Quenya 

ungo

cloud, dark shadow

ungo noun "cloud, dark shadow" (UÑG)

lumbo

cloud

lumbo noun "cloud" (pl. lumbor in Markirya), also glossed "gloom; dark, shade" (PE17:72, 168). In early "Qenya", lumbo was glossed "dark lowering cloud" (LT1:259)

fána

cloud

fána (2) noun "cloud" _(SPAN, VT46:15). _Cf. fana.

toldo

cardinal. eight

The Quenya number “eight” derived from the root √TOLOD, probably from primitive ✱✶tolodō, with the middle vowel lost due to the Quenya syncope.

Conceptual Development: The earliest attested Qenya word for “eight” was ᴱQ. umna in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GL/75), but when Tolkien composed the number lists in the Early Qenya Grammar from the 1920s, it was revised to ᴱQ. tolto (PE14/49, 82). In The Etymologies from the 1930s it remained ᴹQ. tolto from the root ᴹ√TOLOT (Ety/TOL¹-OTH/OT).

When Tolkien revisited the Elvish number system in the 1960s, he first used tolto (VT47/32), but he later changed the t to a d in both the Quenya form and the root (VT48/6).

Neo-Quenya: I personally prefer toldo as the Quenya word for “eight”, but some Neo-Quenya writers use the older (and perhaps better known) tolto. It seems Tolkien had considerable trouble deciding on the primitive root for “eight”, so any of these forms could be valid (VT47/31).

Cognates

  • S. tolodh “eight” ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06

Derivations

  • TOLOD “eight” ✧ VT47/31

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
TOLOT > tolto[toloto] > [tolto]✧ VT47/31

Variations

  • tol-to ✧ PE17/095
  • tolto ✧ VT47/32
Quenya [PE17/095; VT47/32; VT48/06] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tolto

cardinal. eight

tolto cardinal "eight" (TOL1-OTH/OT), variant toldo (VT48:6). Ordinal toltëa "eighth" (VT42:31), with variant toldëa (VT42:25) to go with toldo.

tolto

cardinal. eight

Sindarin 

tolod

cardinal. eight

tolodh

cardinal. eight

Tolkien emended toloth to tolodh, cf. VT/42:31 (and also VT/48:6). If we are to follow him, a word such as tolothen would be incorrect, unless the two forms coexisted

Sindarin [Ety/394, VT/42:25, VT/42:31, VT/48:6] Group: SINDICT. Published by

tolodh

cardinal. eight

The Sindarin number “eight” derived from the root √TOLOD, probably from primitive ✱✶tolodō, where the [[s|[d] became [ð] after a vowel]] as usual.

Conceptual Development: The earliest attested word for “eight” was G. uvin in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GL/75), replacing rejected ung. In The Etymologies from the 1930s it became N. toloth from the root ᴹ√TOLOTH, similar to but not quite the same as ᴹQ. tolto from the root ᴹ√TOLOT (Ety/TOL¹-OTH/OT).

In some notes from the 1950s, Tolkien used S. tolod (PE17/95), apparently deciding both Quenya and Sindarin were derived from the same root √TOLOT. Later still, toloth reappeared, but it was rejected and replaced by tolodh (toloð: VT42/25, 31). When Tolkien revisited the Elvish number system in the 1960s, he changed the t to a d in the root form for “eight” (VT47/11) and established tolodh as its Sindarin form (VT48/6).

Neo-Sindarin: I personally prefer tolodh as the Sindarin word for “eight”, but some Neo-Sindarin writers use the older (and perhaps better known) toloth. It seems Tolkien had considerable trouble deciding on the primitive root for “eight”, so any of these forms could be valid (VT47/31).

