haldir

masculine name. Haldir

Silvan Elf of Lórien (LotR/343). The meaning of this name is unclear, but it might be a combination of [N.] hall “hidden” and dîr “man”.

Conceptual Development: This name is also shared by a man of the Edain from the First Age, Ed. Haldir, as well as a (rejected) son of Orodreth N. Haldir; the derivation above comes for that of the son of Orodreth (Ety/DER, SKAL¹). As applied to this Silvan Elf, this name first appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s as N. Hathaldir, revised to Halldir and finally Haldir (TI/262).

Haldir

noun. Haldir

prop. n.

halethrim

proper name. People of Haleth

Sindarin name for the People of Haleth (UT/140), a combination of the name of their founder and the Sindarin class-plural suffix -rim.

Haldir

noun. hidden hero

hal (from haltha- “screen”) + dîr (“man, adult male”)

orchal

adjective. tall, tall; [N.] superior, eminent, lofty

hal

lift

hal- (i châl, i chelir), pa.t. haul (VT45:20)

hal

lift

(i châl, i chelir), pa.t. haul (VT45:20)

Halad

Halad

Since the chieftains of Brethil were elected from the family of Haldad it was natural to used the term "Halad" for the position. Haldad's name meant "watchdog" and was derived from hal(a), meaning "watch" or "guard".

Haleth

Haleth

The name Haleth has no known meaning. In the language of the Haladin, hal means "chief" or "guard". Sindarin also has the feminine ending -eth.

Halbarad

Halbarad

Though it is nowhere translated, Halbarad most likely means "Tall Tower", from Sindarin hall, "tall", and barad, "tower".

Haldir

Haldir

Tolkien explained the name Haldir as Sindarin for "Hidden Hero", though this Haldir refers to the (later omitted) son of Orodreth.

Haleth (son of Helm)

Haleth (son of Helm)

Haleth in Old English means "warrior". Not to be confused with Mannish Haleth.

half

seashell

half (i chalf, o chalf), pl. helf (i chelf), coll. pl. halvath

half

seashell

(i chalf, o chalf), pl. helf (i chelf), coll. pl. halvath

hall

hidden

(veiled, shadowed, shady); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”high, exalted”

hall

veiled

hall (hidden, shadowed, shady); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”high, exalted”.

hall

veiled

(hidden, shadowed, shady); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”high, exalted”.

hall

shadowed

hall (veiled, hidden, shady); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”high, exalted”.

hall

shadowed

(veiled, hidden, shady); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”high, exalted”.

hall

shady

(veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”high, exalted”

hall

tall

(exalted); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.

hall

exalted

hall (high); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.

hall

exalted

(high); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.

haltha

screen

(verb) haltha- (i chaltha, i chalthar);

haltha

screen

(i chaltha, i chalthar);

hallas

noun. height

hâl

fish

(noun) hâl (i châl, o châl, construct hal), pl. hail (i chail) (VT45:20); also lim (no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. limmath). Note: a homophone means ”clear, sparkling, light”.

hâl

fish

(i châl, o châl, construct hal), pl. hail (i chail) (VT45:20); also lim (no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. limmath). Note: a homophone means ”clear, sparkling, light”.

peredhel

proper name. Half-elf

Term for one with mixed human and elvish blood, almost always appearing in its plural form Peredhil as in The Lord of the Rings appendices (LotR/1034). It is a combination of per- “half” and Edhel “Elf” (SA/edhel).

Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, Tolkien used the term N. Peringol to refer to Elrond’s half-blood (LR/152), but this term was a combination of N. perin “half” and the root ᴹ√ÑGOL from which the tribal name ᴹQ. Noldo was derived, so literally meant “Half-Gnome [Noldo]” (Ety/PER).

Perian

halfling

pl1. #periain, pl2. #periannath** ** n. halfling. >> berain, pheriain, pheriannath

peredhel

noun. half-elf

per (stem of perin “halve”) + edhel (“elf”)

per-

prefix. half

daro

verb. halt! stop!

peredhel

noun. half-elf

Perhael

noun. 'half-wise'

prop. n. 'half-wise', Samwise. >> Berhael, Daur

merethrond

proper name. Great Hall of Feasts

The “Great Hall of Feasts” in Minas Tirith (LotR/975), a combination of mereth “feast” and rond “vaulted chamber” (SA/mereth).

Conceptual Development: This name was already N. Merethrond “Great Hall of Feasts” in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (SD/67).

Perian

noun. Hobbit, Halfling

periannath

noun. the Hobbits, Halflings

peredhel

half-elf

1) *peredhel (pl. peredhil) (PM:256, 348), 2) (actually ”Half-Noldo”) peringol (i beringol, o pheringol), pl. peringyl (i pheringyl), coll. pl. ?peringollath

Perian

halfling

(hobbit) perian (i berian, o pherian), pl. periain, coll. pl. periannath (also attested in nasal-mutated form pheriannath) (RGEO, Letters:426)

dar

halt

(verb, used intransitively in the LotR), dar- (i dhâr, i nerir) (stop). The imperative daro! is attested.

dar

halt

(i dhâr, i nerir) (stop). The imperative daro! is attested.

per

half

(adj. prefix) per-.

per

half

.

peredhel

half-elf

(pl. peredhil) (PM:256, 348).

perian

halfling

(i berian, o pherian), pl. periain, coll. pl. periannath (also attested in nasal-mutated form pheriannath) (RGEO, Letters:426)

peringol

half-elf

(i beringol, o pheringol), pl. peringyl (i pheringyl), coll. pl. ?peringollath

post

halt

(noun) post (i bost, o phost) (pause, rest, cessation, respite), pl. pyst (i physt)

post

halt

(i bost, o phost) (pause, rest, cessation, respite), pl. pyst (i physt)

rond

hall with vaulted roof

(construct ron) (cave, cavern, vault, vaulted ceiling), pl. rynd (idh rynd), coll. pl. ronnath

rond

hall with vaulted roof

rond (construct ron) (cave, cavern, vault, vaulted ceiling), pl. rynd (idh rynd), coll. pl. ronnath

tham

hall

tham, pl. thaim, coll. pl. thammath;

tham

hall

pl. thaim, coll. pl. thammath;

rhûd

rockhewn hall

(construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd – the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (dwelling underground, artificial cave, mine), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid). (PM:365);

thamas

great hall

pl. themais, coll. pl. thamassath;

esgal

a cast shadow

_n. _a cast shadow. Q. hala, poet. ixal. . This gloss was rejected.

