Quenya 

rama-

to shout

rama- vb. "to shout" (LT1:259)

orco

noun. Orc

This word was adapted from its Sindarin cognate orch, since the Noldor did not encounter orcs until they returned to Middle-earth (WJ/390). There are two attested plurals for this word, orqui and orcor. One possible scenario is that the word was at first treated as a u-stem noun by analogy with urco (urcu-), but later as the two words were disassociated, the declension of orco was regularized and treated as an ordinary vocalic noun.

This is the theory followed here, so that orcor is considered the regular plural and orqui archaic, probably active only in the First Age. If you use the orqui plural, you should also treat this as a u-stem noun (orcu-). @@@

Cognates

  • S. orch “Orc, Orc, [N.] goblin” ✧ PE17/047; WJ/390
  • Bs. uruk “Orc” ✧ PE17/047
  • Wes. orka “orc” ✧ PE17/047

Derivations

  • S. orch “Orc, Orc, [N.] goblin” ✧ PE17/047; WJ/390
    • ✶urku/urkō “orc” ✧ WJ/390
    • √RUK “terrible shapes and the fear they inspire, terrible shapes and the fear they inspire, [ᴹ√] demon” ✧ WJ/389
    • ✶urkā “horrible” ✧ WJ/390
    • √RUK “terrible shapes and the fear they inspire, terrible shapes and the fear they inspire, [ᴹ√] demon” ✧ WJ/389

Variations

  • orko ✧ WJ/390
  • Orko ✧ WJI/Orc(s)
Quenya [MR/074; MR/194; MRI/Orcs; PE17/047; WJ/012; WJ/390; WJI/Orc(s)] Group: Eldamo. Published by

calaina

adjective. serene

Cognates

  • ᴺS. glaen “serene, clear, fair (espec. of weather)”

Elements

WordGloss
calainë“serenity, serene”

hollë

noun. shout

Derivations

  • √KHOL “crow, cry aloud”

Sindarin 

glamog

noun. orc

Element in

  • S. Glamdring “Foe-hammer” ✧ WJ/391
  • S. Glamhoth “Orcs, (lit.) Din-horde, Host of Tumult” ✧ WJI/Glamhoth

Variations

  • Glamog ✧ WJI/Glamhoth
Sindarin [WJ/391; WJI/Glamhoth] Group: Eldamo. Published by

orch

noun. Orc, Orc, [N.] goblin

Cognates

  • Ad. uruk “orc, goblin” ✧ WJ/390
  • Bs. uruk “Orc” ✧ WJ/390; Let/178; PE17/052
  • Kh. rukhs “Orc” ✧ WJ/390
  • Q. orco “Orc” ✧ PE17/047; WJ/390
  • Nan. urch “Orc” ✧ PE17/054

Derivations

  • ✶urku/urkō “orc” ✧ WJ/390
    • √RUK “terrible shapes and the fear they inspire, terrible shapes and the fear they inspire, [ᴹ√] demon” ✧ WJ/389
  • ✶urkā “horrible” ✧ WJ/390
    • √RUK “terrible shapes and the fear they inspire, terrible shapes and the fear they inspire, [ᴹ√] demon” ✧ WJ/389

Derivatives

  • Q. orco “Orc” ✧ PE17/047; WJ/390

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
✶urkō > orch[urkō] > [urko] > [urkʰo] > [urxo] > [orxo] > [orx]✧ WJ/390
✶urkā > orch[urkā] > [urka] > [urkʰa] > [urxa] > [orxa] > [orx]✧ WJ/390
✶urkō > Yrch[urkī] > [urki] > [urkʰi] > [urxi] > [orxi] > [urxi] > [yrxi] > [yrx]✧ WJ/390

