Quenya 

urco

orc

urco ("k"), stem *urcu- and pl. urqui, noun: an old word used in the lore of the Blessed Realm for anything that caused fear to the Elves during the March; by the Exiled Noldor the word was recognized as the cognate of Sindarin orch and used to mean "Orc". The Sindarin-influenced form orco was also used. (WJ:390)

orco

orc

orco ("k") noun "Orc", pl. orcor or orqui (WJ:390, ÓROK; pl. Orcor also in WJ:12, MR:74, 194). If the pl. form orqui is preferred, the word should be assigned the stem-form orcu-. Early "Qenya" has orc ("k") (orqu-) ("q") "monster, demon" (LT1:264; in LotR-style Quenya, no word can end in -rc.)

nauro

noun. wolf

wolf, werewolf of Morgoth

Quenya [PE 19:106] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

ráca

wolf

ráca ("k") noun "wolf" (DARÁK). Another word for "wolf" is narmo.

harma

wolf

[harma (2) noun "wolf" (3ARAM). The gloss "hound" was inserted, but then deleted (VT45:17)]

narmo

wolf

narmo ("ñ")noun "wolf" (ÑGAR(A)M; both the old form ñarmo = *ngarmo and the Third Age form narmo are given). Another word for "wolf" is ráca.

Sindarin 

orch

Orc

pl1. yrch, pl2. orchoth** ** n. Orc. Nand. ūriſ.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:47:52:54:127] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

orch

noun. Goblin, Orc

Sindarin [Ety/379, LR/406, WJ/390, LotR/II:VI, LotR/F, Let] Group: SINDICT. Published by

urug

noun. Orc (rarely used)

Sindarin [WJ/390] Group: SINDICT. Published by

urug

noun. "bogey", anything that caused fear to the Elves, any dubious shape or shadow, or prowling creature

Sindarin [WJ/390] Group: SINDICT. Published by

orchoth

noun. the Orcs (as a race)

Sindarin [WJ/390] orch+hoth. Group: SINDICT. Published by

gaurwaith

noun. wolf-men

Sindarin [UT/85, UT/90] gaur+gwaith. Group: SINDICT. Published by

draug

noun. wolf

Sindarin [Ety/354, S/430] Group: SINDICT. Published by

draug

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf”, most notably appearing as an element in the name of the great werewolf S. Draugluin. In The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. draug “wolf” was derived from the root ᴹ√DARAK (Ety/DARÁK).

Element in

  • S. Draugluin “*Blue (Were)wolf” ✧ SA/draug
Sindarin [SA/draug] Group: Eldamo. Published by

glamhoth

noun. barbaric host of Orcs

Sindarin [Ety/358, Ety/364, Ety/377, UT/39, UT/54, WJ/390] glam+hoth "the dinhorde, the yelling horde". Group: SINDICT. Published by

glamog

noun. an Orc, "a yelling one"

Sindarin [WJ/390] Group: SINDICT. Published by

orch

orc

orch (pl. yrch**, archaic †yrchy, coll. pl. orchoth). (RGEO:66, Names:171, Letters:178, MR:195; WJ:390-91, VT46:7). Other terms: 1) urug (monster, bogey), pl. yryg, 2) glamog (i **lamog), pl. glemyg (in glemyg) (WJ:391), 3) ”

gaur

wolf

(i ngaur = i ñaur), pl. goer (in goer = i ñgoer), coll. pl. gaurhoth (attested in lenited form: i ngaurhoth = i ñaurhoth).

draug

wolf

1) draug (i dhraug), pl. droeg (in droeg), coll. pl. drogath; 2) garaf (i ngaraf = i ñaraf, o n**garaf = o ñgaraf), pl. geraif (in geraif = i ñgeraif), coll. pl. garavath**, 3)

draug

wolf

(i dhraug), pl. droeg (in droeg), coll. pl. drogath

garaf

wolf

(i ngaraf = i ñaraf, o n’garaf = o ñgaraf), pl. geraif (in geraif = i ñgeraif), coll. pl. garavath

Nandorin 

urc

noun. Orc

pl. yrc. In the Etymologies, the primitive form of this word is given as órku (defined as "goblin"), derived from an undefined stem ÓROK (LR:379).

This stem may be understood as a vowel-prefixed variant of the stem ROK "horse", assuming that this originally referred to the steed of the monstrous "dark Rider upon his wild horse" that haunted the Elves by Cuiviénen, assuming that the stem ROK was originally associated with Melkor's creatures. However, Tolkien later derived the Elvish words for "Orc" from a stem RUKU having to do with fear (WJ:389) and listed tentative primitive forms: urku, uruku, urkô. Since primitive final -u is lost in Nandorin (cf. Utum from Utubnu), the forms urku and uruku would evidently be capable of yielding Green-elven urc (while urkô would rather come out as *urca; cf. golda "Noldo" from ñgolodô). The plural form yrc clearly shows umlaut caused by the lost Primitive Quendian plural ending -î; cf. the umlaut caused by the primitive adjectival ending -i, primitive lugni "blue" yielding lygn.

