tir

root. watch (over), look at, observe, gaze at, watch (over), look at, observe, gaze at; [ᴹ√] guard

Tolkien used the root √TIR for Elvish words for watching and looking throughout his life. The earliest manifestation of this root was in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as ᴱ√TIRI “guard” (the gloss appeared under the entry for ᴱ√TIŘI) with derivatives like ᴱQ. tiri- “watch; keep, guard, preserve; look at, gaze at, observe” and ᴱQ. tirne “steadfast regard, stare” (QL/93). It also had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. tir- “look for, look out for, watch for, await, expect” and G. tirin “watch-tower, turret, tower” (GL/71). The Etymologies of the 1930s has ᴹ√TIR “watch, guard” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tir-/N. tir- “watch”, ᴹQ. tirion “watch-tower, tower” and N. tirith “watch, guard” (Ety/TIR). The root √TIR was mentioned regularly in Tolkien’s later writings with glosses like “watch, observe” (PE17/187), “to look at (towards), watch, watch over” (RGEO/65) or “look at (turn eyes to, keep eyes on, watch)” (PE22/155).

tirlā

adjective. looking

imde

pronoun. yourselves

graw Reconstructed

root. [unglossed], [ᴹ√] dark, swart

This root appeared as a primitive form grawa serving as the basis of the word Q. roa “bear” >> “dog” in notes on monosyllabic roots from 1968 (VT47/35); a Sindarin derivative S. graw “bear” appeared in other notes written around the same time (VT47/12). Patrick Wynne suggested that in the sense “bear” grawa might be connected to the root ᴹ√GRAWA “dark, swart” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/GRAWA).

lemek

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in the Outline of Phonology from the early 1950s illustrating certain phonetic combinations (PE19/98), and therefore possibly not a “real” root.

phut

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root appearing in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ2) as an etymological variation of √PUT (PE18/90).

sal

root. [unglossed], *harp(ing), lyre

The unglossed root ᴱ√SALA appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. salma “lyre, small harp” and ᴱQ. salumbe “harping, music” (QL/81). The root √SAL appeared again Common Eldarin: Verb Structure from the early 1950s to illustrate the reformed perfect form of its verb Q. asálie (PE22/132), but since these later forms are unglossed it is unclear whether they have the same meaning (“✱harp(ing)”) as the earlier version of the root.

stuk

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in a rejected section of the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s, serving to illustration certain phonetic developments: ✶stuknā > Q. thúna (PE19/86).

tig

root. [unglossed]

A root appearing in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 as the basis for the verb Q. tinga- “go (for a long while)” (PE22/157). The etymology was marked with an “X” and so was probably a transient idea (PE22/157 note #70).

Tiristemindon

place name. Minas Tirith

tirmo

noun. watcher

@@@ a noun formed from the verb tir- “to watch” with the agental suffix -mo.

tir-

watch, watch over, guard, heed

tir- vb. "watch, watch over, guard, heed", 1st pers. aorist tirin "I watch", pa.t. tirnë (TIR), imperative tira (VT47:31) or á tirë (PE17:94), future tense tiruva "shall heed" in Markirya (also MC:213, 214); also in CO with pronominal endings: tiruvantes "they will guard it" (tir-uva-nte-s "guard-will-they-it"). The stem also occurs in palantíri (q.v.), Tirion place-name "Great Watchtower", a city of the Elves (SA:tir; in MR:176 the translation is "Watchful City")

tirin

tall tower

tirin noun "tall tower" _(LT1:258; this is a verb "I watch" in the Etymologies, stem TIR.)_

tirion

watch-tower, tower

tirion noun "watch-tower, tower" (TIR); in early "Qenya" the gloss was "a mighty tower, a city on a hill" (LT1:258). Tirion "Great Watchtower", a city of the Elves in the Blessed Realm (SA:tir; in MR:176 the translation is "Watchful City")

tirion

place name. Great Watch-tower

City of the Elves in Valinor, built on the hill Túna (S/59). This name is the noun tirion “watch-tower” used as a name, probably inspired by the great tower Mindon Eldaliéva built by Ingwë within that city.