calben

elf of the great journey

(i galben, o chalben), pl. celbin (i chelbin).

dar

stop

(verb, used intransitively in the LotR), dar- (i dhâr, i nerir) (halt). The imperative daro! is attested.

dar

stop

(i dhâr, i nerir) (halt). The imperative daro! is attested.

daur

pause

(noun) 1) daur (i dhaur) (stop; also used = ”league”, a distance of about 3 miles / 4.8 kilometers), pl. doer (i noer), coll. pl. dorath. 2) (noun) post (i bost, o phost) (halt, rest, cessation, respite), pl. pyst (i physt)

dolen

hidden

1) dolen (secret), lenited dholen, pl. dolin. Archaic daulen. 2) hall (veiled, shadowed, shady); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”high, exalted”, 3) thoren (guarded, fenced), pl. thorin, 4) thurin (secret); no distinct pl. form_.

donn

shady

1) donn (black, swart, swarty, shadowy) (lenited dhonn, pl. dynn). (VT45:11). Also dunn- in compounds. 2) hall (veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”high, exalted”, 3)

post

pause

(i bost, o phost) (halt, rest, cessation, respite), pl. pyst (i physt)

rhûd

dwelling underground

(construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (artificial cave, rockhewn hall, mine), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid) (PM:365)*.

edhel

noun. Elf

Ara-

prefix. high, noble, royal

aer

adjective. holy

ar-

prefix. high, noble, royal

arod

adjective. tall

_ adj. _tall, eminent. Q. aratā.

bar

noun. dwelling, home

bar

noun. inhabited land

cab-

verb. to leap, to leap, [G.] jump

cabed

noun. leap

daur

noun. pause, stop

daur

noun. league (about 3 miles)

dolen

adjective. hidden, hidden, [N.] secret

eledh

noun. Elf

elen

noun. Elf

ell

noun. Elf

esgal

noun. veil, screen, cover that hides

fanha-

verb. to veil

v. to veil, cloak. Q. fanta-. Naturally mainly used of veils cast over things that shone, or were brighter and more vivid.

flâd

noun. skin

flâd

noun. skin

A word for “skin” (or possibly “bark”) appearing only in the name S. Fladrif “Skinbark” (LotR/474).

fân

noun. veil

fân

noun. cloud (applied to clouds, floating as veils over the blue sky or the sun or moon, or resting on hills)

glae

noun. grass

A word for “grass” reported by Lisa Star from notes associated with The Lord of the Rings appendices, in unpublished material from the Marquette collection (TT17/33). It may be derived from an elaboration of the root √LAY which had other-plant related derivatives.

iand

adjective. wide

lanc

noun. naked

lanc

adjective. naked

A word for “naked” in the name Amon Lanc “Naked Hill” (UT/280).

land

adjective. wide, broad

land

adjective. wide, broad, wide, broad; [N.] open space, level

lann

adjective. wide, broad

lim

noun. fish

lumren

adjective. shady

paran

adjective. naked

_ adj. _naked, bald, bare. Q. parne. >> baran, Dol Baran

parch

adjective. naked

_ adj. _naked, of persons. Q. parka.

penedh

noun. Elf

raud

tall

adj. tall, high, lofty, eminent, noble. Q. arta (< áratā). >> Nimrodel, rodel

sennas

noun. guesthouse

suith

noun. draught

thôl

noun. helm

tirith

noun. watch, guard (abstract noun), vigilance

tirith

watch

{1st ĭ}_n._watch, ward, guard. >> tíria, Minas Tirith

torn

hidden

adj. hidden, secret. >> terech

adab

house

(building), pl. edaib. In ”Noldorin”, the plural was edeb.

andrath

high pass

(literally "long climb"), pl. endraith.

arth

exalted

1) arth (lofty, noble), pl. erth;

arth

exalted

(lofty, noble), pl. erth

avar

non-eldarin elf

pl. Evair, also called

brand

tall

(lofty, noble, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind.

bâr

dwelling

bâr (house, home, family; land, earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds

bâr

dwelling

(house, home, family; land, earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds

bâr

house

bâr (dwelling, home, family; land, earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

bâr

house

(dwelling, home, family; land, earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

cab

leap

(i gâb, i chebir), pa.t. camp;

cabed

leap

(i gabed, o chabed), pl. cebid (i chebid)

car

house

(building, dwelling-place) 1) car or cardh (i gar[dh], o char[dh]) (building), pl. cerdh (i cherdh) or cair (i chair). Note: cardh also means "deed, feat". Therefore, the form car may be preferred for clarity. 2) adab (building), pl. edaib. In ”Noldorin”, the plural was edeb. 3)

car

house

or cardh (i gar[dh], o char[dh]) (building), pl. cerdh (i cherdh) or cair (i chair). Note: cardh also means "deed, feat". Therefore, the form car may be preferred for clarity.

daur

stop

(noun) daur (i dhaur) (pause; also used = ”league”, a distance of about 3 miles / 4.8 kilometers), pl. doer (i noer), coll. pl. dorath

daur

stop

(i dhaur) (pause; also used = ”league”, a distance of about 3 miles / 4.8 kilometers), pl. doer (i noer), coll. pl. dorath

daur

pause

(i dhaur) (stop; also used = ”league”, a distance of about 3 miles / 4.8 kilometers), pl. doer (i noer), coll. pl. dorath.

dilia

stop up

(i dhilia, i niliar), pa.t. diliant (VT45:9).

dolen

hidden

(secret), lenited dholen, pl. dolin. Archaic daulen.

donn

shady

(black, swart, swarty, shadowy) (lenited dhonn, pl. dynn). (VT45:11). Also dunn- in compounds.

duinen

high tide

(i dhuinen), pl. duinin (i nuinin). (VT48:26).

dôr

dwelling place

(i nôr, construct dor) (land, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr) (WJ:413).