Nandorin [H. Fauskanger (LR:379)] < ÓROK?. Published by

ūriʃ

noun. orcs

Nandorin [PE17/54] Published by

Primitive elvish

ñgūr

noun. wolf

Element in

Primitive elvish [PE21/82] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

orch

noun. Goblin, Orc

Noldorin [Ety/379, LR/406, WJ/390, LotR/II:VI, LotR/F, Let] Group: SINDICT. Published by

orch

noun. goblin

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. orko “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK; LR/406

Derivations

  • On. orko “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK; Ety/ÓROK
    • ᴹ✶orku “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK
    • ᴹ√OROK “*goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
On. orko > orch[orko] > [orkʰo] > [orxo] > [orx]✧ Ety/ÓROK
On. orkui > yrchy[orkui] > [orkʰui] > [orxui] > [urxui] > [yrxui] > [yrxy]✧ Ety/ÓROK
Noldorin [Ety/ÓROK; EtyAC/ÓROK; LR/406; PE22/041; TI/229; TII/Orcs] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gaul

noun. wolf-howl

Noldorin [Ety/377] Group: SINDICT. Published by

draug

noun. wolf

Noldorin [Ety/354, S/430] Group: SINDICT. Published by

draug

noun. wolf

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. ráka “wolf” ✧ Ety/DARÁK

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶d’rāk ✧ Ety/DARÁK
    • ᴹ√DARAK “*wolf” ✧ Ety/DARÁK

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶d’rāk > draug[darā́ka] > [drāka] > [drǭka] > [drouka] > [drauka] > [drauk] > [draug]✧ Ety/DARÁK
Noldorin [Ety/DARÁK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

garaf

noun. wolf

Noldorin [Ety/377] Group: SINDICT. Published by

garaf

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√ÑGARAM (Ety/ÑGAR(A)M).

Conceptual Development: This word seems to have replaced N. araf or aram derived from the rejected root ᴹ√ƷARAM with various glosses like “wolf” or (small or swift) “dog” (Ety/ƷARAM; EtyAC/ƷARAM). This in turn may be a later iteration of G. harog or harw “wolf” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with feminine variant G. harach “a she-wolf” (GL/48).

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. narmo “wolf” ✧ Ety/ÑGAR(A)M

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ÑGARAM “*wolf” ✧ Ety/ÑGAR(A)M

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ÑGAR(A)M > garaf[ŋgaramo] > [garamo] > [garam] > [garav]✧ Ety/ÑGAR(A)M
Noldorin [Ety/ÑGAR(A)M] Group: Eldamo. Published by

glamhoth

noun. barbaric host of Orcs

Noldorin [Ety/358, Ety/364, Ety/377, UT/39, UT/54, WJ/390] glam+hoth "the dinhorde, the yelling horde". Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

orko

noun. goblin

Cognates

  • On. orko “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK
  • N. orch “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK; LR/406
  • Ilk. urch “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK
  • Dan. urc “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶orku “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK
    • ᴹ√OROK “*goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK

Element in

  • ᴹQ. Orqin “language of the Orcs”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶órku > orko[orku] > [orko]✧ Ety/ÓROK

Variations

  • ork ✧ LR/406
Qenya [Ety/ÓROK; LR/406] Group: Eldamo. Published by

narmo

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√ÑGARAM (Ety/ÑGAR(A)M), apparently a variant of ᴹ√ÑGAW “howl”. It seems narmo is a word for an ordinary wolf, as opposed to nauro “werewolf”.

Conceptual Development: A similar (but rejected) form ᴹQ. harma “wolf” appeared under the deleted root ᴹ√ƷARAM (Ety/ƷARAM).

Cognates

  • Ilk. garm “wolf” ✧ Ety/ÑGAR(A)M
  • N. garaf “wolf” ✧ Ety/ÑGAR(A)M

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ÑGARAM “*wolf” ✧ Ety/ÑGAR(A)M

Element in

  • ᴺQ. nengarmo “otter, (lit.) water-wolf”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ÑGAR(A)M > ñarmo > narmo[ŋgaramo] > [ŋgarmo] > [ŋarmo] > [narmo]✧ Ety/ÑGAR(A)M
Qenya [Ety/ÑGAR(A)M] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ráka

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶d’rāk under the root ᴹ√DARAK (Ety/DARÁK), where the ancient initial dr became r as usual for Quenya (PE19/37).