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, the name of this city of the Elves in Valinor was ᴱQ. Kôr, which was also the name of the hill where it was built (LT1/122-3). At this early stage, the name ᴱQ. Kortirion was used for the chief city of Tol Eressëa, home of the exiles of Kôr and named after the great tower built by Ingil son of Inwe (LT1/16). In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, ᴹQ. Kôr became the name of the hill only, and the name of the city became ᴹQ. Túna “Hill City” (LR/222). In the same period, the name ᴹQ. Kortirion largely vanished from the narratives, mentioned only as the place where Ælfwine recorded the tales (LR/334).

In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, the city in Valinor was called ᴹQ. Tirion in Bilbo’s poem in Rivendell (TI/92); this name was also used in Tolkien’s notes on the fall of Númenor from the 1940s (SD/403). The name Tirion was retained in the published Lord of the Rings (LotR/235), and Tolkien used this name for the Valinorian city in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (MR/84). Túna gradually became the name of the hill only (MR/8), while the name Kôr vanished entirely. It is possible that Q. Tirion was a restoration of the early name ᴱQ. Kortirion, now as the city in Valinor rather than Tol Eressëa. The chief city of Tol Eressëa was called Avallónë in later writings (S/260).

The table below summarizes these changes:

|Period|City (Tol Eressea)|City (Valinor)|Hill (Valinor)|Tower|Tower Builder| |Early (ᴱQ)|Kortirion|Kôr|Kôr|Tirin (in Tol Eressea)|Ingil| |Middle (ᴹQ)|Kortirion|Túna|Kôr|Ingwemindon (in Valinor)|Ingwe| |Late (Q)|Avallónë|Tirion|Túna|Mindon Eldaliéva|Ingwë|

tirios

town with walls and towers

tirios noun (probably *tiriost-) "a town with walls and towers" (LT1:258)

tiris

watch, vigil

tiris (tiriss-), also tirissë, noun "watch, vigil" (LT1:258, QL:93)

tir-

verb. to watch (over), guard, heed; to look (at), gaze, observe, to watch (over), guard, heed; to look (at), gaze, observe; [ᴱQ.] to keep, preserve

tirítë

adjective. watchful, vigilant

tirion

noun. watch-tower, watch-tower, tower, [ᴱQ.] (great or mighty) tower; city on a hill

tirila

watching (sth)

tirila

adjective. watching (something)

tiríte

adjective. watchful, vigilant

tirmë

noun. steadfast regard, stare, *gaze

@@@ modified to avoid conflict with past tense of tir-

tiris

noun. watch, vigil, ward

tirma

noun. spyglass

tirmen

noun. theater

tirista

noun. *watch, guard

Eldamar

elvenhome

Eldamar place-name "Elvenhome" (ÉLED; found already in Narqelion), according to MR:176 another name of Tirion (see tir-).

á

immediate time reference

a (3), also á, imperative particle. An imperative with "immediate time reference" is expressed by á in front of the verb (or "occasionally after it, sometimes before and after for emphasis"), with the verb following in "the simplest form also used for the uninflected aorist without specific time reference past or present or future" (PE17:93). Cf. a laita te, laita te! "[o] bless them, bless them!", á vala Manwë! "may Manwë order it!", literally "o rule Manwë!" (see laita, vala for reference); cf. also á carë "do[!]", á ricë "try!", á lirë "sing[!]", á menë "proceed[!]", a norë "run[!]" (PE17:92-93, notice short a in this example), á tula "come!" (VT43:14). In the last example, the verb tul- "come" receives an ending -a that probably represents the _suffixed form of the imperative particle, this apparently being an example of the imperative element occurring both "before and after" the verbal stem "for emphasis" (PE17:93)_. This ending may also appear on its own with no preceding a/á, as in the command queta "speak!" (PE17:138). Other examples of imperatives with suffixed -a include cena and tira (VT47:31, see cen-, tir-); the imperatives of these same verbs are however also attested as á tirë, á cenë (PE17:94) with the imperative particle remaining independent and the following verb appearing as an uninflected aorist stem. This aorist can be plural to indicate a 3rd person pl. subject: á ricir! "let them try!" (PE17:93). Alyë (VT43:17, VT44:9) seems to be the imperative particle a with the pronominal suffix -lyë "you, thou" suffixed to indicate the subject who is to carry out the command; attested in the phrase alyë anta "give thou" (elided aly' in VT43:11, since the next word begins in e-: aly' eterúna me, *"do thou deliver us"); presumably other pronominal suffixes could likewise be added. The particle a is also present in the negative imperatives ala, #ála or áva, q.v.

