aista- (3) vb. "to dread" (GÁYAS, VT45:14; possibly obsoleted by #2 above)
Quenya
#aista-
to bless
aista-
to dread
Sindarin
enweria-
verb. to revere
Elements
Word Gloss anwar “awe”
gost
dread
(i ngost = i ñost, o n’gost = o ñgost) (terror), pl. gyst (in gyst = i ñgyst).
achas
dread
(fear), pl. echais. It is possible that the word is lenited in the source, and that it should have an initial g-; if so read gachas (i ’achas), pl. gechais (i ngechais = i ñechais), coll. pl. achassath.
daedhelos
great dread
(i naedhelos, o ndaedhelos), pl. daedhelys (i ndaedhelys). Coll. pl. daedhelossath. A side-form ends in -oth instead of -os. The word appears in the mutated form "ndaedelos" in LotR Appendix F, but since the second element must be delos "abhorrence" and it would surely be lenited following a vowel, this would seem to be one of the cases where Tolkien wrote d even though dh would be technically correct.
gae
dread
(i ’ae), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ngae = i ñae)
goss
dread
(i ’oss, constuct gos) (horror), pl. gyss (i ngyss = i ñyss).
guruthos
dread of death
(i nguruthos = i ñuruthos, o n’guruthos = o ñguruthos) (death-horror), pl. (if there is a pl.) either guruthys (in guruthys = i ñguruthys) or gyrythys (in gyrythys = i ñgyrythys) with umlaut throughtout the word. Coll. pl. guruthossath.
delos
dread
(i dhelos) (fear, horror, abhorrence, detestation, loathing), pl. delys (i nelys), coll. pl. delossath. A side-form ends in -oth (pl. -yth) instead of -os (-ys).
goroth
dread
(i ngoroth = i ñoroth, o n’goroth = o ñgoroth) (horror), pl. geryg (in geryg = i ñgeryg) (WJ:415). Archaic pl. ✱göryth.
gorth
dread
(i ngorth = i ñorth, o n’gorth = o ñgorth) (horror), pl. gyrth (in gyrth = i ñgyrth). (WJ:415) Note: a homophone means ”dead; dead person”.
gôr
dread
(i ngôr = i ñôr, o n’gôr = o ñgôr, construct gor) (fear, horror), pl. gŷr (in gŷr = i ñgŷr). Note: a homophone means ”vigour”, but has different mutations.
Noldorin
gae
noun. dread
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. gaia > gae > goe/gae [gaia] > [gai] > [gae] ✧ Ety/GÁYAS Variations
- goe/gae ✧ Ety/GÁYAS
goe
noun. dread
Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!
Qenya
aista-
verb. to dread
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶gais- > aista- [gaista-] > [ɣaista-] > [aista-] ✧ Ety/GÁYAS Variations
- aista ✧ EtyAC/GÁYAS
Old Noldorin
gaia
noun. dread
Derivations
- ᴹ√GAYAS “fear” ✧ Ety/GÁYAS
Derivatives
- N. gae “dread” ✧ Ety/GÁYAS
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√GÁYAS > gaia [gajas] > [gaja] > [gaia] ✧ Ety/GÁYAS
Middle Primitive Elvish
gais-
verb. to dread
Derivations
- ᴹ√GAYAS “fear” ✧ Ety/GÁYAS
Derivatives
- ᴹQ. aista- “to dread” ✧ Ety/GÁYAS
arʒā
noun/adjective. dread
Element in
gos
root. dread
A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “dread” with two variations: ᴹ√GOS and ᴹ√GOTH (Ety/GOS). It was an element in quite a few names in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, such as ᴹQ. Mandos “Dread Imprisoner” (Ety/MBAD), ᴹQ. Osse (Ety/GOS), N. Gothmog (Ety/MBAW), N. Tauros “Forest-Dread” (Ety/TÁWAR), and N. Dor-Daideloth “Land of the Shadow of Dread” (LR/405), the last of these containing N. deloth “abhorrence, detestation, loathing” = ᴹ√DYEL + ᴹ√GOTH (Ety/DYEL).
In Tolkien’s later writings, many of these names were given new forms or etymologies: Q. Mandos “Castle of Custody” = mando + osto (MR/350); Q. Ossë as an adaptation of his Valarin name Oš(o)šai (WJ/400); S. Tauron “Forester” (PM/358). This calls into question whether ᴹ√GOS or ᴹ√GOTH survived as a root. It does have a few useful derivatives for the purposes of Neo-Eldarin, however, such as N. gosta- “fear exceedingly”.
Changes
GOROS→ GOS ✧ Ety/GOSDerivatives
Element in
- ᴹ✶angosse “horror” ✧ Ety/GOS
- ᴹ✶Gothombauk- ✧ Ety/MBAW
- ᴹQ. Mandos “(Dread) Imprisoner” ✧ Ety/MBAD; Ety/MBAD
- N. Bannos “Mandos, Dread Imprisoner” ✧ Ety/MBAD
- N. deloth “abhorrence, detestation, loathing” ✧ Ety/DYEL
- N. Oeros “Osse”
- N. Gothmog “Voice of Goth” ✧ Ety/GOS
- N. Tauros “Lord of Forests; (lit.) Forest-Dread” ✧ Ety/TÁWAR
Variations
- GOTH ✧ Ety/DYEL; Ety/GOS; Ety/KOT; Ety/ÑGOROTH
- GOROS ✧ EtyAC/GOS (
GOROS)
Gnomish
aista-
verb. to revere
Derivations
- ᴱ√AYA “honour, revere” ✧ GL/18
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴱ√aı̯¹ > aista- [aista-] ✧ GL/18
#aista- (2) vb. "to bless", verbal stem isolated from the passive participle aistana "blessed" (VT43:30)