Conceptual Development: Earlier words for “wolf” of similar form include ᴱQ. ulku and feminine ᴱQ. ulqi “she-wolf” appearing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√ULUKU (QL/97).

Cognates

  • N. draug “wolf” ✧ Ety/DARÁK
  • Ilk. drôg “wolf” ✧ Ety/DARÁK

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶d’rāk ✧ Ety/DARÁK
    • ᴹ√DARAK “*wolf” ✧ Ety/DARÁK

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶d’rāk > ráka[drāka] > [rāka]✧ Ety/DARÁK

Doriathrin

urch

noun. goblin

A Doriathrin noun for “goblin” developed from primitive ᴹ✶orku, also attested in its plural form urchin (Ety/ÓROK). The change of [[ilk|[k] to [x] (“ch”) after the liquid [l]]] was a normal Ilkorin development, but the change of [o] to [u] is harder to explain, as noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/urch). In an earlier version of the entry Tolkien wrote Dor. orch (EtyAC/ÓROK), which is the expected form. The simplest explanation is that this form actually developed from a variant primitive form ✱✶urku. There is a similar issue with Dan. urc, so perhaps this variant was used by those Eldar who did not complete the journey to Valinor.

Changes

  • orch → urch ✧ Ety/ÓROK

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. orko “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶orku “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK
    • ᴹ√OROK “*goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶órku > urch[orku] > [orko] > [urko] > [urxo] > [urx]✧ Ety/ÓROK

Variations

  • orch ✧ EtyAC/ÓROK (Dor. orch)
Doriathrin [Ety/ÓROK; EtyAC/ÓROK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

garm

noun. wolf

A Doriathrin noun for “wolf” derived from the root ᴹ√ÑGAR(A)M (Ety/ÑGARAM), probably from a primitive form ✱✶ŋgaramō given its Quenya and Noldorin cognates ᴹQ. narmo and N. garaf (as suggested by Helge Fauskanger, AL-Doriathrin/garm). If so, the second a was lost due to the Ilkorin Syncope, and the [[ilk|the initial [ŋg-] simplified to [g-]]]. The initial syllable of the primitive form was probably stressed, since the [[ilk|initial [ŋgar-] did not simplify to [ŋgr-]]].

Conceptual Development: An earlier version of this entry had the root ᴹ√ƷARAM, but this produced the same form Dor. garm in Doriathrin [Ilkorin] since [[ilk|initial [ɣ] became [g]]].

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. narmo “wolf” ✧ Ety/ÑGAR(A)M
  • ᴹQ. harma “wolf, hound” ✧ Ety/ƷARAM; EtyAC/ƷARAM

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ÑGARAM “*wolf” ✧ Ety/ƷARAM; Ety/ÑGAR(A)M; EtyAC/ƷARAM

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ƷARAM > garm[ɣaramā] > [ɣarama] > [ɣarma] > [garma] > [garm]✧ Ety/ƷARAM
ᴹ√ÑGAR(A)M > garm[ŋgaramō] > [ŋgaramo] > [ŋgarmo] > [ŋgarm] > [garm]✧ Ety/ÑGAR(A)M
Doriathrin [Ety/ƷARAM; Ety/ÑGAR(A)M; EtyAC/ƷARAM] Group: Eldamo. Published by

drôg

noun. wolf

A Doriathrin noun meaning “wolf” derived from the primitive form ᴹ✶d’rāk (Ety/DARÁK), probably from older ✱✶darākă. The accent mark in the root ᴹ√DARÁK indicated that the first syllable was unstressed, so that the [[ilk|initial [dar-] became [dr-]]]. Thereafter the [[ilk|long [ā], became [ō]]] and the [[ilk|voiceless stop [k] voiced to [g] after the vowel]].

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. ráka “wolf” ✧ Ety/DARÁK

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶d’rāk ✧ Ety/DARÁK
    • ᴹ√DARAK “*wolf” ✧ Ety/DARÁK

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶d’rāk > drôg[darā́k] > [drā́k] > [drṓk] > [drṓg]✧ Ety/DARÁK
Doriathrin [Ety/DARÁK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Ossriandric

urc

noun. goblin

A noun for “goblin” developed from primitive ᴹ✶orku, also attested in its plural form yrc (Ety/ÓROK). The change of [o] to [u] is hard to explain, as noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Nandorin/urc). In an earlier version of the entry Tolkien wrote Dan. orc (EtyAC/ÓROK), which is the expected form. The simplest explanation is that this form actually developed from a variant primitive form ✱✶urku. There is a similar issue with Ilk. urch, so perhaps this variant was used by those Eldar who did not complete the journey to Valinor.