-uva

fill

-uva future tense ending. In avuva, caluva, cenuva, hiruva, (en)quantuva, (en)tuluva, laituvalmet, lauva, maruvan, termaruva, tiruvantes. A final -a drops out before the ending -uva is added: quanta- "fill", future tense quantuva (PE17:68). A verbal stem in -av- may be contracted when -uva follows, as when avuva is stated to have become auva (VT49:13). Origin/etymology of the ending -uva, see VT48:32. In VT49:30, the future tense of the verb "to be" is given as uva, apparently the future-tense "ending" appearing independently, but several other sources rather give nauva for "will be" (see ná #1).

-xë

oneself, myself, themselves

-xë ("ks") reflextive pronominal ending, presumably meaning *"oneself, myself, themselves" etc.; plural -xer, dual -xet (VT49:48). Presumably it can be used in constructions like *i nér tirnexë *"the man watched himself" (tirnesexë "he watched himself"), plural i neri tirnexer "the men watched themselves" (tirneltexer "they watched themselves"), dual e.g. i ontaru tirnexet "the parents watched themselves" (tirnettexet** "they [dual] watched themselves").

caris

he/him, she/her, it

-s (1) 3rd person sg. pronominal ending "he/him, she/her, it" (VT49:48, 51), occurring in caris "he/she/it does" (VT49:16, PE17:129), caitas "it lies" (PE17:65), tentanes "it pointed" (VT49:26), tulis "(s)he comes" (VT49:19), eques (q.v.), anes (see ná #1), also (in object position) in camnelyes, caritas, caritalya(s), melinyes, tiruvantes, and utúvienyes, q.v. (Tolkien mentions -s as an "objective" ending for the 3rd person sg. in PE17:110.) The longer form -së (perhaps with personal meaning "he, she" only) is said to be "rare" (VT49:51); cf. násë "he is", nésë "he was" (see ná #1). In nésë the ending is suggested to be shortened from -sse (VT49:28), an ending that may also be attested in the untranslated verbal form tankassen (PE17:76), where it is perhaps followed by a second pronominal ending -n "me". According to PE17:129, the 3rd person sg. ending at one stage appeared as -ze "when pronominal affixes followed" (Tolkien citing the form carize-, e.g. apparently *carizet for "he makes them"); normally z would later become r, but it actually became (historically: reverted to) s by analogy with the short form caris as well as the independent pronoun se*. Exilic Quenya would then evidently have (e.g.) cariset for "he makes them", with a rare example of intervocalic s that is not derived from older þ**.

imlë

yourself, thyself

imlë "yourself, thyself", 2nd person formal sg. reflexive pronoun, e.g. *tirilyë imlë, "you watch yourself". Compare intyë. (VT47:37)

immo

same one, self

immo, "same one, self" (VT49:33), general singular reflexive pronoun (covering both the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person sg.), except where the subject is impersonal, in which case imma is used instead (VT47:37). Hence *tirin immo* "I watch [my]self", tirilyë immo "you watch [your]self", tiris immo "(s)he watches [him/her]self" (but apparently tiris imma** "it watches [it]self").

immë

ourselves

immë (1) *"ourselves", 1st person pl. reflexive pronoun, probably the exclusive form, e.g. *tirilmë immë "we (excl.) watch ourselves". Compare inwë. (VT47:37)

imnë

myself

imnë, also imni, *"myself", 1st person sg. reflexive pronoun, e.g. *tirin imnë/imni "I watch myself" (but apparently the general reflexive pronoun immo can also be used) (VT47:37). In PE17:41, imnë is mentioned as an Old Quenya pronoun meaning "I, I myself" (cf. inyë).

