sangahyando

masculine name. Throng-cleaver

A descendant of Castamir who led the forces of Umbar against Gondor (LotR/1048). His name is a compound of sanga “throng” and hyando “cleaver” (Let/425, PE17/116).

Conceptual Development: In the early Qenya Lexicon, ᴱQ. Sangahyando “cleaver of throngs” was given as a name for Túrin Turambar’s sword (QL/81), and the name ᴹQ. Sangahyando appeared in The Etymologies as the name of a sword (Ety/STAG, SYAN). Its use for a man of Umbar did not emerge until The Lord of the Rings appendices, where it appeared as Sangahyanda in the 1st edition of The Lord of the Rings, changed in the 2nd edition to Sangahyando (PM/215).

For the most part, Tolkien gave the meaning “throng” to the initial element and “cleaver” to the final element, but in his phonetic notes from the Tengwesta Qenderinwa and the Outline of Phonology from the 1950s, he seems to have considered assigning the meaning “throng” to the second element (PE18/101, PE19/92).

A short form Sangian “throng-hewer” appeared in linguistic notes from the early 1930s (PE21/32).

Changes

• Sangahyanda → Sangahyando ✧ PMI/Sangahyanda

Elements

Word	Gloss
sanga	“throng, press, pressure, press, pressure; throng, [ᴹQ.] crowd, pack; [ᴱQ.] tight mass; [ᴹQ.] crowded, packed”
hyando	“cleaver, cleaver, [ᴹQ.] hewer (sword)”

Variations

• Sangahyanda ✧ PE17/116; PMI/Sangahyanda (Sangahyanda)

rimbë

crowd, host, great number

rimbë noun "crowd, host, great number" (RIM, SA:rim, Letters:282)

sanga

crowd, press, throng

sanga (þ) noun "crowd, press, throng" (STAG, SA:thang, LT2:342; pl. sangar (?) twice in Narqelion). In Sangahyando (þ) masc. name "Throng-cleaver", name of a man in Gondor _(SA:thang; a footnote in Letters:425 explains that "throng" here means a closely formed body of enemy soldiers. In the Etymologies, stems STAG, SYAD, _sangahyando is said to be a swordname, and LT2:342 likewise defines the word as a name of Turambar's sword: "cleaver of throngs, Throng-cleaver".)

rim

noun. crowd, host, great number

ovras

crowd

(heap), pl. evrais (archaic övrais), coll. pl. ovrassath

hoth

crowd

1) hoth (i choth, o choth) (host, horde), pl. hyth (i chyth), 2) ovras (heap), pl. evrais (archaic övrais), coll. pl. ovrassath, 3) rim (great number, host), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim). Note: a homophone means ”cold pool or lake”.

hoth

crowd

(i choth, o choth) (host, horde), pl. hyth (i chyth)

rim

crowd

(great number, host), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim). Note: a homophone means ”cold pool or lake”.

hadhafang

proper name. Throng-cleaver

Noldorin name for ᴹQ. Sangahyando appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, as combination of hâdh “✱cleaver” and thang “throng” (Ety/SYAD, STAG). It was dissimilated from the older form †Hadhathang; Tolkien also listed a variant dissimilation havathang (Ety/STAG).

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, the Gnomish equivalent of ᴱQ. Sangahyando was given as G. Hanthang, G. Sangair and (rejected) Thangairo[s?], with the last letter unreadable in the third variant (GL/48, 67, 72).

Changes

• hafathang → havathang ✧ Ety/STAG

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Sangahyando “Throng-cleaver” ✧ Ety/STAG; Ety/SYAD

Elements

Word	Gloss
hâdh	“*cleaver”
thang	“compulsion, duress, need, oppression”

Variations

• haðathang ✧ Ety/STAG (haðathang); Ety/SYAD
• havathang ✧ Ety/STAG
• haðafang ✧ Ety/STAG; Ety/SYAD
• hafathang ✧ EtyAC/STAG (hafathang)

rhim

noun. crowd, host, great number

rhimb

noun. crowd, host, great number

ovras

noun. crowd, heap.