dúnedhel

elf of beleriand

(i Núnedhel), pl. *Dúnedhil*** (i Ndúnedhil*). (WJ:378, 386)*

edhel

elf

(pl. edhil). Coll. pl. Edhelrim (or Edhellim) (UT:318). Also †eledh, pl. elidh, coll. pl. eledhrim (Letters:281), also elen, pl. elin, also with coll. pl. eledhrim (elen + rim with the regular change nr > dhr). (WJ:363, 377-78; the shorter coll. pl. Eldrim > *Elrim*** may also occur). But since elin** also means "stars", other terms for "Elf" may be preferred.

edhelharn

elf-stone

(pl. edhelhern) (SD:128-31).

elleth

elf-woman

(pl. ellith) (WJ:363-64, 377)

ellon

elf-man

(pl. ellyn)

elvellon

elf-friend

(pl. elvellyn, coll. pl. elvellonnath (WJ:412);

escal

veil

(screen, cover that hides), pl. escail. Also spelt esgal (pl. esgail).

escal

veil

(noun) 1) escal (screen, cover that hides), pl. escail. Also spelt esgal (pl. esgail). 2) fân (cloud, manifested body of a Vala), construct fan, pl. fain

escal

screen

(noun) escal (veil, cover that hides), pl. escail. Also spelt esgal (pl. esgail).

escal

screen

(veil, cover that hides), pl. escail. Also spelt esgal (pl. esgail).

fân

veil

(cloud, manifested body of a Vala), construct fan, pl. fain

gaer

holy

gaer (awful, fearful); lenited aear; no distinct pl. form. Note: homophones mean "reddish, copper-coloured, ruddy" and also "sea".

gaer

holy

(awful, fearful); lenited ’aear; no distinct pl. form. Note: homophones mean "reddish, copper-coloured, ruddy" and also "sea".

glae

grass

glae (i **lae), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glae**).

glae

grass

(i ’lae), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glae).

gobel

enclosed dwelling

(i ’obel) (walled house or village, ”town”), pl. gebil (i ngebil = i ñebil). Archaic pl. göbil.

gobel

village

(i ’obel) (enclosed dwelling, ”town”), pl. gebil (i ngebil = i ñebil). Archaic pl. ✱göbil.

gondrath

highway

(i ’ondrath) (street of stone, causeway), pl. gendraith (i ngendraith = i ñendraith). Archaic pl. göndreith. (WJ:340). Possibly the pl. can also be gondraith, without umlaut of the first element.

grôd

underground dwelling

(i ’rôd, construct grod) (cave, delving, excavation), pl. grŷd (in grŷd) (WJ:414)

gwanwel

elf of aman

(”departed” Elf), pl. gwenwil (in gwenwil), coll. pl. gwanwellath. (WJ:378) Also gwanwen; see

gwathra

veil

(i ’wathra, in gwathrar) (dim, obscure, overshadow)

gwathra

veil

(verb) gwathra- (i **wathra, in gwathrar**) (dim, obscure, overshadow)

hell

naked

1) hell (lenited chell; pl. hill), 2) lanc (pl. lainc). Note: homophones means ”neck, throat” and also ”sharp edge, sudden end, brink”.

hell

naked

(lenited chell; pl. hill)

hellen

adjective. frozen

iaun

holy place

(fane, sanctuary), pl. ioen, coll. pl. ionath

laden

wide

1) laden (plain, flat, open, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT), 2) land (plain), pl. laind. Also used as noun ”open space, level”. 3) pann (i bann, o phann, construct pan), pl. pain (i phain). Since the pl. form clashes with *pain ”all” (mutated phain, SD:129), other terms may be preferred for clarity. 4) ûr (pl. uir). Notice the homophone ûr ”fire, heat”.

laden

wide

(plain, flat,  open, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT)

laegel

green-elf

pl. laegil; coll. pl. laegrim or laegeldrim (WJ:385). These forms from a late source would seem to supersede the ”N” forms listed in LR:368 s.v. LÁYAK: *Lhoebenidh* or *Lhoebelidh*. The Green-elves of Beleriand were also called Lindel (pl. Lindil), also Lindedhel (pl. Lindedhil)  *(WJ:385)*.

lanc

naked

(pl. lainc). Note: homophones means ”neck, throat” and also ”sharp edge, sudden end, brink”.

land

wide

(plain), pl. laind. Also used as noun ”open space, level”.

lefn

elf left behind

pl. lifn.

lim

noun. fish

lumren

shady

lumren (pl. lymrin)

lumren

shady

(pl. lymrin)

main

chief

(adj.) main (lenited vain; pl. mîn) (prime, prominent) (VT45:15)

main

chief

(lenited vain; pl. mîn) (prime, prominent) (VT45:15)

miniel

first elf

(i Viniel), pl. Mínil (i Mínil), coll. pl. Miniellath. (WJ:383)

mornedhel

dark elf

(i Vornedhel), pl. Mornedhil (i Mornedhil). Conceivably the entire word could be umlauted in the pl.: ?Mernedhil. **(WJ:409) Another term for ”Dark Elf” is Dúredhel (i Dhúredhel), pl. Dúredhil (i Núredhil**).

noss

house

(family) 1) noss (construct nos, pl. nyss) (family, clan), 2) nost (pl. nyst) (family) (PM:360), 3) nothrim (family); no distinct pl. form (PM:360)

noss

house

(construct nos, pl. nyss) (family, clan)

nost

house

(pl. nyst) (family) (PM:360)

nothrim

house

(family); no distinct pl. form (PM:360)

nuitha

stop short

(i nuitha, in nuithar) (prevent from coming to completion; stunt; not allow to continue) (WJ:413).

or

high

(adjectival pref.) or- (above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:

or

high

(above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:

orn

tall

(pl. yrn). Note: a homophone of the latter means ”tree”.

orthel

screen above

(i orthel, in erthelir for archaic in örthelir) (to roof)

palan

over a wide area

(far off)

pann

wide

(i bann, o phann, construct pan), pl. pain (i phain). Since the pl. form clashes with ✱pain ”all” (mutated phain, SD:129), other terms may be preferred for clarity.

raud

tall

(eminent, noble), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed. Also used as noun ”champion, eminent man, [a] noble”.