indë

yourselves

indë "yourselves", 2nd person pl.. reflexive pronoun, e.g. *tirildë indë, "you watch yourselves". Indë is derived from earlier imde(VT47:37)

insa

itself

insa *"itself", 3rd person sg. impersonal reflexive pronoun, e.g. *tiris insa "it watches itself" (but apparently the general reflexive pronoun immo may also be used, and it may even be preferable since the cluster ns seems unusual for Quenya). Compare insë, the corresponding personal form.

insë

himself

insë "himself" and "herself", 3rd person sg. personal reflexive pronoun, apparently covering both genders, e.g. *tiris insë "(s)he watches him/herself" (but apparently the general reflexive pronoun immo may also be used, and it may even be preferable since the cluster ns seems unusual for Quenya). Compare insa, the corresponding impersonal form. Insë is derived from earlier imsë, a form that was possibly also used in Quenya (unless "imse" in Tolkien's manuscript is intended as an etymological form only, though it is not asterisked) (VT47:37)

intyë

yourself, thyself

intyë *"yourself, thyself", 2nd person intimate sg. reflexive pronoun, e.g. *tiritye intyë, "you watch yourself" (but apparently the general reflexive pronoun immo can also be used). Compare imlë. (VT47:37)

inwë

ourselves

inwë *"ourselves", 1st person pl. reflexive pronoun, evidently the inclusive form, e.g. *tirilvë inwë "we (incl.) watch ourselves". Compare immë. (VT47:37)

indë

pronoun. yourselves

insa

pronoun. itself

-tar

king

-tar or tar-, element meaning "king" or "queen" in compounds and names (TĀ/TA3), e.g. Valatar; compare the independent nouns tár, tári. Prefix Tar- especially in the names of the Kings and Queens of Númenor (e.g. Tar-Amandil); see their individual names (like Amandil in this case), cf. also Tar-Mairon "King Excellent", title used by Sauron (PE17:183). Also in Tareldar "High-elves"; see also Tarmenel.

Elendë

elvenhome

Elendë (1) place-name "Elvenhome", regions of Valinor where the Elves dwelt and the stars could be seen (MR:176, ÉLED). Plural ablative elendellor in the phrase et elendellor, evidently *"out of the elf-lands" (VT45:13).

ambapenda

uphill

ambapenda adj. "uphill". Also ampenda. (AM2)

ampenda

uphill

ampenda adj. "uphill". Also ambapenda. (AM2)

amya-

verb. [unglossed]

aran

king

aran noun "king"; pl. arani (WJ:369, VT45:16, PE17:186); gen.pl. aranion "of kings" in asëa aranion, q.v.; aranya "my king" (aran + nya) (UT:193). Aran Meletyalda "king your mighty" = "your majesty" (WJ:369); aran Ondórëo, "a king of Gondor" (VT49:27). Also in arandil "king's friend, royalist", arandur "king's servant, minister" (Letters:386); Arantar masc. name, "King-Lord" (Appendix A); Arandor "Kingsland" region in Númenor (UT:165); the long form Arandórë appears as a name of Arnor in PE17:28 (elsewhere Arnanórë, q.v.) Othercompounds ingaran, Noldóran, Núaran, q.v.

aran

noun. king

arra

adjective. [unglossed]

cairë

?. [unglossed]

cenda-

watch

cenda- vb. "watch" (not "guard", but observe to gain information), also used = "read". Cenda = also noun "reading", as in sanwecenda "thought-inspection, thought-reading". (VT41:5, PE17:156)

conta-

verb. [unglossed]

cúma

noun. [unglossed]

felca

adjective. [unglossed]

felehta-

verb. [unglossed], *to excavate, tunnel, mine

An untranslated form appearing in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 derived from the root √PHELEG/PHELEK (PE17/118), possibly a verb derived from ✱phelektā- or ✱phelegtā-. The derivatives of this root had to do with mines and tunnels, so perhaps this verb meant “✱to excavate, tunnel, mine”.

finca

noun. [unglossed]

haran

king, chieftain

haran (#harn-, as in pl. harni) noun "king, chieftain" (3AR, TĀ/TA3, VT45:17; for "king", the word aran is to be preferred in LotR-style Quenya). In a deleted entry in the Etymologies, haran was glossed "chief" (VT45:17)

hendas

?. [unglossed]

hindo

noun. [unglossed]

hindë

noun. [unglossed]

holdë

noun. [unglossed]

háro

?. [unglossed]

imma

itself

imma *"itself", impersonal reflexive pronoun referring to the "same thing" (VT47:37) as the subject; compare immo.

