yelwa

cold

yelwa (2) adj. "cold" (LT1:260 this "Qenya" word is apparently obsoleted by # 1 above. In LotR-style Quenya, the regular term for "cold" seems to be ringa.)

niquë

noun. cold, cold; [ᴹQ.] snow

Derivations

• √NIK(W) “(also of) snow, ice, snow, ice; *white” ✧ PE17/168

Element in

• Q. taniquelassë “*high-white-leaf”
• Q. Taniquetil “High White Peak” ✧ PE17/168; PE17/168

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√NIK > nī̆que	[nikwe]	✧ PE17/168

Variations

• nī̆que ✧ PE17/168
• nique ✧ WJ/417

ringa

cold

ringa adj. "cold" (Markirya); the Etymologies gives ringë (RINGI), but it seems that ringa is to be preferred (cf. Ringarë below). Yá hrívë tenë, ringa ná "when winter comes, it is cold" (VT49:23). According to VT46:11, Tolkien originally used the form ringa in Etym as well; later he would restore it. - In early "Qenya", ringa is glossed "damp, cold, chilly" (LT1:265)

ringa

adjective. cold, cold, [ᴱQ.] chilly; damp

Cognates

• S. ring “cold, chill, cold, chill, [G.] cool”

Derivations

• ✶ringā
  • √RINGI “cold”

Element in

• Q. Ringarë “December, *Coldness”
• Q. ringa súmaryassë “in her cold bosom” ✧ MC/222
• Q. yá hríve menë, ringa ná “when winter comes/arrives/is with us, it is cold” ✧ VT49/23 (yá hríve tene, ringa ná)

ringë

cold

ringë adj. "cold", also ringa (which form is to be preferred; cf. Ringarë in LotR). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, ringë is also given as a noun "cold pool or lake (in mountains)", but according to VT46:11 this noun should read ringwë. (RINGI)

sára

bitter

sára (1) adj. "bitter" (SAG)

ring

adjective. cold

helch

bitterly cold

(lenited chelch; pl. hilch);

helch

bitterly cold

(lenited chelch; pl. hilch)

helch

bitterly cold

(adj.) helch (lenited chelch; pl. hilch)

helch

bitterly cold

(adj.) helch (lenited chelch; pl. hilch);

ring

cold

(adj.) ring (no distinct pl. form),

ring

cold

(no distinct pl. form)

saer

bitter

saer (lenited haer; no distinct pl. form).

saer

bitter

(lenited haer; no distinct pl. form).

rim

cold pool/lake

; no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim), coll. pl. rimmath. Note: a homophone means ”crowd, great number, host”.

ringi

root. cold

Tolkien used very similar forms for Elvish words for “cold” for all of his life. The earliest iteration of this root was unglossed ᴱ√RIŊI in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. rin (ring-) “dew” and ᴱQ. ringa “damp, cold, chilly” (QL/80). The root had similar derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. rî “coolness, cool” and G. ring “cool, cold” (GL/65). In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave the root {ᴹ√RINGĀ >>} ᴹ√RINGI “cold” with derivatives like ᴹQ. ringe/N. rhing “cold” (Ety/RINGI; EtyAC/RINGI). Primitive forms ✶riñgi “chill” and ✶riñgā appeared in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from the early 1950s (PE21/80), and Christopher Tolkien mentioned √ring as the basis for cold words in the Silmarillion Appendix (SA/ring).

Derivatives

• ✶ringā
  • Q. ringa “cold, cold, [ᴱQ.] chilly; damp”
• ✶ringi “chill”
• Q. Ringarë “December, *Coldness” ✧ SA/ring
• Q. Ringil ✧ SA/ring
• S. ring “cold, chill, cold, chill, [G.] cool” ✧ SA/ring

Variations

• ring ✧ SA/ring

helch

noun. bitter cold

helch

adjective. bitter cold, bitter cold, [G.] ice-cold, icy, cold

Cognates

• ᴹQ. helka “ice-cold” ✧ Ety/KHEL

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHELEK “ice” ✧ Ety/KHEL

Element in

• N. Helcharaes

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KHELEK > helch	[kʰelka] > [kʰelkʰa] > [kʰelxa] > [xelxa] > [xelx] > [helx]	✧ Ety/KHEL

rhing

adjective. cold

rhing

adjective. cold

Changes

• rheng → rhing ✧ Ety/RINGI

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ringe “cold, cold, *chill” ✧ Ety/RINGI

Derivations

• On. ringe “cold” ✧ Ety/RINGI; EtyAC/RINGI
  • ᴹ√RINGI “cold” ✧ Ety/RINGI; EtyAC/RINGI

Element in

• N. Himring “Ever-cold”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. ringe > rhing	[riŋge] > [riŋg] > [r̥iŋg] > [r̥iŋ]	✧ Ety/RINGI
On. ringa > rheng	[riŋga] > [reŋga] > [reŋg] > [r̥eŋg] > [r̥eŋ]	✧ EtyAC/RINGI

Variations

• rheng ✧ EtyAC/RINGI (rheng)

saer

adjective. bitter

saer

adjective. bitter

Cognates

• ᴹQ. sára “bitter” ✧ Ety/SAG

Derivations

• ᴹ✶sagrā “bitter” ✧ Ety/SAG
  • ᴹ√SAG “*bitter, poison” ✧ Ety/SAG

Element in

• ᴺS. saera- “to urinate”
• ᴺS. saerlin “urine”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶sagrā > saer	[sagrā] > [sagra] > [saɣra] > [saira] > [sair] > [saer]	✧ Ety/SAG