raw

rush

(noun, roaring noise) 1) raw (pl. roe, idh roe)

raw

rush

(pl. roe, idh roe)

rib

rush

(verb) rib- (i rîb, idh ribir) (fly, fling)

rib

rush

(i rîb, idh ribir) (fly, fling)

send

grey-elf

(i hend, o send, construct sen) (probably a term only used by the Noldor, borrowed from Quenya Sinda), pl. sind (i sind), coll. pl. Sendrim (the only attested form).

sennas

guesthouse

(i hennas), pl. sennais (i sennais), coll. pl. sennassath (RC:523)

suith

draught

*suith (i huith, o suith), no distinct pl. form except with article (i suith). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” sûth.

suith

draught

(i huith, o suith), no distinct pl. form except with article (i suith). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” sûth.

taen

height

taen (i daen, o thaen) (summit of high mountain), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thaen). Note: a homophone means ”long (and thin)”.

taen

height

(i daen, o thaen) (summit of high mountain), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thaen). Note: a homophone means ”long (and thin)”.

taur

tall

(also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

telu

high roof

(i delu, o thelu) (dome), pl. tely (i thely).

thoren

hidden

(guarded, fenced), pl. thorin

thurin

hidden

(secret); no distinct pl. form

thâr

stiff grass

pl. thair if there is a pl; coll. pl. tharath.

thôl

helm

thôl (construct thol, pl. thŷl, coll. pl. ?tholath)

thôl

helm

(construct thol, pl. th**ŷ**l, coll. pl. ?tholath)

tir-

watch

(cited in the form tiri, a ”Noldorin” infinitive in -i) (i dîr, i thirir) (guard, gaze, look at, look towards). The imperative tiro and passive participle [t]irnen are attested, the latter in lenited form dirnen.

tiria

watch

1) tiria- (guard, gaze, look toward) (i diria, i thiriar). 2)

tiria

watch

(guard, gaze, look toward) (i diria, i thiriar).

tirith

watch, watching

(i dirith, o thirith) (guard, guarding, vigilance), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thirith)

tond

tall

1) tond (lenited dond; pl. tynd), 2) †orn (pl. yrn). Note: a homophone of the latter means ”tree”.

tond

adjective. tall

tond

tall

(lenited dond; pl. tynd)

yll

noun. draught

A neologism for “draught” coined by Ryszard Derdzinski in PPW (PPW) from the early 2000s, based on Q. yulda. I prefer ᴺS. suith “draught, a drink”, but ᴺS. yll might be preferable if you think Tolkien abandoned the root √SOK/SUK “drink”.

ûr

wide

(pl. uir). Notice the homophone ûr ”fire, heat”.

ýl-

verb. to drink

halma

halma

[halma], see helma

hala

noun. cast shadow, cast shadow, *shade

A Quenya word meaning “a cast shadow” appearing in two forms, hala and (archaic) †ixal, both cognates to S. esgal and derived from the root √SKAL “cover, veil, cloak, conceal” (PE17/184). The form hala is the normal development from primitive ✶skalā where the initial sk eventually became h, whereas ixal shows a vowel i developing before syllabic ṣ and then the surviving sk undergoing metathesis to ks (x).

Neo-Quenya: Given that primitive ✶skalā is actually “the action or effect of overshadowing”, I think hala can mean both “(cast) shadow” and “✱shade” as in a shaded region beneath a screen of leaves or something similar. For the screen itself I’d use fanwa.

Hallacar

tall helmet

Hallacar masc. name, apparently "tall helmet": halla + car (cf. Eldacar for the latter element) (UT:210)

Hallatan

tall man

Hallatan masc. name, apparently "tall man": halla + atan (UT:210)

hala

(small) fish

hala (1) noun "(small) fish" (KHAL1, SKAL2, VT45:20)

hala

cast shadow

hala (2) noun "a cast shadow" (PE17:184)

halatir

kingsfisher

halatir (halatirn-, as in dat.sg. halatirnen), also halatirno, noun "kingsfisher", etymologically "fish-watcher" (TIR, SKAL2, KHAL1)

halcin

frozen

halcin ("k") adj. "frozen" (LT1:254)

halda

veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady

halda adj. "veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady" (opposed to helda "stripped bare") (SKAL1, VT46:13)

halla

tall

halla (1) adj. "tall" (Appendix E, footnote)

halla

naked

[halla (2) adj. "naked" (VT46:14), changed by Tolkien to helda]

haloisi

the sea (in storm)

haloisi noun "the sea (in storm)", cf. haloitë (LT1:254)

haloitë

leaping

haloitë adj. "leaping" (LT1:254)

halta-

to leap

halta- vb. "to leap" (LT1:254)

halya-

veil, conceal, screen from light

halya- vb. "veil, conceal, screen from light" (SKAL1, VT46:13) Tolkien noted that "√SKAL applied to more opaque things that cut off light and cast shadows over other things" (PE17:184), contrasting it with √SPAN, the rejected stem of fanta-, q.v.

halla

adjective. tall

halda

adjective. tall, tall; [ᴱQ.] wide, broad

halda

adjective. high, tall

Hallacar

Hallacar

Hallacar's name appears to mean "Tall Helmet" in Quenya,[source?] from halla "tall" and car, short from carma, "helmet".

Hallatan

Hallatan

Hallatan means "Tall Man" in Quenya (from halla = "tall" and Atan = "Man").

halla

noun. letter representing breath h

a separate letter representing breath h.