imni

pronoun. myself

imnë

pronoun. myself

lingi-

verb. [unglossed]

lumba

weary

lumba (1) adj. "weary" (VT45:29)

maitya

?. [unglossed]

malsa

?. [unglossed]

marto

tower

marto (1) noun "tower" (PE17:66)

marto

noun. tower

melya-

verb. [unglossed], *to be in love

naue

?. [unglossed]

quanta-

fill

quanta- (2) vb. "fill" (PE17:68), cf. enquantuva "will refill" in Namárië. This verb seems to spring from a secondary use of the adjective quanta "full" as a verbal stem, whereas the synonym quat- (q.v.) is the original primary verb representing the basic root KWAT.

quat-

fill

quat- vb. "fill" (WJ:392), future #quantuva "shall fill" (enquantuva "shall refill") (Nam, RGEO:67) Irrespective of the prefix en- "re", the form enquatuva (VT48:11) displays the expected future tense of quat-. The Namárië form enquantuva seems to include a nasal infix as well, which is possibly an optional feature of the future tense. On the other hand, PE17:68 cites the verb as quanta- rather than quat-, and then the future-tense form quantuva would be straightforward.

ranta

part

#ranta noun "part". Pl. rantali attested. (PE14:117)

sal-

verb. [unglossed]

sélo

?. [unglossed]

sóla

?. [unglossed]

taran

king

taran (1) noun "king", possibly ephemeral variant of aran, q.v. (PE17:186)

tarminas

tower

tarminas noun "tower" etc. (Sindarin barad); see taras (PE17:22)

thar-

verb. [unglossed]

tomba

noun. [unglossed]

tompë

noun. [unglossed], *pulse, beat

@@@ Neo-meaning “✱pulse, beat” suggested by Röandil on 2023-04-20

turco

tower

turco ("k") (2) noun "tower". In Lúnaturco, Quenya name of Barad-dûr (Dark Tower). Tolkien changed the word turco from turma (PE17:22).

turma

tower

[turma] (2) noun "tower". Tolkien changed this word to turco (#2), q.v. (PE17:22)

tár

king

tár noun "king" (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes); the pl. tári "kings" must not be confused with the sg. tári "queen" (TĀ/TA3). Prefix tar-, compare -tar above. The normal Quenya word for "king" is aran, but compare Tarumbar.

túr

king

túr, tur noun "king" (PE16:138, LT1:260); rather aran in LotR-style Quenya, but cf. the verb tur-. Also compare the final element -tur, -ntur "lord" in names like Axantur, Falastur, Fëanturi, Vëantur (q.v.)

um(ba)-

prefix. [unglossed]

umbacarin

noun. [unglossed]

vardar

king

vardar noun "king" (LT1:273; rather aran in LotR-style Quenya)

éna

?. [unglossed]

úpa-

verb. [unglossed]

þúna

?. [unglossed]

eldatár

`Vm#1~C6 noun. elf-king, elfking, elven-king

estatina

adjective. divided, shared, distributed

tirith aear

place name. Sea-ward Tower

A tower in Dol Amroth mentioned in the preface to the Adventures of Tom Bombadil (TR/192), glossed “Sea-ward Tower”. It is a combination of tirith “watch” and the (lenited) form of gaear “sea”, so perhaps a more literal translation would be “Sea Watch”.

tirith

watch

{1st ĭ}_n._watch, ward, guard. >> tíria, Minas Tirith

tir-

verb. to look (towards), watch (over), guard, to look (towards), watch (over), guard; [G.] to look (out) for, watch for, await, expect

tirith

noun. watching, guarding, watch, ward, guard

tiria-

verb. to watch, gaze; to ward, guard

tiriel

noun. gazing

tirith

noun. watch, guard (abstract noun), vigilance

tirnen

noun. guarded

tirnen

adjective. guarded

tiro

verb. look!

