Quenya 

rista

cut

rista (2) noun "cut" (RIS), cf. #1 above.

ciris

cleft, crack

ciris _("k")_noun "cleft, crack" (LT2:337 - obsoleted by cirissë?)

falqua

cleft, mountain pass, ravine

falqua ("q") noun "cleft, mountain pass, ravine" (LT2:341)

hyando

noun. cleaver, cleaver, [ᴹQ.] hewer (sword)

hyatsë

cleft, gash

hyatsë noun "cleft, gash" (SYAD), apparently changed by Tolkien from hyassë (VT46:16)

rissë

cut

rissë noun? The word is not clearly glossed but apparently means "cut" or "cleft" (ravine), the cognate of the final element of Imladris, Sindarin name of Rivendell. (PE17:87)

sanca

cleft, split

sanca (þ) ("k") noun? (or adj, or both?) "cleft, split" (STAK)

yáwë

ravine, cleft, gulf

yáwë noun "ravine, cleft, gulf" (YAG; according to VT46:22, the last gloss should perhaps be read as "gully" instead)

Sindarin 

rista-

verb. to cut

Sindarin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rista-

verb. to rend, rip

Sindarin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

riss

adjective. cleft

_ adj. _cleft, cloven, separate. Q. rista, risse, rinse. >> Imladris

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:87] < _rinsa_ < RIS cut. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

Rest

noun. cut

Sindarin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

riss

noun. ravine

Sindarin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Orc(h)rist

noun. orc cleaver

orch (“orc”) + rist (from risto “cleave”) The stem of the last element blended with the stem kris- of similar meaning.

Sindarin [Tolkiendil] Group: Tolkiendil Compound Sindarin Names. Published by

crist

noun. cleaver, cleaver; [N.] sword; [G.] knife; slash, slice

rist

cleft

(noun) 1) rist (-ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh rist). Note: a homophone means ”cleaver, cutter”, 2) cirith (i girith, o chirith) (cutting, pass), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chirith), 3) cîl (i gîl, o chîl) (pass between hills, gorge), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîl), coll. pl. cíliath. A homophone means ”renewal”. 4) criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss), 4) iaw (gulf, ravine), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”, 5) rest (ravine, cut), pl. rist (idh rist), 6) (deep cleft) falch (ravine[?]), pl. felch

rist

cleaver

(sword) rist (cutter), no distinct pl. except with article (idh rist). Note: a homophone means ”cleft”.

rist

cutter

(sword) rist (cleaver), no distinct pl. except with article (idh rist). Note: a homophone means ”cleft”.

rist

cleft

(-ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh rist). Note: a homophone means ”cleaver, cutter”

rist

cleaver

(cutter), no distinct pl. except with article (idh rist). Note: a homophone means ”cleft”.

rist

cutter

(cleaver), no distinct pl. except with article (idh rist). Note: a homophone means ”cleft”.

Rest

cut

(noun) 1) rest (ravine, cleft), pl. rist (idh rist), 2) criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cleft, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

rest

cleft

(ravine, cut), pl. rist (idh rist)

rest

ravine

(cleft, cut), pl. rist (idh rist)

rest

cut

(ravine, cleft), pl. rist (idh rist)

riss

ravine

(construct ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh riss)****

crist

cleaver

crist (i grist, o christ) (sword), no distinct pl. form except with article (i christ)

crist

cleaver

(i grist, o christ) (sword), no distinct pl. form except with article (i christ)

criss

noun. cleft, cleft, [N.] cut, slash, [G.] gash; [N.] pass, [G.] gully, ravine

A word for a “cleft, cut, slash” (PE21/81; Ety/KIRIS) derived from √KIRIS, a blend of the roots √KIR and √RIS (PE17/87).

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to G. criss “cleft, gash, gully” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s where it was probably already a derivative of the early root ᴱ√KIRISI as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (GL/27; LT2A/Cris Ilbranteloth). In the Name-list to The Fall of Gondolin Tolkien gave cris with the definition “a cleft, ravine, or narrow way of waters with high walls” (PE15/21), and in this period it typically appeared in this shorter form within names like G. Cris Ilbranteloth or G. Cris Thorn.

N. criss appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “cleft, cut, slash” under the root ᴹ√KIRIS “cut” (Ety/KIRIS). It also appeared under the root ᴹ√KIR with the gloss “cleft, pass”, but this instance was deleted (EtyAC/KIR). S. criss “cleft” was mentioned in passing in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure (EVS2) from the early 1950s as derived from primitive ✶kirissi (PE21/80-81), and it was mentioned as a blending of roots in notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings (WPP) from the late 1950s or early 1960s as described above (PE17/87). Its use in names diminished over time, however, the only remnant in the final version of The Silmarillion being S. Crissaegrim (S/121).

Neo-Sindarin: In The Etymologies of the 1930s it seems this word was principally used as for a “cleft, cut, slash” independent of geography. I would assume the same is true for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, since criss is used only in a single geographic name in Tolkien’s later writings; S. cirith was use more broadly in geographic features. I would also assume it was a larger and more violent cut (a “gash” or “slash”) compared to S. rest for simple cuts.