Pereldar

half-elven

Pereldar pl. noun "Half-elven" (= Sindarin Peredhil) (Letters:282), in the Etymologies used of the Danas or Nandor (PER). Sg. #Perelda.

ainas

hallow, a fane

ainas noun "a hallow, a fane", perhaps with stem ainass- (PE17:149). Compare yána #2.

airita-

hallow

#airita- vb. "hallow" (only pa.t. airitánë is attested) (VT32:7)

per-

prefix. half, half, [ᴹQ.] semi

perian

noun. Halfling

ainas

noun. hallow, fane, hallow, fane, *shrine, holy place, sanctuary

aina-

to hallow, bless, treat as holy

aina- (1) vb. "to hallow, bless, treat as holy" (PE17:149)

oromar

high (lofty) dwelling, hall

oromar (oromard-) noun "high (lofty) dwelling, hall" (PM17:63-64), pl oromardi "high halls" or "high mansions" in Namárië (cf. RGEO:66, PE17:64), referring to the mansions of Manwë and Varda upon Mt. Taniquetil. See mar #1. Distinguish oromardi noun "mountain-dwellers" (PE16:96), pl. of *oromar(d-).

peresta

one half

peresta fraction "one half" (1/2), also perta (VT48:11)

perina

divided in middle, halved

perina adj.? *"divided in middle, halved" (PER) The word is not glossed, but seems to connect with the verb perya- "halve". If the relationship is the same as between the verb lerya- "to free" and the adj. lerina "free", then perina is most likely an adjective "halved"d.

perta

one half

perta fraction "one half" (1/2), also peresta (VT48:11)

perya-

divide in middle, halve

perya- vb. "divide in middle, halve" (PER)

aina-

verb. to hallow, bless, treat as holy

peresta

fraction. one half

airita-

verb. to hallow

perta

fraction. one half

Mandos

castle of custody

Mandos (Mandost-) noun "Castle of Custody" (the approximate meaning, according to MR:350). Used as the name of a Vala, properly the place where he dwells (the Halls of Mandos), whereas his real name is Námo_ (WJ:402). _In Tolkiens mythology, the "Halls of Mandos" are the abode of the dead, where their spirits remain until they are released from this world (in the case of mortals) or rebodied (in the case of Elves except for those who are refused or themselves refuse further incarnate life, and so remain in Mandos indefinitely). In the Etymologies, Mandos (also Mandossë) is interpreted somewhat differently, "Dread Imprisoner" (MBAD (MANAD),VT45:32) or in a deleted version "Dread Doom" (VT45:33, where Mandos was asigned the stem Mandosse-). The interpretation "Dread Imprisoner" would suggest that Tolkien at the time thought of Mandos as being also properly the name of a person, the Vala Námo, not the name of a place. See also Mando.

airë

holy

airë (1) adj. "holy", #Airefëa "the Holy Spirit" (VT43:37, dative airefëan on the previous page), airetári or Airë Tári "holy queen" (a title of Varda, PM:363), genitive aire-tário "holy-queen's" (Nam, RGEO:67). However, according to PM:363, airë is the noun "sanctity", while aira is the adjective "holy". VT43:14 refers to an etymological note of "Sept.-Oct. 1957" where airë is said to be a noun "sanctity, holiness", and the adjective "holy" is given as airëa. However, the verb #airita- "hallow" seems to be formed from an adjective airë, airi- "holy". Evidently airë can function as both adjective ("holy") and noun ("holiness"); if so airë as adj. could represent a primitive adjective gaisi, whereas airë as noun may descend from gaisē. The former but not the latter would have the stem airi- (as observed in the derived verb #airita-), and compounds like airetári (rather than *airitári) would seem to contain properly the noun "holiness".

carma

helm

carma (2) noun "helm" (helmet) in Carma-cundo ("k") "Helm-guardian" (PM:260). Notice that in PE17:114, Tolkien indicated that he rather wanted carma to mean "tool" or "weapon", leaving the status of carma "helmet" uncertain. Possibly shortened to -car in the names Eldacar (Elfhelm?), Hallacar (Tall-helm?) Cf. also cassa in Etym.

fanta-

to veil, cloak, mantle

fanta- vb. "to veil, cloak, mantle" (VT43:22), mainly used of veils cast over things that shone, or that were brighter and more vivid (PE17:174); according to Tolkien usually the strong past tense fánë and perfect afánië were used, but later also fantanë in the past tense (and then perhaps *afantië in the perfect?) (PE17:179-180) Cf halya- (q.v.), the stem of which Tolkien contrasted with the stem of this verb (PE17:184).

helma

skin, fell

helma noun "skin, fell" (SKEL), changed by Tolkien from halma (VT46:14)

tir-

watch, watch over, guard, heed

tir- vb. "watch, watch over, guard, heed", 1st pers. aorist tirin "I watch", pa.t. tirnë (TIR), imperative tira (VT47:31) or á tirë (PE17:94), future tense tiruva "shall heed" in Markirya (also MC:213, 214); also in CO with pronominal endings: tiruvantes "they will guard it" (tir-uva-nte-s "guard-will-they-it"). The stem also occurs in palantíri (q.v.), Tirion place-name "Great Watchtower", a city of the Elves (SA:tir; in MR:176 the translation is "Watchful City")

carma

noun. helm

#turco

chief

#turco (1) noun "chief" (isolated from Turcomund "chief bull", Letters:423). Turco, masc. name, see Turcafinwë.

-da

draught, the amount drunk

-da suffix used to derive nouns denoting the result of an action, like yulda "draught, the amount drunk" (the stem YUL is here given the meaning "drink"). (PE17:68) Cf. also carda "deed" (q.v.) vs. the verb car- "do".

Ingwë

chief

Ingwë masc. name, "chief", name of the "prince of Elves" _(PM:340, ING, WEG, VT45:18). Pl. Ingwer "Chieftains", what the Vanyar called themselves (so in PM:340, but in PM:332 the plural has the more regular form Ingwi). Ingwë Ingweron "chief of the chieftains", proper title of Ingwë as high king (PM:340)_. In the Etymologies, Ingwë is also said to be the name of a symbol used in writing: a short carrier with an i-tehta above it, denoting short i (VT45:18).