Minas Tirith

noun. tower watch

minas (“tower, fort”), tirith (“watch, guard, vigilance”)

tir-

guard

_(verb) 1) tir- (cited in the form _tiri, a ”Noldorin” infinitive in -i) (i dîr, i thirir) (watch over, gaze, look at, look towards). The imperative tiro and passive participle [t]irnen are attested, the latter in lenited form dirnen. 2) tiria- (watch, gaze, look toward) (i diria, i thiriar)

tir-

gaze

1) tir- (cited in the form tiri, a ”Noldorin” infinitive in -i) (i dîr, i thirir) (guard, watch over, look at, look towards). The imperative tiro and passive participle [t]irnen are attested, the latter in lenited form dirnen. 2) tiria- (watch, guard, look toward) (i diria, i thiriar)

tir-

look at, look toward

tir- (cited in the form tiri, a ”Noldorin” infinitive in -i) (i dîr, i thirir) (watch over, guard, gaze). The imperative tiro and passive participle [t]irnen are attested, the latter in lenited form dirnen.

tir-

watch (over)

tir- (cited in the form tiri, a ”Noldorin” infinitive in -i) (i dîr, i thirir) (guard, gaze, look at, look towards). The imperative tiro and passive participle [t]irnen are attested, the latter in lenited form dirnen.

tir-

watch

(cited in the form tiri, a ”Noldorin” infinitive in -i) (i dîr, i thirir) (guard, gaze, look at, look towards). The imperative tiro and passive participle [t]irnen are attested, the latter in lenited form dirnen.

tir-

guard

(cited in the form tiri, a ”Noldorin” infinitive in -i) (i dîr, i thirir) (watch over, gaze, look at, look towards). The imperative tiro and passive participle [t]irnen are attested, the latter in lenited form dirnen. 2) tiria- (watch, gaze, look toward) (i diria, i thiriar)

tir-

gaze

(cited in the form tiri, a ”Noldorin” infinitive in -i) (i dîr, i thirir) (guard, watch over, look at, look towards). The imperative tiro and passive participle [t]irnen are attested, the latter in lenited form dirnen.

tir-

look at, look toward

(cited in the form tiri, a ”Noldorin” infinitive in -i) (i dîr, i thirir) (watch over, guard, gaze). The imperative tiro and passive participle [t]irnen are attested, the latter in lenited form dirnen.

tiria

watch

1) tiria- (guard, gaze, look toward) (i diria, i thiriar). 2)

tiria

look toward

(verb) tiria- (watch, guard, gaze) (i diria, i thiriar),

tirion

great watchtower

tirion (i dirion, o thirion), pl. tiryn (i thiryn).

tirion

great watchtower

(i** dirion, o thirion), pl. tiryn (i** thiryn).

tirith

vigilance

(noun) tirith (i dirith, o thirith) (guard, guarding, watch, watching), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thirith)

tirith

guard, guarding

(abstract noun) tirith (i dirith, o thirith) (guard, guarding, vigilance), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thirith)

tirith

watch, watching

(abstract noun) tirith (i dirith, o thirith) (guard, guarding, vigilance), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thirith)

tirn

watcher

tirn (i dirn, o thirn, also -dir at the end of compounds), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thirn). "”, the literal meaning of a word translated SPY (q.v.)

tiria

watch

(guard, gaze, look toward) (i diria, i thiriar).

tiria

gaze

(watch, guard, look toward) (i diria, i thiriar)

tiria

look toward

(watch, guard, gaze) (i diria, i thiriar)

tirith

watch, watching

(i dirith, o thirith) (guard, guarding, vigilance), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thirith)

tirith

guard, guarding

(i dirith, o thirith) (guard, guarding, vigilance), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thirith)

tirith

vigilance

(i dirith, o thirith) (guard, guarding, watch, watching), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thirith)

tirn

watcher

(i** dirn, o thirn, also -dir at the end of compounds), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thirn). "

tîr

looking

(noun) tîr (i dîr, also -dir at the end of compounds) (view, glance), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thîr), coll. pl. tíriath. Note: a homophone means ”straight, right” (adj.)

tîr

looking

(i dîr, also -dir at the end of compounds) (view, glance), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thîr), coll. pl. tíriath. Note: a homophone means ”straight, right” (adj.)

drauth

adjective. [G.] weary, toilworn, tired; [ᴱN.] labour

drautha-

verb. to weary, tire out

lom

adjective. weary, *tired

tíria

verb. gaze

_v._gaze, look at, watch. >> tirith, tíro

Ara-

prefix. king

pref. king. >> ar-, Arathorn

anim

pronoun. for myself

ar-

prefix. king

pref. king. >> ara-, Arathorn

ara

noun. king

_ n. _king. 