Changes

  • orc → urc ✧ Ety/ÓROK

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. orko “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶orku “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK
    • ᴹ√OROK “*goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶órku > urc[orku] > [urku] > [urk]✧ Ety/ÓROK

Variations

  • orc ✧ EtyAC/ÓROK (orc)
Ossriandric [Ety/ÓROK; EtyAC/ÓROK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

garma

noun. wolf

A (rejected) noun for “wolf” developed from the (rejected) root ᴹ√ƷARAM (Ety/ÑGARAM), most likely from primitive ✱✶ʒaramā [ɣaramā] given its cognates. It is an example of the Danian syncope, with second unstressed [a] vanishing after the identical vowel. It is also one of the Danian words for which a long final vowel developed into short final [a]. Finally, it provides an example of how [[dan|[ɣ] became [g]]] in Danian.

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. harma “wolf, hound” ✧ Ety/ƷARAM; EtyAC/ƷARAM

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ÑGARAM “*wolf” ✧ Ety/ƷARAM; EtyAC/ƷARAM

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ƷARAM > garma[ɣaramā] > [garamā] > [garmā] > [garma]✧ Ety/ƷARAM
Ossriandric [Ety/ƷARAM; EtyAC/ƷARAM] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Old Noldorin 

orko

noun. goblin

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. orko “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶orku “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK
    • ᴹ√OROK “*goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK

Derivatives

  • N. orch “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK; Ety/ÓROK

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶órku > orko[orku] > [orko]✧ Ety/ÓROK
ᴹ✶órku > orkui[orkui] > [orkui]✧ Ety/ÓROK
Old Noldorin [Ety/ÓROK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

orku

noun. goblin

Derivations

  • ᴹ√OROK “*goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK

Derivatives

  • Ilk. urch “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK
  • Dan. urc “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK
  • ᴹQ. orko “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK
  • On. orko “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK
    • N. orch “goblin” ✧ Ety/ÓROK; Ety/ÓROK

Variations

  • órku ✧ Ety/ÓROK
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/ÓROK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

urc

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/75), likely related to ᴱQ. ulku “wolf” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon derived from the early root ᴱ√ULUKU (QL/97). In the Qenya Lexicon Tolkien gave the Gnomish form as ulug, but in the Gnomish Lexicon the gloss of G. ulug was changed {“wolf” >>} “dragon” (GL/74).

Changes

  • ulug → ulug “wolf” ✧ GL/74
  • ulug → ulug “wolf” ✧ LT2A/Foalókë

Cognates

  • Eq. ulku “wolf” ✧ QL/097

Derivations

Element in

  • G. fuithlug “dragon (who guards treasure)” ✧ LT2A/Foalókë (fûlug)

Variations

  • ulug ✧ GL/74 (ulug); LT2A/Foalókë (ulug); QL/097
Gnomish [GL/74; GL/75; LT2A/Foalókë; QL/097] Group: Eldamo. Published by

orc

noun. goblin

Cognates

  • Eq. ork “ogre, monster, demon, giant” ✧ LT2A/Balcmeg; PE15/21; PE13/099; PE13/102
  • Eq. Hongwir “ogres of the north” ✧ PE13/099

Element in

  • G. orcômin “fierce and bloody minded” ✧ GL/63

Variations

  • Orc ✧ LT1A/Orc
Gnomish [GL/63; LT1A/Orc; LT2A/Balcmeg; PE13/099; PE13/102; PE15/21; PE15/25] Group: Eldamo. Published by

harw

noun. wolf

ulug

noun. wolf

harog

noun. wolf

Derivations

Variations

  • harw ✧ GL/48; GL/75
Gnomish [GL/48; GL/75] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

uluku

root. wolf

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “wolf”, with derivatives like ᴱQ. ulku and G. ulug of the same meaning (QL/97). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien first gave G. ulug “wolf”, but this word’s gloss was revised to “dragon” as a cognate to ᴱQ. lōke (GL/74), and Tolkien added a new word G. urc “wolf” as an equivalent to harw. None of the later Elvish “wolf” words resemble either √ULUK- or √URUK-.

Derivatives

  • Eq. ulku “wolf” ✧ QL/097
  • Eq. ulqi “she-wolf” ✧ QL/097
  • G. urc “wolf”
Early Primitive Elvish [QL/097] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

ulku

noun. wolf

Cognates

  • G. urc “wolf” ✧ QL/097

Derivations

  • ᴱ√ULUKU “wolf” ✧ QL/097

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√ULUKU > ulku[ulukū] > [uluku] > [ulku]✧ QL/097
Early Quenya [QL/097] Group: Eldamo. Published by