rista (2) noun "cut" (RIS), cf. #1 above.
Quenya
rissë
cut
rista
cut
cirissë
slash, gash
cirissë ("k")noun "slash, gash" (KIRIS; the glosses "cleft" and maybe ?"crevasse" occurred in deleted material, VT45:23)
Sindarin
rista-
verb. to cut
rista-
verb. to rend, rip
Rest
noun. cut
criss
slash
criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, cleft), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)
criss
slash
(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, cleft), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)
criss
cut
(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cleft, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)
Rest
cut
(noun) 1) rest (ravine, cleft), pl. rist (idh rist), 2) criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cleft, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)
rest
cut
(ravine, cleft), pl. rist (idh rist)
ristannen
adjective. cut
Elements
Word Gloss rista- “to cut; to rend, rip”
Primitive elvish
ris
root. cut, cleave, cut, cleave; [ᴹ√] slash, rip
This root first appeared as ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” in The Etymologies of the 1930s with the derivative N. risto “rend, rip” (Ety/RIS¹). Tolkien then created a new entry for ᴹ√RIS without deleting the prior entry, with derivatives like ᴹQ. rista/N. rhest “a cut” and ᴹQ. rista-/N. rhista- “cut” (Ety/RIS²); this seems to reflect a conceptual shift of “slash, rip” >> “cut”. Indeed, the root √RIS reappeared in Tolkien’s later writings with the gloss “cut” (PE17/87). Christopher Tolkien gave this root the gloss “cleave” in the Silmarillion Appendix (SA/ris).
Derivatives
- ✶rinsa “cleft, cloven, separate” ✧ PE17/087
- S. riss “cleft, cloven, separate; cleft” ✧ PE17/087
- ✶rinse “?cleft, ravine” ✧ PE17/087
- Q. rissë “?cleft, ravine” ✧ PE17/087
- ✶rista “*cut”
- S. rest “*cut, [N.] cut” ✧ WJ/365
- Q. rista “*cut, [ᴹQ.] cut” ✧ PE17/087
- S. crist “cleaver, cleaver; [N.] sword; [G.] knife; slash, slice” ✧ SA/ris
Element in
Variations
- ris ✧ SA/ris
Noldorin
rhista-
verb. to cut
rhista-
verb. to rend, rip
rhest
noun. cut
rhest
noun. cut
Cognates
- ᴹQ. rista “cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
Derivations
- ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS²
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√RIS > rhest [rista] > [resta] > [rest] > [r̥est] ✧ Ety/RIS²
osgar-
verb. to cut round, to amputate
Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!
Qenya
rista
noun. cut
Cognates
Derivations
- ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS²
Element in
- ᴹQ. Latimberista “Rivendell”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√RIS > rista [rista] ✧ Ety/RIS²
Doriathrin
rest
noun. cut
A noun meaning “a cut” derived from the root ᴹ√RIS (Ety/RIS²). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. rista suggests a primitive form ✱✶ristā, where the [i] became [e] due to Ilkorin a-affection, as noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/rest).
Cognates
- ᴹQ. rista “cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
Derivations
- ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS²
Element in
- Ilk. Eglorest ✧ Ety/RIS²
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√RIS > rest [ristā] > [rista] > [resta] > [rest] ✧ Ety/RIS²
Middle Primitive Elvish
ris
root. slash, rip
Derivatives
Element in
kiris
root. cut
Changes
KIRÍS→ KIRÍS “cut, slash” ✧ Ety/KIRISDerivatives
Elements
Word Gloss KIR “cleave” RIS “slash, rip” Variations
- KIRÍS ✧ Ety/KIRIS; Ety/RIS²; EtyAC/KIR (
KIRÍS); EtyAC/KIRIS (KIRÍS)
rista-
verb. cut
Derivations
- ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS²
Derivatives
Gnomish
fagin
adjective. cut
fanc
noun. cut
Derivations
- ᴱ√FAKA “cut”
Early Primitive Elvish
faka Speculative
root. cut
A hypothetical early root to explain words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such as G. fag- “cut” and G. fanc “cut” (GL/33). It might be related to ᴱ√FḶKḶ “cleave, hew”. There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.
Derivatives
rissë noun? The word is not clearly glossed but apparently means "cut" or "cleft" (ravine), the cognate of the final element of Imladris, Sindarin name of Rivendell. (PE17:87)