Sindarin [PE17/087; PE21/81] Group: Eldamo. Published by

iaw

ravine

  1. iaw (cleft, gulf), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”. 2) ress (construct res), pl. riss (idh riss), 3) rest (cleft, cut), pl. rist (idh rist), 4) riss (construct ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh riss)

hâdh

cleaver

†hâdh (i châdh, o châdh, construct hadh, pl. haidh (i chaidh). _(Tolkien_s gloss of the word hâdh was illegible [LR:389 s.v. SYAD], but a compound including hâdh is equated with Quenya Sangahyando ”Throng-cleaver”.)

thanc

cleft

(adj.) thanc (forked, split), pl. thainc

cirith

noun. cleft, high climbing pass, narrow passage cut through earth or rock, ravine, defile

Sindarin [S/387, UT/426, TC/181, RC/334-335] Group: SINDICT. Published by

falch

noun. deep cleft, ravine

Sindarin [Orfalch Echor UT/468] Group: SINDICT. Published by

thanc

adjective. cleft, split, forked

Sindarin [Orthanc S/415, Ety/388] Group: SINDICT. Published by

cirith

cleft

(i girith, o chirith) (cutting, pass), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chirith)

criss

cleft

(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss), 4) iaw (gulf, ravine), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”

criss

cut

(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cleft, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

cîl

cleft

(i gîl, o chîl) (pass between hills, gorge), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîl), coll. pl. cíliath. A homophone means ”renewal”.

falch

cleft

(ravine[?]), pl. felch

falch

ravine

(deep cleft), pl. felch

hâdh

cleaver

(i châdh, o châdh, construct hadh, pl. haidh (i chaidh). *(Tolkien’s gloss of the word hâdh was illegible [LR:389 s.v.*

hâdh

syad

is equated with Quenya Sangahyando ”Throng-cleaver”.)

iaw

ravine

(cleft, gulf), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”.

ress

ravine

(construct res), pl. riss (idh riss)

thanc

cleft

(forked, split), pl. thainc

Noldorin 

rhis

noun. ravine

Noldorin [Ety/RIS²] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rhis

noun. ravine

Noldorin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rhista-

verb. to cut

Noldorin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rhista-

verb. to rend, rip

Noldorin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

crist

noun. cleaver, sword

Noldorin [Ety/365] Group: SINDICT. Published by

imladris(t)

place name. Rivendell

Noldorin [Ety/RIS²; LRI/Imladris(t); PE22/127; PM/044; PMI/Imladris; TI/120; TI/124; TI/128; TI/146; TII/Imladris; WRI/Imladrist] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rhest

noun. cut

Noldorin [Ety/RIS²] Group: Eldamo. Published by

criss

noun. cleft, cut, slash

Noldorin [Ety/365, VT/45:23] Group: SINDICT. Published by

cîl

noun. cleft, pass between hills, gorge

Noldorin [Ety/365] Group: SINDICT. Published by

hâdh

noun. (?) cleaver

Noldorin [Ety/389] Group: SINDICT. Published by

iau

noun. ravine, cleft, gulf

Noldorin [Ety/400, VT/46:22] Group: SINDICT. Published by

osgar-

verb. to cut round, to amputate

Noldorin [Ety/379] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rhess

noun. ravine

Noldorin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rhess

noun. ravine

rhest

noun. cut

Noldorin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

thanc

adjective. cleft, split, forked

Noldorin [Orthanc S/415, Ety/388] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Primitive elvish

kirissi

noun. cleft

Primitive elvish [PE21/80] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

rista

noun. cut

A noun for “a cut” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” (Ety/RIS). It was also an element the name ᴹQ. Latimberista, Quenya equivalent of S. Imladris, in a page of rejected notes from 1948 (PE22/127). It might reappear in some later notes as well; see Q. rista- “to cut” for further discussion.

latimberista

place name. Rivendell

A Quenya name for Imladris(t) (Rivendell) given on a rejected paged of linguistic notes from the 1940s (PE22/127). The elements of this Quenya name are the same as its Noldorin cognate: Tolkien stated that is initial element is latimbe “glen” (√LAT + imbe), and its final element is clearly rista “cut”. On the same page, Tolkien stated that this name was not used in practice, and was replaced the Quenyarized form of the Noldorin name: Imbeláris.

arkimbele

place name. Rivendell

A Quenya name for Imladris(t) (Rivendell) appearing only in the locative form Arkimbelesse “at Rivendell” in linguistic notes from the 1940s (PE22/125). The etymology of the name is unclear, but it may be a combination of arka “narrow” and imbe “dell” as suggested to me by Lokyt in a Discord conversation from 2021-08-25.

imbeláris

place name. Rivendell

A Quenya name for Imladris(t) (Rivendell) given on a rejected page of linguistic notes from the 1940s (PE22/127), simply a Quenyarized form of the Noldorin name.

Middle Primitive Elvish

rista-

verb. cut

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/RIS²] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kiris

root. cut

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KIRIS; Ety/RIS²; EtyAC/KIR; EtyAC/KIRIS] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Doriathrin

rest

noun. cut

A noun meaning “a cut” derived from the root ᴹ√RIS (Ety/RIS²). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. rista suggests a primitive form ✱✶ristā, where the [i] became [e] due to Ilkorin a-affection, as noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/rest).

Doriathrin [Ety/RIS²] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

fagin

adjective. cut

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “cut (aj.)”, an adjectival form of G. fag- “cut” (GL/33).

fanc

noun. cut

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “a cut”, a noun form of G. fag- “cut” (GL/33).

Early Noldorin

dailir

noun. cleaver

Early Noldorin [PE13/141] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

kisin

adjective. cleft

Early Quenya [QL/047] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Westron

karningul

place name. Rivendell

Westron [LotR/1134; PM/044; PM/058; PM/068; PM/083; PMI/Imladris] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Karningul

place name. Rivendell

Westron [LotR/1134.3507, PM/044.1609, PM/068.3604, PM/083.4503, PMI/Imladris.006] Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

faka Speculative

root. cut

A hypothetical early root to explain words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such as G. fag- “cut” and G. fanc “cut” (GL/33). It might be related to ᴱ√FḶKḶ “cleave, hew”. There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

Early Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by