ala, #ála (1) imperative particle á, a combined with the negation lá, -la "not" to express a prohibition (VT43:22; see lá #1). Also with 1st person suffix -lyë (alalyë and álalyë, VT43:10, 22, VT44:8) and 1st person pl. object suffix -më (alamë and álamë, "do not [do something to] us", as in álamë tulya, "do not lead us", VT43:12, 22). In the essay Quendi and Eldar, negative imperatives are rather indicated by áva, q.v., but this form can well coexist with ala, #ála.
Quenya
ava
outside, beyond
ava
interjection. strong or curt refusal
ava
adverb/adjective. *outer, [ᴹQ.] outside, beyond; outer, exterior
Derivations
- √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out”
Element in
- Q. Avallónë “Outer Isle” ✧ S/260
Variations
- ava ✧ S/260 (ava)
ava-
verb. to refuse, forbid
Cognates
- S. ava- “will not, do not”
Derivations
- √BĀ/ABA “refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), [ᴹ√] deny; away, go away, depart” ✧ PE22/162; PE22/164; VT49/13
- ✶aba- “refuse, forbid” ✧ PE22/163; WJ/370
- √BĀ/ABA “refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), [ᴹ√] deny; away, go away, depart” ✧ PE22/163; WJ/370
Element in
- ᴺQ. avanev- “to avoid, (lit.) refuse to face”
- Q. Avar “Refuser, Elf who did not journey to Aman”
- Q. epetai i hyarma ú ten ulca símaryassen “consequently the left hand was not to them evil in their imaginations” ✧ VT49/13
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √ABA > avan [aban] > [aβan] > [avan] ✧ PE22/162 ✶aba- > ava- [aba-] > [aβa-] > [ava-] ✧ PE22/163 √ABA > avan [aban] > [aβan] > [avan] ✧ PE22/164 √ABA > ava- [aba-] > [aβa-] > [ava-] ✧ VT49/13 ✶aba- > ava- [aba-] > [aβa-] > [ava-] ✧ WJ/370 Variations
- ava- ✧ PE22/163; PE22/167; VT49/13; WJ/370
- ava ✧ PE22/166
ava-
prefix. negation (refusing or forbidden)
Cognates
- T. aba- “not” ✧ WJ/370
Derivations
- √BĀ/ABA “refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), [ᴹ√] deny; away, go away, depart” ✧ PE17/143; WJ/370
Element in
- Q. avalatya- “to close, shut”
- Q. avalerya- “to restrain, to deprive of liberty”
- Q. Avamanyar “Elves who would not go to Aman” ✧ PE17/143; WJ/370
- ᴺQ. avamat- “to fast, (lit.) refuse to eat”
- Q. avanir “unwill”
- Q. avanyárima “unspeakable, what one must not tell, not to be told or related” ✧ PE17/143; WJ/370
- Q. avaquétima “not to be said, that must not be said” ✧ WJ/370
- ᴺQ. avanut- “to untie”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √ABA > ava [aba] > [aβa] > [ava] ✧ PE17/143 √ABA > ava- [aba] > [aβa] > [ava] ✧ WJ/370 Variations
- ava ✧ PE17/143
- vá- ✧ PE17/143
- ava- ✧ WJ/370
yáva
noun. *fruit
ala
not
ara
outside, beside, besides
ara prep.(and adv.?) "outside, beside, besides" (AR2, VT49:57). According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë "he is out", VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ar(a), see ar #1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ar(a) combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni > arni "beside me", astyë "beside you" (informal), allë "besides you" (formal), arsë "beside him/her", plural anwë > armë "beside us" (exclusive), arwë "beside us" (inclusive), astë > ardë "beside you" (plural), astë > artë "beside them"; dual anwet > armet "beside us (two)". (Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-.) The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence "beside the" (VT49:24-25)
ala-
not
ala- (2) negative prefix "not", "un-", reduced to al- before a vowel (VT42:33, GALA, VT45:25), though the example Alcorin would suggest that al- can sometimes appear before a consonant as well. In a deleted entry in Etym, al(a)- was defined as "not" and said to be a "pure negative" (VT45:5). In alahasta, Alamanyar, alasaila, Alcorin.
vá-
prefix. negation (refusing or forbidden)
úva
will not
úva (1) vb. "will not", future tense of a negative verb (present/aorist tense úyë?) in Fíriel's Song. Compare #úva as the future tense of the negative verb ua- (q.v.) in a later source (PE17:144, where the verb is cited with a 1st person sg. ending: úvan).
auta-
go away, leave
auta- (1) vb. "go away, leave" (leave the point of the speaker's thought); old "strong" past tense anwë, usually replaced by vánë, perfect avánië but when the meaning is purely physical "went away (to another place)" rather than "disappear", the past tense oantë, perfect oantië was used. Past participle vanwa "gone, lost, no longer to be had, vanished, departed, dead, past and over" (WJ:366)
auta-
verb. go away
auta-
verb. to go (away), depart, leave; to disappear, be lost, pass away
Cognates
Derivations
- √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/063; PE17/063; PE17/148; WJ/365
- ✶awta- ✧ PE17/063; WJ/366; WJ/366
- √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out”
Element in
- ᴺQ. autaila “going, passing, nearly gone”
- Q. auta i lómë “The night is passing!” ✧ S/190; WJ/166
- Q. áva márië “go happily” ✧ PE17/162
- Q. vanwa “gone, lost, departed, vanished, past, over, no longer to be had, passed away, dead, gone, lost, departed, vanished, past, over, no longer to be had, passed away, dead, [ᴹQ.] gone for good; [ᴱQ.] on the road” ✧ PE17/063; WJ/366
- ᴺQ. autamar “museum, (lit.) hall of the past”
- Q. yéni ve lintë yuldar avánier “the years have passed like swift draughts” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
- Q. yéni avánier ve lintë yuldar “years have passed away like swift draughts” ✧ RGEO/58
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √AWA > auta- [awta] > [auta] ✧ PE17/063 ✶wāne > vāne [wāne] > [βāne] > [vāne] ✧ PE17/063 √AWA > auta- [awta] > [auta] ✧ PE17/063 √AWA/WĀ > auta [awta] > [auta] ✧ PE17/148 √AWA > auta- [awta] > [auta] ✧ WJ/365 Variations
- auta- ✧ PE17/063; PE17/063; WJ/366
- av|va ✧ PE17/063
- auta ✧ PE17/148
auta-
verb. to possess, own, keep
ar-
outside
ar- (1) prefix "outside" (AR2), element meaning "beside" (VT42:17), "by" (PE17:169; in the same source the glosses "near, by, beside" were rejected). Cf. ara.
öa-
verb. to possess, own, keep
Derivations
- √AW “possess, own, keep (have in hand, use or with one)” ✧ PE22/151
Element in
- ᴺQ. öamo “owner”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √AW > auta [awta-] > [auta-] ✧ PE22/151 √AW > ăw̯a > oa [awa-] > [oa-] ✧ PE22/151 √AW > āva [āwa] > [āβa] > [āva] ✧ PE22/151
lenweta-
go away, migrate, leave ones abode
lenweta- vb. "go away, migrate, leave ones abode", pa.t. lenwentë (PE17:51)
etsë
outside, exterior
etsë noun "outside, exterior", glosses changed from ?"issuing" and ?"spring" (VT45:13)
ettë
outside
ettë noun(and/or adv.?) "outside" (ET)
ava (1) adv.? noun? prep.? "outside, beyond" (AWA, VT45:6)