vesta- vb. "to wed" (BES, VT49:46). (Under WED, the verb vesta- was defined as "swear to do something", but this was struck out.)
Quenya
caima
bed
vesta-
to wed
Sindarin
haust
bed
(etymologically ”resting”) haust (i chaust, o chaust), pl. hoest (i choest), coll. pl. hostath.
haust
bed
(i chaust, o chaust), pl. hoest (i choest), coll. pl. hostath.
caeleb
bedridden
(sick), lenited gaeleb, pl. caelib
cael
lying in bed
(sickness) (i gael, o chael). Same form in the pl. except with article (i chael).
Primitive elvish
bes
root. to wed
Derivatives
Element in
Noldorin
haust
noun. bed
haust
noun. bed
A word for “bed” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶khau̯-stā “rest-ing” under the root ᴹ√KHAW “rest, lie at ease” (Ety/KHAW; EtyAC/KHAW).
Conceptual Development: A similar form G. haus “bed” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s based on G. hau- “to lie” (GL/48).
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶khau̯-stā > haust [kʰaustā] > [kʰausta] > [kʰǭsta] > [xǭsta] > [xousta] > [xausta] > [xaust] > [haust] ✧ Ety/KHAW
Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!
Qenya
kaima
noun. bed, bed, [ᴱQ.] couch
A noun for “bed” in The Etymologies from around 1937 under the root ᴹ√KAY “lie down” (Ety/KAY).
Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. kaima was glossed “couch” under the early root ᴱ√KAYA “lie, rest; dwell” (QL/46) and ᴱQ. kamba was glossed “bed” under the early root ᴱ√KAMA “lie down” (QL/44). However, ᴱQ. kaima was “bed” in the English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s (PE15/70). The form kaimas appeared unglossed in The Feanorian Alphabet of the 1930s (PE22/19), possibly an inflected form of kaima “bed”.
Cognates
- N. caew “lair, resting-place” ✧ Ety/KAY
Derivations
- ᴹ√KAY “lie (down)” ✧ Ety/KAY
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√KAY > kaima [kaima] ✧ Ety/KAY
vesta-
verb. to wed, to wed, *marry
Tolkien used a variety of similar verbs for “to marry” throughout his life. The earliest of these was ᴱQ. vesta- “to wed” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√VEŘE [VEÐE] (QL/101). This verb reappeared in the English-Qenya Dictionary with the gloss “join (others) in marriage”, where Tolkien said it could be used reflexively to mean “get married”, and reflexively with the ᴱQ. va preposition to mean “get married with ...” (PE15/75). The verb ᴹQ. vesta- “to wed” reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root {ᴹ√BED >>} ᴹ√BES of the same meaning (Ety/BES).
Up until this stage, all the primitive “marry” roots produce vesta- in combination with the verbal suffix -ta: all of VEÐ+tā, BED+tā, BES+tā > vesta-. At some point in the late 1960s, Tolkien decided the root for “marriage” words was √BER, and he coined a new pair of “marry” verbs based on this root: transitive Q. verta- “to give in marriage (a) to (b), or to take as husband or wife to oneself” and intransitive Q. verya- “to marry (of husband and wife), be joined to” (VT49/45). The form verta- rather than ᴱQ./ᴹQ. vesta- is a consequence of this new version of the root.
Neo-Quenya: For purpose of Neo-Eldarin, I prefer to retain the 1930s form of the root ᴹ√BES in order to keep attested Sindarin/Noldorin forms. As such I would use the 1930s verb form ᴹQ. vesta- for “to wed, marry”. Note that while late 1960s intransitive Q. verya- is compatible with ᴹ√BES, it clashes with 1930s ᴹQ. verya- “to dare” (< ᴹ√BER “valiant”). Therefore I would use vesta- both transitively and intransitively for “to marry”, though in the intransitive past I’d treat it as a half-strong verb: verenten “I got married” vs. vestanen verunya “I married my husband”.
Cognates
- ᴺS. besta- “to wed, marry”
Derivations
- ᴹ√BES “wed” ✧ Ety/BES; Ety/WED
Element in
- ᴹQ. vestale “wedding” ✧ Ety/BES
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√BES > vesta- [besta-] > [βesta-] > [vesta-] ✧ Ety/BES ᴹ√BES > vesta- [besta-] > [βesta-] > [vesta-] ✧ Ety/WED Variations
- vesta- ✧ Ety/BES; Ety/WED
Middle Primitive Elvish
bes
root. wed
Derivatives
- ᴹ✶besnō “husband” ✧ Ety/BER; Ety/BES
- ᴹ✶bessē “wife” ✧ Ety/BES
- ᴹ✶bestā “matrimony” ✧ Ety/BES
- ᴹQ. vesta “matrimony, matrimony, [ᴱQ.] state of marriage” ✧ Ety/BES
- ᴹ✶besū “husband and wife, married pair” ✧ Ety/BES
- ᴹQ. veru “husband and wife, married pair” ✧ Ety/BES
- ᴹQ. vesta- “to wed, to wed, *marry” ✧ Ety/BES; Ety/WED
- ᴹQ. vesta “matrimony, matrimony, [ᴱQ.] state of marriage” ✧ Ety/WED
- N. benn “man, male, †husband” ✧ Ety/DER
Element in
- ᴹQ. Are Veruen “Day of the Spouses, third day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/LEP
- ᴹQ. vestale “wedding” ✧ Ety/WED
- N. herven “husband” ✧ Ety/KHER
- N. herves “wife” ✧ Ety/KHER
bed
root. BED
Derivatives
Variations
- BES ✧ EtyAC/NĪ¹
kaima
noun. bed
Derivations
- ᴹ√KAY “lie (down)”
Element in
- ᴹQ. kaimasan “bedchamber” ✧ PE21/17
Variations
- kaı̯mā ✧ PE21/17
Gnomish
haus
noun. bed
Derivations
- ᴱ√HAWA ✧ GL/48
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴱ√haw- > haus [xaus] > [haus] ✧ GL/48
benna-
verb. to wed
A verb in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “to wed” based on the early root ᴱ√Beđ (GL/22).
Cognates
- Eq. vesta- “to wed, marry, join others in marriage; (refl.) to get married”
Derivations
- ᴱ√VEÐE ✧ GL/22
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴱ√Beđ > benna- [βenða-] > [benða-] > [benda-] > [benna-] ✧ GL/22
Early Quenya
kamba
noun. bed
Derivations
- ᴱ√KAMA “lie down” ✧ QL/044
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴱ√KAMA > kamba [kambā] > [kamba] ✧ QL/044
(a)kainu-
verb. to wed
A verb for “to wed” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variants kainu- and akainu- under the early root ᴱ√KAYA “lie, rest; dwell”, so perhaps originally meaning “✱to come to lie together”, but Tolkien marked the entire entry with a “?” (QL/46).
Derivations
- ᴱ√KAYA “lie, rest; dwell” ✧ QL/046
Element in
- Eq. (a)kainusta “wedding, marriage” ✧ QL/046
Variations
- kainu- ✧ QL/046 (kainu-)
- akainu- ✧ QL/046 (akainu-)
kainu-
verb. to wed
caima ("k")noun "bed" (KAY)