Perian

hobbit

#Perian noun "Hobbit" (#Periand-), gen. pl. Periandion *"of Hobbits" in the Elaine inscription. VT49:40 gives the erroneous reading Periondion.

aina

holy

aina (2) adj "holy" (AYAN), derived from Ainu. Adopted and adapted from Valarin. According to VT43:32, the word is "obsolete, except in Ainur", apparently suggesting that airë or airëa (q.v.) was the normal term for "holy" in later Quenya. However, Tolkien repeatedly used aina in his translation of the Litany of Loreto: Aina Fairë "Holy Spirit", Aina Neldië "Holy Trinity", Aina Maria "Holy Mary", Aina Wendë "Holy Virgin". He also used Aina Eruontari for "holy Mother" in his rendering of the Sub Tuum Praesidium(WJ:399, FS, SA, VT43:32, VT44:5, 12, 17-18)

aiqualin

tall

aiqualin ("q")adj. "tall", plural form (???) (MC:216; this is "Qenya" - but cf. aiqua above.)

aira

holy

aira (2) adj. "holy"; see airë #1

airëa

holy

airëa adj. "holy"; see airë.

aista

holy

aista (1) adj. "holy" (VT43:37)

alaco

rush, rushing flight, wild wind

alaco ("k")noun "rush, rushing flight, wild wind" (VT45:5 cf. ÁLAK)

arata

high, lofty, noble

arata adj. "high, lofty, noble" (PE17:49, 186). Also used as a a noun with nominal pl. form Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar, translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:402). Aratarya "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity" (WJ:369). In one source, Aratar is translated as a singular: "High One" (PE17:186)

arta

exalted, lofty

arta (1) adj. "exalted, lofty" (PM:354), "high, noble" (PE17:118, 147); cf. names like Artaher, Artanis.

cenda-

watch

cenda- vb. "watch" (not "guard", but observe to gain information), also used = "read". Cenda = also noun "reading", as in sanwecenda "thought-inspection, thought-reading". (VT41:5, PE17:156)

fanwa

veil, screen

fanwa noun "veil, screen" (PE17:176, 180)

farnë

dwelling

#farnë (2) noun "dwelling", in orofarnë (as translated in Letters:224, but in other notes of Tolkiens the word was interpreted "any growing thing or plant", PE17:83)

foina

hidden

foina adj. "hidden" (LT2:340)

furin

hidden, concealed

furin adj. "hidden, concealed" (also hurin, which form may be preferred in a LotR-compatible form of Quenya) (LT2:340)

helda

naked, stripped bare

helda (1) adj. "naked, stripped bare" (SKEL, SKAL1)

hurin

hidden, concealed

hurin adj. "hidden, concealed" (also furin) (LT2:340)

héra

chief, principal

héra adj. "chief, principal" (KHER)

indo

house

indo (2) noun "house" (LT2:343), probably obsoleted by #1 above (in Tolkiens later Quenya, the word for "house" appears as coa).

ingwë

masculine name. Chief

Lord of the first tribe of the Elves and the high king of Elvenkind (S/52, 62). His name is ancient and its original meaning is unclear, but it is sometimes translated as “Chief”, and is interpreted as a combination of the root √ING “first, foremost” and the suffix -wë common in ancient names (PM/340).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this character was first named ᴱQ. Ing, but this was soon changed to ᴱQ. Inwe (LT1/22). The form become ᴹQ. Ingwe in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (SM/13, LR/214), and the derivation for Ingwë discussed above had already emerged in The Etymologies (Ety/ING, WEG).

ixal

noun. cast shadow

ixal

cast shadow

†ixal noun "a cast shadow" (PE17:184)

laira

shady

laira adj. "shady" (DAY)

landa

wide

landa (2) adj. "wide" (LAD). Maybe in landatavárë = *"wide-wood"? (TI:415)

lingwë

fish

lingwë (stem *lingwi-, given the primitive form ¤liñwi) noun "fish" (LIW)

lingwë

noun. fish

A word for “fish” appearing in its plural form lingwi “fish” in notes on The Lands and Beasts of Númenor from 1965 (NM/336) and appearing as ᴹQ. lingwe “fish” from primitive ᴹ✶liñwi under the root ᴹ√LIW in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/LIW).

Conceptual Development: Tolkien had ᴱQ. ingwe “fish” under the early root ᴱ√IWI “fish” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/43), and this word was also mentioned in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/43). The word {engwe >>} ingwe appeared unglossed in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/145). ᴹQ. lingwe “fish” with initial l first emerged in The Etymologies of the 1930s, as noted above.

linquë

grass, reed

linquë (2) noun *"grass, reed" (J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator p. 199, note 34)

marda

dwelling

marda noun "dwelling" (PE17:107)

muina

hidden, secret

muina adj. "hidden, secret" (MUY)

nixi

name. fish

orna

tall, high, lofty

orna adj. (2) "tall, high, lofty" (PE17:112, 186), also orwa

orwa

tall, high, lofty

orwa adj. (2) "tall, high, lofty" (PE17:112, 186), also orna

os

house, cottage

os (ost-) noun "house, cottage" (LT2:336; hardly valid in LotR-style Quenya writers may use coa or már)

palda

adjective. wide, broad, wide, broad, *expansive

palla

wide, expansive

palla adj. "wide, expansive" (PAL)

parca

naked

parca (2) ("k")adj. "naked", of persons (PE17:86)

pusta

stop

pusta (1) noun "stop", in punctuation full stop (PUS). Compare putta.

putta

stop

putta noun "stop" (in punctuation) _(PUT; see PUS). _According to VT46:10, a dot under a letter is intended, possibly indicating that the consonant is not followed by a vowel; cf. VT46:33 and see VT49:38, 40 regarding an actual example of such punctuation in a Tengwar sample.

salquë

grass

salquë ("q")noun "grass" (SALÁK-(WĒ) )

suhto

draught

suhto noun "draught" (SUK)

tap-

stop, block

tap- vb. "stop, block" (the form tapë given in the Etymologies is translated "he stops, blocks", evidently the 3rd person sg. aorist. In Etym as printed in LR, a was misprinted as á, cf. VT46:17). Pa.t. tampë (TAP)

tar-

affix. high, high; [ᴹQ.] king or queen (in compounds)

tiris

watch, vigil

tiris (tiriss-), also tirissë, noun "watch, vigil" (LT1:258, QL:93)

tunda

tall

tunda adj. "tall" (TUN)

turco

noun. chief

tá

high

tá 2) adj. "high" (LT1:264; there spelt tâ. This is hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya, but cf. tára "lofty".)

tána

high, lofty, noble

tána (meaning unclear, probably adj. "high, lofty, noble") (TĀ/TA3). Compare tára.

