

heltha-

verb. to strip

The form helta- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:14

iaur

adjective. older, former

lalf

noun. elm-tree

lalven

noun. elm-tree

lhach

noun. (leaping) flame

lhaden

adjective. open, cleared

lhalorn

noun. elm-tree

lhalwen

noun. elm-tree

lhaw

noun. ears (referring to one person's pair of ears only)

lhewig

noun. ear

lhum

noun. shade

mell

adjective. dear

muin

adjective. dear

na

preposition. with, by (also used as a genitive sign)

na

preposition. to, towards, at

naew

noun. jaw

naur

noun. flame

naur

noun. fire

nauth

noun. thought

peth

noun. word