Changes

  • tolothtoloð ✧ VT42/25

Cognates

  • Q. toldo “eight” ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06

Derivations

Element in

Variations

  • tolod ✧ PE17/095
  • toloð ✧ VT42/25; VT48/06
  • toloth ✧ VT42/31 (toloth)
Sindarin [PE17/095; SD/129; VT42/25; VT42/31; VT48/06] Group: Eldamo. Published by

faun

cloud

(pl. foen, coll. pl. fonath)

fân

cloud

1) fân (veil, also used of the manifested body of a Vala), construct fan, pl. fain, 2) faun (pl. foen, coll. pl. fonath)

fân

cloud

(veil, also used of the manifested body of a Vala), construct fan, pl. fain

toloth

cardinal. eight

toloth, tolodh;

toloth

eight

tolodh;

tollui

eighth

(lenited dollui). (VT42:15; Tolkien may have abandoned the form [t]olothen occurring in lenited form dolothen in an earlier source, SD:129)

Telerin 

tolot

cardinal. eight

Cognates

  • Q. tolyo “sticker-up” ✧ VT48/06

Variations

  • toloþ ✧ VT48/21
Telerin [VT48/06; VT48/21] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Nandorin 

spenna

noun. cloud

Derived from a stem SPAN "white" (LR:387), but hardly a direct cognate of Quenya fanya and Telerin spania (both probably from spanjâ), nor a direct cognate of Sindarin faun, stated to be derived from spâna. Rather spenna must derive from spannâ, sc. the stem SPAN with the adjectival ending -nâ (or possibly the simpler adjectival ending combined with a medial strengthening n > nn). As for the change of a to e, cf. scella from skalnâ.

Nandorin [H. Fauskanger (LR:387)] < SPAN. Published by

Primitive elvish

tolod

root. eight

The earliest Elvish words for “eight” were ᴱQ. {ungo >>} umna and G. {ung >>} uvin in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/75), but in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s it became ᴱQ. {telte >>} tolto (PE14/49). In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave the root ᴹ√TOL-OTH/OT “eight” as the basis for ᴹQ. tolto and N. toloth of the same meaning (Ety/TOL¹-OTH/OT); in this document it was distinct from ᴹ√TOL which was the basis for “island” words.

In documents on Elvish numbers from the late 1960s, Tolkien vacillated between √TOLOTH (VT42/30 note #52), √TOLOT (VT42/24; VT47/31) and √TOLOD (VT47/11) for the form of this root, but in the more polished versions of these documents he seems to have settled on √TOLOD > Q. toldo, S. toloð (VT48/6). In this last iteration, Tolkien connected the root √TOLOD to the root √TOL “stick up” due to the prominence of the middle fingers (3 and 8) in counting (VT47/11); see the entry on √TOL for discussion.

Derivatives

  • Q. toldo “eight” ✧ VT47/31
  • Q. tolyo “sticker-up” ✧ VT47/33
  • ᴺS. tolob “eighteen”
  • S. tolodh “eight”

Variations

  • tol-ot ✧ VT42/24
  • tol-oth ✧ VT42/30
  • tolod- ✧ VT47/11; VT47/32
  • tolod ✧ VT47/16
  • TOLOT ✧ VT47/31
  • tolot ✧ VT47/33
Primitive elvish [VT42/24; VT42/30; VT47/11; VT47/16; VT47/31; VT47/32; VT47/33] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tolot

root. eight

Noldorin 

faun

noun. cloud

Noldorin [Ety/387, VT/46:15] Group: SINDICT. Published by

faun

noun. cloud

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. fána “cloud; white” ✧ Ety/SPAN

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶spāna “cloud” ✧ Ety/SPAN
    • ᴹ√SPAN “white” ✧ Ety/SPAN

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶spāna > faun[spāna] > [spǭna] > [sɸǭna] > [sɸouna] > [ɸouna] > [founa] > [fauna] > [faun]✧ Ety/SPAN
Noldorin [Ety/SPAN] Group: Eldamo. Published by

toloth

cardinal. eight

Tolkien emended toloth to tolodh, cf. VT/42:31 (and also VT/48:6). If we are to follow him, a word such as tolothen would be incorrect, unless the two forms coexisted

Noldorin [Ety/394, VT/42:25, VT/42:31, VT/48:6] Group: SINDICT. Published by

toloth

cardinal. eight

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. tolto “eight” ✧ Ety/TOL¹-OTH/OT

Derivations

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√TOL¹-OTH/OT > toloth[tolotʰo] > [toloθo] > [toloθ]✧ Ety/TOL¹-OTH/OT
Noldorin [Ety/TOL¹-OTH/OT] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

ungo

noun. cloud, dark shadow

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “cloud, dark shadow” derived from the root ᴹ√UÑG (Ety/UÑG) and serving as the initial element in ᴹQ. Ungoliante “Gloomweaver” (LR/230). In later writings, √UÑG referred to spiders instead (LotR/1122; PE22/160), so this word was probably abandoned.