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

barad

noun. tower, fortress

barad

tower

1b n. tower.

barad

tower

1c n. tower. Q. marto.

cened

noun. looking, looking, *seeing

cidinn

?. [unglossed]

cinnog

?. [unglossed]

lom

adjective. weary

madu

?. [unglossed]

maud

?. [unglossed]

minas

noun. tower

minas

noun. fort, city with a citadel and central watch-tower

panna-

verb. to fill

thîr

noun. look, face, expression, countenance

aearon

great ocean

also Gaearon (i** ’Aearon), pl. Gaearyn (i** Ngaearyn = *i Ñaearyn). Also short form Gaeron (i** ‘Aeron), pl. Gaeryn (i** Ngaeryn = i Ñaeryn*). Coll. pl. Gaearonnath, Gaeronnath.

ambenn

uphill

(adj.) ambenn (sloping upward), pl. embinn,

aran

king

1) (king of a region) aran (pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural). 2) (king of a people) †taur (i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. _T_Ā to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.

aran

king

(pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural).

ardhon

great province

(great region, world), pl. erdhyn, coll. pl. ardhonnath.

barad

tower

1) barad (fortress, fort) (i varad), pl. beraid (i meraid). Note: barad is also an adjective "doomed", but this is derived from a stem in mb- and would have different mutations. 2) (tower or city with citadel/central watchtower) minas (i vinas), pl. minais (i minais), coll. pl. minassath

barad

tower

(fortress, fort) (i varad), pl. beraid (i meraid). Note: barad is also an adjective "doomed", but this is derived from a stem in mb- and would have different mutations.

cethaeg

noun. horizon

A neologism for “horizon” coined by Elaran from the VQP (VQP), a combination of S. cen- “see/sight” and S. taeg “boundary”.

daedhelos

great fear

daedhelos (i naedhelos, o ndaedhelos), pl. daedhelys (i ndaedhelys). Coll. pl. daedhelossath. A side-form ends in -oth instead of -os. The word appears in the mutated form "ndae<u>d</u>elos" in LotR Appendix F, but since the second element must be delos "abhorrence" and it would surely be lenited following a vowel, this would seem to be one of the cases where Tolkien wrote d even though dh would be technically correct. Another term for GREAT FEAR is goe (i **oe) (terror), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ngoe** = i ñoe).

daedhelos

great fear/dread

(i** naedhelos, o ndaedhelos), pl. daedhelys (i** ndaedhelys). Coll. pl. daedhelossath. A side-form ends in -oth instead of -os. The word appears in the mutated form "ndaedelos" in LotR Appendix F, but since the second element must be delos "abhorrence" and it would surely be lenited following a vowel, this would seem to be one of the cases where Tolkien wrote d even though dh would be technically correct.

enaith

sixth part

. No distinct pl. form. Archaic eneith.

goe

great fear

goe (i **oe) (terror), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ngoe** = i ñoe);

gond

great stone

(i ’ond, construct gon) (rock), pl. gynd (i ngynd = i ñynd), coll. pl. gonnath (Letters:410).

lae

great number

(no distinct pl. form) (VT45:27), also rim (crowd, host), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh** rim), coll. pl. rimmath**. Note: a homophone means ”cold pool or lake”.

lom

weary

lom (pl. lym) (VT45:29)

lom

weary

(pl. lym) (VT45:29)

minas

tower

(i vinas), pl. minais (i minais), coll. pl. minassath

pathra

fill

pathra- (i bathra, i phathrar). Also panna- (i banna, i phannar), but pathra- may be preferred for clarity since panna- also means ”open, enlarge”.

pathra

fill

(i bathra, i phathrar). Also panna- (i banna, i phannar), but pathra- may be preferred for clarity since panna- also means ”open, enlarge”.

