yu

root. both, both, [ᴹ√] two

This Elvish root was connected to the sense “two” or “both” throughout Tolkien’s life. The first clear manifestation of this root was ᴱQ. yú “twice” and ᴱQ. yúyo “two” from the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s (PE14/49-51, 82-84). The root ᴹ√YŪ “two, both” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. yúyo “both” and ᴹQ. yúkale/N. uial “twilight” (Ety/KAL, YŪ). The root √YU appeared several times in Tolkien’s later writings, generally with the sense “both” (PE17/70; PE21/74; VT48/8, 10). It was likely related to the ancient dual suffix ✶-ū.

Derivatives

• ✶-ū “dual ending for pairs”
  • Q. -u “dual ending” ✧ Let/427
• ✶yŭ “both” ✧ PE17/070
  • Q. yo “both ... and” ✧ PE17/070
• Q. yu- “both, both, [ᴱQ.] twice” ✧ VT48/10
• Q. yúyo “both”
• S. ui- “twi-”

Element in

• ✶yūnekē “twelve, 2 sixes” ✧ VT48/08; VT48/10
• ✶yuyuñal “twilight”

Variations

• yū ✧ PE17/070; VT48/08
• JŪ ✧ PE21/74
• yu- ✧ VT48/10

yŭ

conjunction. both

Derivations

• √YU “both, both, [ᴹ√] two” ✧ PE17/070

Derivatives

• Q. yo “both ... and” ✧ PE17/070

phut

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root appearing in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ2) as an etymological variation of √PUT (PE18/90).

stuk

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in a rejected section of the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s, serving to illustration certain phonetic developments: ✶stuknā > Q. thúna (PE19/86).

Derivatives

• ✶stuknā ✧ PE19/086
  • Q. þúna “[unglossed]” ✧ PE19/086

lemek

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in the Outline of Phonology from the early 1950s illustrating certain phonetic combinations (PE19/98), and therefore possibly not a “real” root.

sal

root. [unglossed], *harp(ing), lyre

The unglossed root ᴱ√SALA appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. salma “lyre, small harp” and ᴱQ. salumbe “harping, music” (QL/81). The root √SAL appeared again Common Eldarin: Verb Structure from the early 1950s to illustrate the reformed perfect form of its verb Q. asálie (PE22/132), but since these later forms are unglossed it is unclear whether they have the same meaning (“✱harp(ing)”) as the earlier version of the root.

Derivatives

• Q. sal- “[unglossed]” ✧ PE22/133

tig

root. [unglossed]

A root appearing in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 as the basis for the verb Q. tinga- “go (for a long while)” (PE22/157). The etymology was marked with an “X” and so was probably a transient idea (PE22/157 note #70).

Derivatives

• Q. tinga- “to go (for a long while)” ✧ PE22/157

(a)tata

cardinal. two

Derivations

• √ATATA “two, two; [ᴹ√] again, back” ✧ VT42/27

Derivatives

• Q. atta “two” ✧ VT42/27
• S. athra- “to cross (to and fro)” ✧ PE17/014
• S. tâd “two” ✧ PE17/014; VT42/27
• T. tata “two” ✧ VT42/27

Element in

• ✶Tata “Two” ✧ WJ/421
• ✶Tatie ✧ WJ/421

Variations

• atta- ✧ PE17/014 (atta-)
• atata ✧ VT42/27
• atta/tata ✧ WJ/421

as(a)

preposition. and

Changes

• as(a) → ad(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041

Derivations

• √AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31

Derivatives

• Q. ar “and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT47/31
• S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT43/30; VT47/31

Variations

• as ✧ VT43/30; VT47/31

atata

root. two, two; [ᴹ√] again, back

Derivatives

• ✶(a)tata “two” ✧ VT42/27
  • Q. atta “two” ✧ VT42/27
  • S. athra- “to cross (to and fro)” ✧ PE17/014
  • S. tâd “two” ✧ PE17/014; VT42/27
  • T. tata “two” ✧ VT42/27
• ✶atta “two” ✧ VT48/19
  • Q. atta “two” ✧ VT48/19
  • S. -ath “collective or group plural” ✧ VT48/19
• S. taid “supporting, second in command”

Element in

• ✶atatya “double” ✧ VT42/27

Variations

• AT-TA ✧ PE17/148; PE17/166 (AT-TA)
• ATTA ✧ PE21/74; VT42/24
• TATA ✧ PE21/74; VT42/24
• Atat ✧ VT42/27
• tat(ă) ✧ VT48/19

atta

cardinal. two

Derivations

• √ATATA “two, two; [ᴹ√] again, back” ✧ VT48/19

Derivatives

• Q. atta “two” ✧ VT48/19
• S. -ath “collective or group plural” ✧ VT48/19

Element in

• ✶galadā atta “2 trees” ✧ PE21/74

Variations

• Atta ✧ NM/060
• Tata ✧ NM/060

tata

masculine name. Two

Element in

• Q. Tatalië “*Company of Tata”

graw Reconstructed

root. [unglossed], [ᴹ√] dark, swart

This root appeared as a primitive form grawa serving as the basis of the word Q. roa “bear” >> “dog” in notes on monosyllabic roots from 1968 (VT47/35); a Sindarin derivative S. graw “bear” appeared in other notes written around the same time (VT47/12). Patrick Wynne suggested that in the sense “bear” grawa might be connected to the root ᴹ√GRAWA “dark, swart” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/GRAWA).

Derivatives

• ✶grawa “dog” ✧ VT47/35
  • Q. röa “dog” ✧ VT47/35
• ✶grā “dog, bear” ✧ VT47/35
  • S. graw “bear” ✧ VT47/12

Variations

• grāw(ɜ) ✧ VT47/35 (grāw(ɜ))