lalme

noun. elm-tree

alalme

noun. elm-tree

Cognates

• N. lalf “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM
• Ilk. lalm “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM; Ety/LÁLAM
• Dan. alm “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM
• N. lalven “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/LÁLAM
• N. lhalorn “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/LÁLAM

Derivations

• ᴹ√(L)ALAM “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM; Ety/LÁLAM

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ÁLAM > alalme	[alalme]	✧ Ety/ÁLAM
ᴹ√LÁLAM > alalme	[alalme]	✧ Ety/LÁLAM

Variations

• lalme ✧ Ety/ÁLAM

lalm

noun. elm-tree

A noun meaning “elm-tree” developed from the root ᴹ√(L)ALAM (Ety/ÁLAM). An identical form appeared elsewhere in The Etymologies with its language marked “D”, perhaps for Doriathrin (Ety/LÁLAM). This word is unusual in that its [[ilk|final [m] did not become syllabic after a consonant]], although it did for other similar words such as talum.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. alalme “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM; Ety/LÁLAM

Derivations

• ᴹ√(L)ALAM “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM; Ety/LÁLAM

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ÁLAM > lalm	[lalme] > [lalm] > [lalm]	✧ Ety/ÁLAM

alm

noun. elm-tree

A noun for “elm-tree” derived from the root ᴹ√(L)ALAM (Ety/ÁLAM). It does not seem to be a direct cognate with either ᴹQ. alalme or N. lalf. Helge Fauskanger suggested it might be derived from a primitive form ✱✶almā (AL-Nandorin/alm), but I think it may instead be derived from ✱✶alamā.

My rationale is that this word did not go through the [[dan|vowel-breaking before a cluster starting with liquid [l] or [r]]] seen in other words like ealc. This can be explained if, at the time of vowel-breaking, this word had the form alamā̆, and thus had no applicable cluster of consonants. The middle [a] would then be lost later through the Danian syncope.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. alalme “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM

Derivations

• ᴹ√(L)ALAM “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ÁLAM > alm	[alamā] > [almā] > [alm]	✧ Ety/ÁLAM

(l)alam

root. elm-tree

Derivatives

• Ilk. lalm “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM; Ety/LÁLAM
• Dan. alm “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM
• ᴹQ. alalme “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM; Ety/LÁLAM
• N. lalf “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM
• N. lhalorn “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/LÁLAM
• N. lalven “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM; Ety/LÁLAM

Variations

• ÁLAM ✧ Ety/ÁLAM
• LÁLAM ✧ Ety/ÁLAM; Ety/LÁLAM

alm

noun. back (from shoulder to shoulder), shoulders

Cognates

• Eq. almo “shoulder(s), back”

Derivations

• ᴱ✶alđam- ✧ GL/19; LT2A/Egalmoth; PE13/109
  • ᴱ√ALA “spread‽”

Element in

• G. Egalmoth “Broadshoulder, Broad-back” ✧ GL/19; LT2A/Egalmoth
• G. egelmion “broadshouldered”

Variations

• aldum ✧ GL/19 (aldum)
• alaf ✧ PE13/109

alos

noun. forest

A noun for “forest” the Gnomish Lexicon with an archaic variant †aloth, apparently an elaboration of G. âl “wood” (GL/19). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s it appeared as ᴱN. aulos “forest”, but this word was deleted (PE13/137).

Element in

• G. goloth “forest” ✧ LT2A/Golosbrindi

Variations

• aloth ✧ GL/19 (aloth); LT2A/Golosbrindi (aloth)

alm(oth)

noun. forest

Variations

• alm ✧ GL/19 (alm)
• almoth ✧ GL/19 (almoth)

gawlas

noun. forest

goloth

noun. forest

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “forest”, derived from primitive ᴱ✶ŋgua-aloþ- (GL/41). This is likely a combination of ᴱ✶ŋu̯a “together” and some elaboration of the root ᴱ√ALA “spread”, the basis of “tree” words, so probably originally “✱together spread(ing)”. In The Gnomish Grammar it had the form gôloth (GG/8) and in Gnomish Lexicon Slips the form gawlas derived from primitive ᴱ✶ŋgwa-alassa (PE13/114).