Variations

  • Orch ✧ WJ/390; WJI/Orc(s)
Sindarin [Let/178; LotR/0345; LotR/1131; LotRI/Orcs; MR/195; MRI/Orcs; PE17/047; PE17/052; PE17/054; PE17/127; RC/762; RGEO/66; WJ/390; WJI/Orc(s)] Group: Eldamo. Published by

orch

orc

(pl. yrch, archaic †yrchy, coll. pl. orchoth). (RGEO:66, Names:171, Letters:178, MR:195; WJ:390-91, VT46:7). Other terms:  1) urug (monster, bogey), pl. yryg, 2) glamog (i ’lamog), pl. glemyg (in glemyg) (WJ:391), 3) ”

glam

shouting

(i ’lam) (din, uproar, confused yelling of beasts; tumult, confused noise; a body of Orcs), pl. glaim (in glaim), coll. pl. glammath

glam

din

glam (i **lam) (uproar, tumult, confused yelling of beasts; shouting, confused noise; a body of Orcs), pl. glaim (in glaim), coll. pl. glammath **

glam

din

(i ’lam) (uproar, tumult, confused yelling of beasts; shouting, confused noise; a body of Orcs), pl. glaim (in glaim), coll. pl. glammath

glam

uproar

glam (i **lam) (din, tumult, confused yelling of beasts; shouting, confused noise; a body of Orcs), pl. glaim (in glaim), coll. pl. glammath**

glam

uproar

(i ’lam) (din, tumult, confused yelling of beasts; shouting, confused noise; a body of Orcs), pl. glaim (in glaim), coll. pl. glammath

glam

yelling

(confused yelling of beasts) glam (i **lam) (din, uproar, tumult; shouting, confused noise; a body of Orcs), pl. glaim (in glaim), coll. pl. glammath**.

glam

yelling

(i ’lam) (din, uproar, tumult; shouting, confused noise; a body of Orcs), pl. glaim (in glaim), coll. pl. glammath.

glam

tumult

glam (i **lam) (din, uproar, confused yelling of beasts; shouting, confused noise; a body of Orcs), pl. glaim (in glaim), coll. pl. glammath**. ”

glam

tumult

(i ’lam) (din, uproar, confused yelling of beasts; shouting, confused noise; a body of Orcs), pl. glaim (in glaim), coll. pl. glammath. ”

glam

body of orcs

(i ’lam) (din, uproar, tumult, confused yelling of beasts; shouting, confused noise), pl. glaim (in glaim), coll. pl. glammath

glam

beasts, confused noise/yelling of

(i ’lam) (din, uproar, tumult; shouting, confused noise; a body of Orcs), pl. glaim (in glaim), coll. pl. glammath

glam

confused noise, confused yelling of beasts

(i ’lam) (din, uproar, tumult; shouting; a body of Orcs), pl. glaim (in glaim), coll. pl. glammath

glamhoth

yelling-horde

(a term for Orcs, also translated ”host of tumult”). (UT:54, MR:109, 195;

glamhoth

host of tumult

(a term for Orcs, also translated ”Yelling-horde”) (UT:54, MR:109, 195;

glamhoth

host of tumult

(a term for Orcs, also translated ”Yelling-horde”). (UT:54, MR:109, 195;

glaen

adjective. serene, clear, fair (espec. of weather)

Cognates

Derivations

Element in

  • ᴺS. glaenas “fair weather; serenity”
Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

can

shout

(i gân, i chenir) (cry out, call). Adj.

caun

shout

(i gaun, o chaun) (clamour, outcry, cry), pl. coen (i choen), coll. pl. conath, the latter is used = "lamentation" (PM:345, 362). Note: a homophone of caun means "valour".

Nandorin 

urch

noun. Orc

Cognates

  • S. orch “Orc, Orc, [N.] goblin” ✧ PE17/054
Nandorin [PE17/054] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Black Speech

uruk

noun. Orc

Cognates

  • S. orch “Orc, Orc, [N.] goblin” ✧ WJ/390; Let/178; PE17/052
  • Q. orco “Orc” ✧ PE17/047

Derivations

  • ✶urku/urkō “orc” ✧ WJ/390
    • √RUK “terrible shapes and the fear they inspire, terrible shapes and the fear they inspire, [ᴹ√] demon” ✧ WJ/389

Element in

  • Bs. Uruk-hai “Orc-folk” ✧ WJI/Uruk

Variations

  • Uruks ✧ LotR/0324; LotRI/Uruks
  • uruks ✧ SD/033
  • Uruk ✧ WJI/Uruk
Black Speech [Let/178; LotR/0324; LotR/1131; LotRI/Uruks; PE17/047; PE17/052; SD/033; WJ/390; WJI/Uruk] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Adûnaic

rûkh

noun. shout

A word glossed “shout” (SD/426). Andreas Moehn suggested (EotAL/RUKH) that it may be a verb rûkh- “to shout”, but it appears in a list of nouns, so I think it likelier that it is noun form.