Derivations

  • ᴹ√UÑG “*gloom” ✧ Ety/UÑG

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√UÑG > ungo[uŋgo]✧ Ety/UÑG

tolto

cardinal. eight

Cognates

  • N. toloth “eight” ✧ Ety/TOL¹-OTH/OT

Derivations

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√TOL¹-OTH/OT > tolto[toloto] > [tolto]✧ Ety/TOL¹-OTH/OT
Qenya [Ety/TOL¹-OTH/OT] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

spāna

noun. cloud

Derivations

  • ᴹ√SPAN “white” ✧ Ety/SPAN

Derivatives

  • N. faun “cloud” ✧ Ety/SPAN
  • ᴹT. spania “cloud” ✧ Ety/SPAN
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/SPAN] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tol-oth/ot

root. eight

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. tolto “eight” ✧ Ety/TOL¹-OTH/OT
  • N. toloth “eight” ✧ Ety/TOL¹-OTH/OT
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/TOL¹-OTH/OT] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Telerin

spania

noun. cloud

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. fána “cloud; white” ✧ Ety/SPAN

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶spāna “cloud” ✧ Ety/SPAN
    • ᴹ√SPAN “white” ✧ Ety/SPAN
Middle Telerin [Ety/SPAN] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

uvin

noun. eight

Changes

  • unguvin “eight” ✧ GL/75
  • unginuvon “eight” ✧ GL/75

Cognates

  • Eq. umna “eight” ✧ GL/75; GL/75

Derivations

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ✶uƀna > uvon[uβna] > [uvna] > [uvn] > [uvon]✧ GL/75

Variations

  • uvon ✧ GL/75 (uvon)
  • ung ✧ GL/75 (ung)
  • ungin ✧ GL/75 (ungin)

lum

noun. cloud

Cognates

  • Eq. lumbo “dark lowering cloud” ✧ LT1A/Luvier

Derivations

  • ᴱ√LUVU “*dark (weather)” ✧ LT1A/Luvier

Element in

  • G. Lumfod “Gloomy End” ✧ GL/55
  • G. lumbri “foul weather” ✧ GL/55; LT1A/Luvier
  • G. lumbrin “overcast” ✧ GL/55; LT1A/Luvier

Variations

  • glum ✧ GL/55
Gnomish [GL/55; LT1A/Luvier] Group: Eldamo. Published by

glum

noun. cloud

Early Quenya

aulo

noun. cloud

Early Quenya [PE16/142] Group: Eldamo. Published by

umna

cardinal. eight

Changes

  • ungoumna “eight” ✧ GL/75

Cognates

  • G. uvin “eight” ✧ GL/75; GL/75

Derivations

Variations

  • ungo ✧ GL/75 (ungo)
Early Quenya [GL/75] Group: Eldamo. Published by

fanya

noun. cloud

Early Quenya [PE16/142] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tolto

cardinal. eight

Changes

  • teltetolto “8” ✧ PE14/049

Element in

  • Eq. tolya “eighth” ✧ PE14/049
  • Eq. tolkaiya “eighteenth” ✧ PE14/082
  • Eq. toltosto “one eighth” ✧ PE14/049; PE14/082
  • Eq. tolkea “eighteen” ✧ PE14/049
  • Eq. tol(to)kainen “eighty” ✧ PE14/049

Variations

  • telte ✧ PE14/049 (telte)
Early Quenya [PE14/049; PE14/082] Group: Eldamo. Published by