ohta

noun. war

war, hostility

ohta

war

ohta noun "war" (OKTA, KOT > KOTH). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, ohta was also the name of tengwa #15 (VT46:7), but Tolkien would later call this letter anca instead changing its value from ht to nc.

ohta

noun. war

ohta

noun. war

ma caruvalwë ohta

shall we make war

vá caruvalwë (ohta)

we will not (make war)

car-

verb. make, do, build, form

car- (1) vb. "make, do, build, form" (1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build"; the aorist is listed with all pronominal endings in VT49:16, also in pl. and dual forms carir, carit). Regarding the form carize- (PE17:128), see -s #1. Pa.t. carnë (KAR, PE17:74, 144). The infinitival aorist stem carë ("k") (by Patrick Wynne called a "general aorist infinitive" in VT49:34) occurs in ecë nin carë sa "I can do it" (VT49:34), also in áva carë "don't do it" (WJ:371) and uin carë (PE17:68); in the last example Tolkien calls carë an example of the "simplest aorist infinitive", the same source referring to carië as the "general infinitive" of the same verb. Pl. aorist carir "form" in the phrase i carir quettar ("k") "those who form words" (WJ:391, cf. VT49:16), continuative cára, future caruva (PE17:144), carita ("k"), infinitive/gerund "to do" or "doing" (VT42:33), with suffixes caritas "to do it" or "doing it", caritalya(s) "your doing (it)" in VT41:13,17, VT42:33. Past participle #carna, q.v.; VT43:15 also gives the long form carina ("k"), read perhaps *cárina. (Carima as a passive participle may be a mistake, VT43:15.) PE17:68 refers to a "simple past passive participle" of the form carinwa ("kari-nwa"). "Rare" past participle active (?) cárienwa* ("k") "having done" (PE17:68), unless this is also a kind of passive participle (the wording of the source is unclear). Some alternative forms in Fíriel's Song: past tense cárë ("káre") "made"; this may still be an alternative to the better-attested form carnë (LR:362) even in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. ohtacárë "war-made", made war (see #ohtacar-). Also cárië with various suffixes: cárier ("kárier") is translated "they made"; in LotR-style Quenya this could be seen as an augmentless perfect, hence "they have made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r. The literal meaning of cárielto* ("k") must also be "they made" (cf. -lto). Derived adjectives urcárima and urcarnë "hard to make / do", urucarin "made with difficulty" (PE17:154), saucarya "evil-doing" (PE17:68).

ohtacar-

verb. káre

#ohtacar- stem of the past tense ohtacárë (-"káre")vb. "war-made", made war (+ allative = make war upon) (LR:47, SD:246; ohtacárië in LR:56). The past tense could probably also be *ohtacarnë with the better-attested pa.t. of car- "make".

varta-

verb. to betray

pilin

arrow

pilin (pilind-, as in pl. pilindi) noun "arrow" (PÍLIM)

auth

noun. war, battle

A word appearing as N. auth “war” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶OKTĀ of the same meaning (Ety/OKTĀ). In the entry for its root ᴹ√KOT “strive, quarrel” it was given the extra gloss “war, battle” (Ety/KOT). In the phonological system of the 1930s, okt vocalized to outh and then ou became au.

Neo-Sindarin: In the Sindarin phonology in the 1950s and 60s, okt vocalized to oith and then oi became oe. As such, a popular Neo-Sindarin variant of this word is ᴺS. oeth “war”. I personally prefer to retain the attested form of this word auth from the 1930s, and assume its abnormal phonetic development is the result of dialectical variations.

Conceptual Development: Early Noldorin wordlists of the 1920s had ᴱN. oith “feud” as cognate to ᴱQ. ohta “war” (PE13/151, 164), demonstrating yet another phonological development from the 1920s.

auth

noun. war, battle

gweria-

verb. to betray

azgarâ-

verb. to wage war

A verb meaning “to wage war” (SD/439), one of two examples of an derived-verb and the only one with any attested inflections. Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne initially suggested it is composed of the words ✱azga “war” and a causative suffix ✱-râ- (VSH/24), but later suggested (AAD/12) it may be related ✱zagar so that its literal meaning was “✱wield a weapon” or “✱put to the sword”, similar to ᴹQ. mahta- “wield a weapon, fight” < ᴹ√MAK “sword”. Andreas Moehn also suggested (EotAL/ZAG’R) the verb may be related to ✱zagar “sword”.