roval

great wing

(pinion, wing), pl. rovail (idh rovail); this is a suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” *rhoval* pl. *rhovel*.

sath

noun. part

sirion

great river

(i** hirion, o sirion), pl. siryn (i** siryn).

taur

king

(i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. TĀ to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.

taur

great wood

(i daur, o thaur) (forest), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”lofty, high, sublime, noble” etc.

thamas

great hall

pl. themais, coll. pl. thamassath.

thoren

guarded

thoren (fenced, hidden), pl. thorin

thoren

guarded

(fenced, hidden), pl. thorin

thîr

look

(noun) thîr (face, expression, countenance) (VT41:10) See also LOOKING.

thîr

look

(face, expression, countenance) (VT41:10) See also

tir-

verb. to watch

tiria-

verb. to watch

tirith

noun. watch, guard

tirion

noun. tower

tirnen

adjective. guarded

tir-

verb. to watch, to gaze, look at

tiria-

verb. to watch, to gaze, look at

tirith

noun. watch, guard (abstract noun), vigilance

tirn

noun. watcher

a tiro’men gilthoniel

*oh watch us, Gilthoniel

amben

adjective. uphill, uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome

An adjective (and adverb?) for “uphill” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, a combination of am “up” and N. penn “declivity, ✱slope” (Ety/PEN). It was contrasted with N. dadben “downhill, inclined, prone” (Ety/AM², PEN).

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies it first appeared as N. amdenn, a derivative of ᴹ√DEN “hillside, slope”, but the meaning of this root was change to ᴹ√DEN “hole; gap, passage” (Ety/DEN), after which the form amben < ᴹ√PEN(ED) was introduced (see above). The earliest appearance of this word was in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s where it was ᴱN. amvenn “uphill; arduous, difficult, tiresome”, marked as both an adjective and adverb, along with a noun variant ᴱN. amvinn “slope, incline, hillside” (PE13/139, 159-160). This early Noldorin form was a combination of ᴱN. am “up” and ᴱN. benn “sloping”.

Neo-Sindarin: Given its Early Noldorin use for “arduous, difficult, tiresome”, amben might be used colloquially in Neo-Sindarin with a similar sense for a thing that is difficult, analogous to English usages like an “uphill battle”: dagor amben.

lhom

adjective. weary

An adjective appearing as N. lhom “weary” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√LUB of the same meaning (EtyAC/LUB), where the l was unvoiced to lh as was usual of Noldorin.

Neo-Sindarin: Since the unvoicing of l was not a feature of Sindarin, most Neo-Sindarin writers adapt this word as ᴺS. lom “weary”, as suggested in HSD (HSD).

Conceptual Development: Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s had ᴱN. darw with glosses “weary” or “tired”, based on the primitive form ᴱ✶dar’wa- (PE13/142, 161).

minnas

noun. tower

borth

?. [unglossed]

pathra-

verb. to fill

âr

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

amben

adverb. uphill, sloping upwards

ambend

adverb. uphill, sloping upwards

ambend

adverb. uphill

ambenn

adverb. uphill, sloping upwards

ambenn

adverb. uphill

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

barad

noun. tower, fortress

clei

?. [unglossed]

coen

?. [unglossed]

diragas

?. [unglossed]

lhom

adjective. weary

mauth

?. [unglossed]

menwed

?. [unglossed]

minnas

noun. tower

minnas

noun. fort, city with a citadel and central watch-tower

nith

?. [unglossed]

nithrad

?. [unglossed]

níth

?. [unglossed]

pannod

verb. to fill

porennin

?. [unglossed]

taur

noun. king (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes)

In LotR/IV:IV, Frodo is called Daur, which might be the mutated form of this word

telwen

?. [unglossed]

thîr

noun. look, face, expression, countenance

âr

noun. king

asdi

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation (pronounced [azdi]) without giving its meaning (SD/421).

sapda

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation without giving its meaning (SD/421).

ârû

noun. king

A noun translated as “king” (SD/429). The Adûnaic word for “queen” is not attested, but could be a feminized form of this word, such as ✱ârî.

durin

masculine name. king