Variations

  • rūkh ✧ SD/426

Khuzdûl

rukhs

noun. Orc

Cognates

  • S. orch “Orc, Orc, [N.] goblin” ✧ WJ/390

Derivations

  • ✶urku/urkō “orc” ✧ WJ/390
    • √RUK “terrible shapes and the fear they inspire, terrible shapes and the fear they inspire, [ᴹ√] demon” ✧ WJ/389

Variations

  • Rukhs ✧ WJ/391
  • Rúkhs ✧ WJI/Rúkhs
Khuzdûl [WJ/391; WJI/Rúkhs] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Primitive elvish

urku/urkō

noun. orc

Derivations

  • √RUK “terrible shapes and the fear they inspire, terrible shapes and the fear they inspire, [ᴹ√] demon” ✧ WJ/389

Derivatives

  • Ad. uruk “orc, goblin” ✧ WJ/390
  • Bs. uruk “Orc” ✧ WJ/390
  • Kh. rukhs “Orc” ✧ WJ/390
  • Q. urco “bogey, orc” ✧ WJ/390
  • S. orch “Orc, Orc, [N.] goblin” ✧ WJ/390
    • Q. orco “Orc” ✧ PE17/047; WJ/390
  • S. urug “bogey” ✧ WJ/390

Variations

  • uruk ✧ WJ/390
  • urku/uruku ✧ WJ/390
  • urkō ✧ WJ/390
Primitive elvish [WJ/390] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Westron

orka

noun. orc

Cognates

  • Q. orco “Orc” ✧ PE17/047

Rohirric

orc

noun. Orc

Variations

  • Orc ✧ LotR/1131
Rohirric [LotR/1131] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Qenya 

hó

noun. shout

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶hō “shout” ✧ PE21/38
Qenya [PE21/38; PE21/41] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

hō

noun. shout

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. hó “shout” ✧ PE21/38

Variations

  • hō- ✧ PE21/38
Middle Primitive Elvish [PE21/38] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

glaim

adjective. serene, clear, fair (espec. of weather)

An adjective in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s appearing as G. glaim “serene, clear, fair, espec. of weather” (GL/39), a cognate of ᴱQ. kalaina of similar meaning and hence based on the early root ᴱ√KALA [✱ᴱ√GALA] “shine golden” (QL/44).

Neo-Sindarin: I think G. glaim can be salvaged as ᴺS. glaen, since √GAL was still associated with light in Tolkien’s later writings, but I would derive it instead from the root ᴹ√GALAN “bright”, perhaps from ✱g(a)laina.

Cognates

Derivations

  • ᴱ√KALA “shine golden”

Element in

  • G. glaimri “serenity, fair weather” ✧ GL/39

gam

noun. shout

Derivations

  • ᴱ√YAMA “*call, shout”

auba

noun. shout

Derivations

  • ᴱ√OHO “cry”

Variations

  • auba- ✧ GL/20
Gnomish [GL/20; GL/75] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Noldorin

garw

noun. shout

Derivations

  • ᴱ√YAMA “*call, shout”
Early Noldorin [PE13/144] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

kalain(e)a

adjective. serene

Cognates

  • G. glaim “serene, clear, fair (espec. of weather)” ✧ GL/39

Element in

Variations

  • kalaina ✧ GL/39; QL/044; QL/056
  • kalainea ✧ QL/044
Early Quenya [GL/39; QL/044; QL/056] Group: Eldamo. Published by

holle

noun. shout

Derivations

  • ᴱ√HO “shout, scream” ✧ QL/040

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√HO > holle[xollē] > [xolle] > [holle]✧ QL/040
Early Quenya [QL/040] Group: Eldamo. Published by