This verb appears in slightly different forms in each version of the Lament of Akallabêth, changing as follows: azgaranādu (SD/311) >> azagrāra (SD/312) >> azaggara (SD/247). All three versions have similar glosses, “was waging war” or “was warring”, which seems to imply these are all instances of the continuative-past tense. As they are the only clear instances of this tense, it is difficult to decipher the conceptual development of this verb.

The first form azgaranādu belongs to the draft Adûnaic period and is probably grammatically distinct from the later forms. Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne thoroughly analyzed this draft form (VSH/35). The two later forms appeared in very similar versions of the Lament. Rather than representing a revision of the grammar, they could represent distinct verb tenses, as for example Tolkien’s vacillation between the forms hikalba and hikallaba in the sentence Anadûnê zîrân hikalba. The question is, to which tense does each form belong?

Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne (VSH/28) concluded that the azaggara represents the continuative-past without analyzing azagrāra. Andreas Moehn agreed with them in his grammatical article on Adûnaic (LGtAG) but changed his mind in his etymological analysis (EotAL/ZAG’R), concluding it is the past tense instead. I also believe azaggara is more likely to be a simple past tense.

The double-g of the form azaggara resembles other verb forms identified as the past tense in the theories used here, and it seems likelier to me that Tolkien changed the verb from the continuative-past to the simple past without revising the gloss. The second a in azaggara is likely inserted in the verb stem to break up the consonant cluster in az-ggara, since Adûnaic allows at most two consecutive medial-consonants (SD/418).

If the above reasoning is correct, this would make the form azagrāra the best candidate for the continuative-past. Perhaps the repetition of the final suffix -ra is used to mark the continuous nature of the action. All of this is highly speculative, however, since we are working only from a single example.

arpharazōn azgaranādu avalōi-{men >>}si

‽ was waging war‽ Powers on

The first draft of the 3rd phrase of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/311). It differs from the final version primarily in grammar. It has a difficult-to-interpret form azgaranādu of the verb azgarâ-. See the entry to that verb for possible interpretations. The last word avalōi-si seems to be the draft-dative plural form of Avalô “Power, God”, changed from the draft-instrumental plural form avalōi-men.

azga Reconstructed

noun. war

A hypothetical noun for “war” appearing as an element in the verb azgarâ- “to wage war”, as suggested by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne (VSH/24), though as others have suggested (AL/Adûnaic, EotAL/ZAG’R) it could equally well be azgar.

oktā

noun. war, hostility, strife

oeth

noun. war

auth

war

auth (battle), pl. oeth, coll. pl. othath. Note: a homophone means "dim shape, apparition".

auth

war

(battle), pl. oeth, coll. pl. othath. Note: a homophone means "dim shape, apparition".

authrogol

noun. chariot, (lit.) war-cart

A neologism for “chariot”, a combination of [N.] auth “war” and drogol “cart”, so more literally “war-cart”. This word was originally coined by Rínor in a 2024-12-28 post to the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS) as oethrogol, using an updated form oeth for “war” to better fit Tolkien’s later phonology.

oethrogol

noun. chariot, (lit.) war-cart

pilinoth

noun. arrow of war, arrow sent as a summons to war

dagra

make war

dagra- (do battle) (i nagra, i ndagrar), also dagrada- (i nagrada, i ndagradar)

dagra

make war

(do battle) (i nagra, i ndagrar), also dagrada- (i nagrada, i ndagradar)

car

make

1. car- (i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (do, build) (WJ:415), 2) echad- (i echad, in echedir) (fashion, shape), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

plinn

noun. arrow