tárië

height

tárië noun "height", allative tárienna "to [the] height" (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308)

tárië

noun. height

vainë

sheath

vainë noun "sheath" (LT1:271)

vasar

noun. veil

vasar

veil

vasar (þ) noun "veil" (VT42:10, the word was "not in daily use", VT42:9). Older form waþar.

vasarya-

to veil

vasarya- (þ) vb. "to veil" (VT42:10)

vasarya-

verb. to veil

yanda

wide

yanda adj. "wide" (PE17:115); variant of yána #1, q.v.

yanda

adjective. wide

yonda

wide, roomy, extensive

yonda adj."wide, roomy, extensive" (PE17:43), also (as alternative form of yonna) glossed "enclosed", with the latter meaning perhaps intended as the passive participle of the verb yor-

yul-

verb. to drink

A verb for “to drink” from the 1950s and 60s (PE17/63) based on the root √YUL of the same meaning (PE22/155; WJ/416).

yulda

draught, something drunk, a drink, the amount drunk

yulda noun "draught, something drunk, a drink, the amount drunk", pl. yuldar (Nam, PE17:63, 68, RGEO:66). See -da regarding etymology.

arata

high, lofty, noble

arata adj. "high, lofty, noble" (PE17:49, 186). Also used as a a noun with nominal pl. form Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar, translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:402). Aratarya "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity" (WJ:369). In one source, Aratar is translated as a singular: "High One" (PE17:186)

helina

adjective. frozen

haleth

masculine name. Haleth

haldir

masculine name. Hidden Hero

The son of Orodreth in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/147). In The Etymologies, this name was glossed “Hidden Hero” and given as a combination of hall “hidden” and dîr “man” (Ety/DER, Ety/SKAL¹).

Conceptual Development: This character was first named ᴱN. Halmir in the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s (LB/75), and the name Halmir also appeared in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s before changing to Haldir (LR/147). In The Etymologies, his name was initially derived from (rejected) haldir “fur-hunter” (EtyAC/SKEL), and Tolkien also considered deriving it from the root ᴹ√KHAL “uplift” (Ety/KHAL²). The son of Orodreth did not appear in later versions of the Silmarillion, but the name Haldir was reused for several other characters.

hall

adjective. veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady

An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady” derived from the primitive ᴹ✶skalnā > ON. skhalla under the root ᴹ√SKAL “screen, hide (from light), overshadow” (Ety/SKAL¹).

hal-

verb. to lift

haltha-

verb. to screen

hall

adjective. exalted, high

halath

noun. skin, fell

haldir

noun. fur-hunter

half

noun. seashell

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “seashell” derived from primitive ᴹ✶syalmā under the root ᴹ√SYAL (Ety/SYAL).

hal-

verb. to lift

half

noun. seashell

hall

adjective. veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady

hall

adjective. exalted, high

haltha-

verb. to screen

hâl

noun. fish

A noun for “fish” appearing on the front page of The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶khala (EtyAC/KHAL¹). As such, it was probably based on the root ᴹ√KHAL “(small) fish” (Ety/KHAL¹), but may have transferred to ᴹ√SKAL “small fish” when Tolkien revised that root (Ety/SKAL²).

hâl

noun. fish

per-

prefix. half

perian

noun. Halfling

perin

adjective. half

tham

noun. hall

daro

verb. halt! stop!

per-

prefix. half, divided in middle

perin

adjective. half, divided in middle

tham

noun. hall

thamb

noun. hall

dar-

verb. to stop, halt

merethrond

proper name. Great Hall of Feasts

post

noun. pause, halt, rest, cessation, respite

thamas

noun. great hall

thambas

noun. great hall

heledir(n)

noun. kingsfisher, (lit.) fish-watcher

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s for a kingfisher derived from primitive ᴹ✶khalatirnō̆ “fish watcher” with variants heledir and heledirn (Ety/KHAL¹, SKAL², TIR). Tolkien also considered and rejected the form haledir without i-affection (EtyAC/KHAL¹).

hell

adjective. naked, naked, *stripped

An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “naked” and derived from primitive ᴹ✶skelnā under the root ᴹ√SKEL (Ety/SKEL). This word was originally hall “naked” under an earlier but deleted form of the root ᴹ√SKAL (EtyAC/SKEL). The root ᴹ√SKEL was also the basis for the verb N. heltha- “to strip”, and its Quenya derivative ᴹQ. helda was at one point was glossed “stripped bare” (Ety/SKAL¹), so the word hell seems to mean “naked” in the sense “✱stripped (of clothing or other covering)”.

Conceptual Development: There are a couple of earlier “naked” words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s that seems to be similarly derived. G. dautha “naked, stripped” was related to daf- “to strip, flay” (GL/29) and G. hulc “naked” (GL/49) is like the cognate of ᴱQ. hulqa “naked” under the early root ᴱ√HULU “strip” (QL/41). In later writings, some “naked” words were derived from √PAR “peel” instead (PE17/86, 171).

heltha-

verb. to strip, to strip, *flay, peel skin; *to despoil, make bare

car

noun. house, building

car(dh)

noun. house, house, *construction, structure

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing as car or carð with the gloss “house” under the root ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct” (Ety/KAR). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. kar (kard-) was glossed “building, house”.

Neo-Sindarin: Given the meaning of its root, I would use cardh for any kind of building-like construction or structure for purposes of Neo-Sindarin. For an ordinary “house” where people live, I would use S. bâr.

cardh

noun. house, building

dilia-

verb. to stop up

gobel

noun. walled house or village, town

hell

adjective. naked

lhand

adjective. wide, broad

lhann

adjective. wide, broad

lhann

adjective. wide, wide, [ᴱN.] broad

lhim

noun. fish

lhim

noun. fish

A noun appearing as N. lhim “fish” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from primitive ᴹ✶liñwi of the same meaning (Ety/LIW), where the labialized velar ñw (&gt; ñgw) became the labial m (&lt; mb) and the initial l unvoiced to lh.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, Tolkien had G. ing “fish” (GL/51), cognate to ᴱQ. ingwe of the same meaning (QL/43). In Gnomish labialized velars only became labials in limited circumstances, so the primitive ng survived.