Cognates

• Eq. málos “forest” ✧ GL/41; LT2A/Golosbrindi

Derivations

• ᴱ✶ŋgua-aloþ- ✧ GL/41; LT2A/Golosbrindi
• ᴱ✶ŋgwa-alassa ✧ PE13/114

Element in

• G. Golosbrindi “Queen of the Forest” ✧ LT2A/Golosbrindi
• G. Tûr na·Ngôloth ✧ GL/19

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴱ✶ŋgua-aloþ- > gwōloth > goloth	[ŋgʷāloθ] > [gʷāloθ] > [gʷōloθ] > [gōloθ] > [goloθ]	✧ GL/41
ᴱ✶gwā-alassē > gawlas	[gwālassē] > [gawlas]	✧ PE13/114

Variations

• gôloth ✧ GG/08; GL/19
• gawlas ✧ PE13/114

alm

noun. back (from shoulder [to shoulder]), back (from shoulder to shoulder), [G.] shoulders

The noun G. alm appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with the glosses “the broad of back from shoulder to shoulder, the back, shoulders” along with a deleted variant {aldum} (GL/19). In this document it was derived from primitive ᴱ✶alđam-, and was clearly related to ᴱQ. al(da)mo “broad of the back” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon under the early root ᴱ√ALA “spread‽” (QL/29).

The forms alf, alaf appeared in Gnomish Lexicon Slips glossed “the broad of the back from shoulder to shoulder” and with the primitive form ᴱ✶aldǝmā (PE13/109). ᴱN. alm appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s with the incomplete gloss “back (from shoulder ...” (PE13/136). This 1920s document elsewhere had deleted forms {alf, alw} with the full gloss “the back from shoulder to shoulder” (PE13/136).

The deleted forms alf, alw are likely to be later than alm reflecting the Early Noldorin sound change of non-initial m to v (spelt f finally), a sound change that was not a feature of Gnomish as it appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon. These two deleted forms were revised to ᴱN. bost “back from shoulder to shoulder” (suffixal form -mmost), which in turn was related to ᴱN. amoth “shoulder” from primitive ᴱ✶a-mbod-t’ (PE13/137, 139); bost seems to be the last of the “back” words in these Early Noldorin Word-lists.

Neo-Quenya: The early root ᴱ√ALA “spread‽” was the basis for ᴱQ. alda “tree”, which in later writings was derived from ✶galadā. Since it seems the early root ᴱ√ALA² >> √GAL, Gnomish alm and Early Noldorin alf might adapted as ᴺS. galf “back, shoulders” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, with an original sense of “spread (of the body)” referring to just the shoulders but later the entire back. The sense of the later root √GAL was “grow (like plants), flourish” rather than “spread”, so this is a bit of a reach semantically, though not impossible since ✶galadā referred to broad, spreading trees as opposed to ✶ornē for tall trees (NM/349). I would use ᴺS. galf for the “back” of a body and the back of the shoulders collectively. I would use ᴺS. amoth for an individual shoulder.

Strictly speaking, ᴱN. bost is a later word for “back” than alm >> alf, but I can’t figure out a way to incorporate it into the etymological framework of later versions of Tolkien’s languages, which is why I recommend ᴺS. galf “back” instead.

Derivations

• ᴱ✶alđam-
  • ᴱ√ALA “spread‽”

Variations

• alf ✧ PE13/136 (alf)
• alw ✧ PE13/136 (alw)

aulos

noun. forest

taur

noun. forest

Cognates

• Eq. taure “forest”

Element in

• En. Taur-na-Fuin “Deadly Nightshade” ✧ SM/026

Variations

• Taur ✧ SM/026

málos

noun. forest

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s given as the cognate of G. goloth “forest”, derived from primitive ᴱ✶ŋgua-aloþ- (GL/41). This is likely a combination of ᴱ✶ŋu̯a “together” and some elaboration of the root ᴱ√ALA “spread”, the basis of “tree” words, so probably originally “✱together spread(ing)” or something to that effect.

Cognates

• G. goloth “forest” ✧ GL/41; LT2A/Golosbrindi

Derivations

• ᴱ✶ŋgua-aloþ- ✧ GL/41

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴱ✶ŋgua-aloþ- > malosta > mālos	[ŋgʷāloθ] > [ŋʷāloθ] > [ŋʷālos] > [mālos]	✧ GL/41

Variations

• mālos ✧ GL/41

taure

noun. forest

Cognates

• En. taur “forest”

Derivations

• ᴱ√TAVA “beam”

Element in

• Eq. ar i·súru laustuváro lintataurelasselindon “*and the wind will roar like many forest leaves” ✧ PE16/077; PE16/077
• Eq. Rúsitaurion “Son of the Weary Forest” ✧ LT2/089 (taur-)
• Eq. tauren linqarassean ✧ PE16/080
• Eq. tauren lintyulussean ✧ PE16/080
• Eq. taurelasselindon “like leaves of forests” ✧ MC/213; MC/220; PE16/062; PE16/072; PE16/074

Variations

• taur- ✧ LT2/089 (taur-)
• taurie ✧ PE16/139

taurie

noun. forest