pol- (1) vb. "can" = have physical power and ability, as in polin quetë "I can speak (because mouth and tongue are free)". Cf. ista-, lerta- as verbs "can" with somewhat different shades of meaning. (VT41:6, PE17:181)
Quenya
polë
meal, grist
polë
noun. meal, grist, meal, grist, [ᴱQ.] oats, grain (unground kernels of oats, wheat, etc.)
Changes
pole→ mŭle “meal” ✧ PE17/115Derivations
- ✶poli “meal”
- √POL “can, have physical power and ability; large, big (strong); pound up, break up small, reduce to powder, can, have physical power and ability; large, big (strong); [ᴹ√] physically strong, [ᴱ√] have stength; [√] pound up, break up small, reduce to powder”
- √POL “can, have physical power and ability; large, big (strong); pound up, break up small, reduce to powder, can, have physical power and ability; large, big (strong); [ᴹ√] physically strong, [ᴱ√] have stength; [√] pound up, break up small, reduce to powder” ✧ PE17/181
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √POL > poli- [poli] > [pole] ✧ PE17/181 Variations
- pole ✧ PE17/115 (
pole)
pol-
can
pol-
verb. can, to be able to
Cognates
- ᴺS. pol- “can, to be able to”
Derivations
- √POL “can, have physical power and ability; large, big (strong); pound up, break up small, reduce to powder, can, have physical power and ability; large, big (strong); [ᴹ√] physically strong, [ᴱ√] have stength; [√] pound up, break up small, reduce to powder” ✧ PE17/181; VT41/06
Element in
- ᴺQ. polëa “able”
- ᴺQ. polië “ability”
- Q. polin quetë “I can speak, I am able to speak” ✧ PE17/181; VT41/06
- ᴺQ. polta- “to (physically) enable”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √POL > polin [pol-] ✧ PE17/181
porë
flour, meal
porë (stem *pori-, given the primitive form ¤pori) noun "flour, meal" (POR). See polë.
mulë
meal, grist
mulë noun "meal, grist" (PE17:115, 181), replacing polë, q.v.
mulë
noun. meal
Derivations
- √MUL “grind (fine)”
Variations
- mŭle ✧ PE17/115
tulwë
pillar, standard, pole
tulwë noun "pillar, standard, pole" (LT1:270)
lerta-
can
lerta- vb. "can" in the sense "be free to do", being under no restraint (physical or other). Lertan quetë "I can speak (because I am free to do so, there being no obstacle of promise, secrecy, or duty)". Where the absence of a physical restraint is considered, this verb can be used in much the same sense as pol- (VT41:6)
tarma
pillar
tarma noun "pillar" (SA:tar); Tarmasundar (þ) "the Roots of the Pillar", the slopes of Mt. Meneltarma in Númenor (UT:166)
tarma
noun. pillar
Element in
- ᴺQ. calmatarma “lampstand”
- Q. Meneltarma “Pillar of Heaven” ✧ SA/tar
- ᴺQ. otarmië “colonnade”
- Q. Tarmacorto “High Mountain Circle”
- Q. Tarmasundar “Roots of the Pillar” ✧ UT/166
- ᴺQ. tarmon “basalt, (lit.) pillar-rock”
Variations
- Tarma ✧ UT/166
tavar
wood
tavar (1) noun "wood" (TÁWAR)
toina
adjective. wood, wood, *wooden, made of wood
A word glossed “wood” appearing in a list of “large & small” roots from around 1968 derived from primitive ✶tawĭnā (PE17/115) and hence probably an adjective “✱wooden, (made) of wood” as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (QQ/toina).
Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien instead had ᴹQ. taurina “of wood”, an adjectival form of ᴹQ. tavar “wood (material)” (Ety/TÁWAR). The word ᴹQ. toina appeared in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from the 1940s, but was unglossed, so whether it meant “✱wooden” is unclear.
Cognates
- S. tawen “wood (of material), ?wooden (of make), wood (of material), wooden (of make)” ✧ PE17/115
Derivations
Elements
Word Gloss -ina “adjective suffix; passive participle” Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶tawĭnā > toina [tawinā] > [toinā] > [toina] ✧ PE17/115
turu
wood
turu (3) noun "wood" (properly firewood, but used of wood in general) (LT1:270)
mat
meal, meal time
mat (matt-) noun "meal, meal time" (QL:59)
[polë (stem poli-) noun "meal, grist" (PE17:115, 181), a word Tolkien decided to replace by mulë; perhaps polë was a variant of porë.]