Neo-Sindarin: Since the unvoicing of initial liquids did not occur in Sindarin, many people adapt this word as ᴺS. lim “fish” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, as suggested in HSD (HSD).

lhimb

noun. fish

lhumren

adjective. shady

lhumren

noun. shady

A word appearing as N. lhumren “shady” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, an adjective form of N. lhum “shade” (Ety/LUM).

Conceptual Development: The earliest iteration of this word was G. lómin “shady, shadowy, gloomy; gloom(iness)” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, the adjective form of G. lôm “gloom, shade” (GL/54). A similar word G. lumbrin or lumba “overcast” was an adjective based on G. lum “a cloud” (GL/55).

Neo-Sindarin: Since the root √LUM “shadow, darkness” survived in later writings (PE17/168), I think N. lhumren “shady” can be salvaged, though if adapted to Neo-Sindarin it would need to become ᴺS. lumren as suggested in HSD (HSD). Given the later use of Q. lumbo for “(dark) cloud”, I think the sense “overcast” from Gnomish lumbrin can be salvaged as well.

pann

adjective. wide

pann

adjective. wide

penedh

noun. Elf

penn

noun. Elf

sog-

verb. to drink

A verb appearing as infinitive sogo “drink” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√SUK of the same meaning (Ety/SUK), with short u becoming o as usual.

Conceptual Development: The same verb G. sog- “drink” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/68), but in Tolkien’s earlier writings the root was ᴱ√SOKO (QL/85). The verb ᴱN. sog- also seems to appear in sample sentences in the Early Noldorin Grammar of the 1920s such as ᴱN. manthil sóg odog “✱having eaten he drinks a lot” (PE13/128), but these sentences were not translated.

Neo-Sindarin: In Tolkien’s later writing, the usual Quenya word for “drink” was Q. yul- from the root √YUL, so some Neo-Sindarin writers prefer to coin a neologism ᴺS. ýl- “drink” based on this root. However, I prefer to retain sog- for “drink” in Neo-Sindarin, since the roots √SOK and √SUK also appeared in Tolkien’s later writings, including documents that also had √YUL (PE18/94; VT39/11).

sûth

noun. draught

sûth

noun. draught

A noun appearing as N. sûth “draught” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√SUK “drink”, likely from primitive ✱suktō given its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. suhto (Ety/SUK). It is thus likely that the combination ukt vocalized to ūth, as it did for similar words in The Etymologies such as N. lhûtha- “enchant” vs. ᴹQ. luhta- under the root ᴹ√LUK (Ety/LUK).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s instead had G. suith “a drink, a draught” (GL/68) from the early root ᴱ√SOKO (QL/85), representing a different vocalization: okt vocalizing to oith (HPG/§2.6) and then oi becoming ui (PE15/13). It seems the phonetic developments in The Etymologies of that late 1930s were different, but in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from this same period, Tolkien said [ui] was the result of vocalized u + χ (PE22/40), and indeed that seems to be the phonetic developments in later Sindarin as well, given words like S. nuitha- from primitive ✶nuktā- (WJ/413).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d use ᴺS. suith for “draught, a drink”, a form I saw first suggested by David Salo in his book Gateway to Sindarin (GS/321).

taen

noun. height, summit of high mountain

thâr

noun. stiff grass

tir-

verb. to watch, to gaze, look at

tiria-

verb. to watch, to gaze, look at

tirith

noun. watch, guard (abstract noun), vigilance

tirith

noun. watch, guard

tond

adjective. tall

tonn

adjective. tall

tonn

adjective. tall

ûr

noun. wide

ûr

adjective. wide

per

root. half, half; [ᴹ√] divide in middle, halve

This root first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√PER “divide in middle, halve” with derivatives like ᴹQ. perya- “halve” and N. perin “half” (Ety/PER). It reappeared in notes from around 1959-60 as √PER “half” (PE17/171, 173). In Tolkien’s earliest writings, the sense “half” was assigned to the root ᴱ√LEHE or ᴱ√LEFE² instead (QL/52; GL/53).

ayanā

verb. to hallow, bless, treat as holy

palnā

adjective. wide, broad

tā/taʒ

root. high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble

This root and ones like it were used for “high” things for much of Tolkien’s life. It first appeared as unglossed ᴱ√TAHA in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. tā “high; high above, high up”, ᴱQ. tahōra or tayóra “lofty”, and ᴱQ. tāri “queen”; it had a variant form ᴱ√TAʕA where the ʕ might be a malformed Y (QL/87). The corresponding forms in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon were G. dâ “high” and G. dara “lofty” (GL/29), indicating the true form of the root was ᴱ√DAHA, since initial voiced stops were unvoiced (d- > t-) in Early Qenya (PE12/17). Primitive forms like ᴱ✶dagá > ᴱN. dâ/ᴱQ. tá “high” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s indicates the root continued to begin with D for the following decade (PE13/141, 161).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave this root as ᴹ√TĀ/TAƷ “high, lofty; noble” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tára “lofty, high”, ᴹQ. tári “queen” and N. taen “height, summit of high mountain” (Ety/TĀ). In Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 Tolkien gave the root as √TAG or Tā- “high”, and in notes from around 1967 Tolkien gave √TAƷ as the explanation of the initial element of Q. Taniquetil and contrasted it with √TĂR “stand” (PE17/186). In 1970 green-ink revisions to the Outline of Phonology (OP2), Tolkien wrote a marginal note giving √TAƷ > TĀ “high”, but this note was rejected with a statement “transfer to Gen. Structure. No [ʒ] existed in Eldarin” (PE19/72-73 note #22).

This last rejection seems to be part of Tolkien’s general vacillation on the nature and phonetic evolution of velar spirants in Primitive Elvish in 1968-70. For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume the root form was √TAH or √TAƷ > √TĀ as the basis for “high” words, much like √MAH or √MAƷ > ✶mā was the basis for “hand” words.

tāra

adjective. high

yad

root. wide

thrak-

verb. to bring by force, to hale, to drag

thrak-

verb. bring by force, hale, drag

dûm

noun. excavations, halls, mansions

zadan

noun. house

A noun translated “house” and fully declined as an example of a Strong I noun (SD/430).

cava

noun. house

ella

noun/adjective. Elf

ello

noun. Elf