or
preposition/prefix. above, above; [G.] onto, on top, on
or
preposition. above, over
car(dh)
noun. house, house, *construction, structure
A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing as car or carð with the gloss “house” under the root ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct” (Ety/KAR). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. kar (kard-) was glossed “building, house”.
Neo-Sindarin: Given the meaning of its root, I would use cardh for any kind of building-like construction or structure for purposes of Neo-Sindarin. For an ordinary “house” where people live, I would use S. bâr.
lhum
noun. shade
A word appearing as N. lhum “shade” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√LUM, most notably an element in the name N. Hithlum (Ety/LUM). It was the cognate of ᴹQ. lumbe, and thus derived from primitive ✱lumbē, which explains why the final m survived as a reduction of mb.
Conceptual Development: The earliest iteration of this word was G. lôm {“pool, sl...” >>} “gloom, shade” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, based on primitive ᴱ✶lou̯me (GL/54) and probably derived from the early root ᴱ√LOMO as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Hisilómë). In this early document, G. lum or glum was “a cloud” (GL/55), likely a derivative of ᴱ√LUVU for “✱dark weather” as also suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Luvier). In Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s Tolkien had ᴱN. {lom >>} lhom “shadow” (PE13/149). This became N. lhum “shade” in The Etymologies, as noted above.
Neo-Sindarin: In later writings, Hithlum was designated North Sindarin and its final element was based on a loan from Q. lómë “dusk”, with the m surviving only because it was from the North dialect (PE17/133; WJ/400). However, the root √LUM “shadow, darkness” also survived in later writings (PE17/168), so I think N. lhum “shade” can be salvaged, though if adapted to Neo-Sindarin it would need to become ᴺS. lum as suggested in HSD (HSD). Given the later use of Q. lumbo for “(dark) cloud”, I think the Gnomish sense G. lum “[dark] cloud” can be salvaged as well.
rhista-
verb. to cut
A verb appearing in its Noldorin-style infinitive form N. rhisto in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a cognate to ᴹQ. rista- “cut”, both derived from the root ᴹ√RIS (Ety/RIS). In the initial version of this root’s entry it appeared as risto derived from ON. rista- “rend, rip” (Ety/RIS). The original entry was not deleted, and it is not clear if its retention was an oversight or if Tolkien intended both meanings to coexist.
Neo-Sindarin: In Noldorin, an initial r unvoiced to rh, but this was not the case in Sindarin, so its Sindarin form is probably ᴺS. rista-, as suggested in HSD (HSD). I would further assume rista- can mean any of “cut, rend, rip”.
tôr
noun. brother
An (archaic) word for “brother” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√TOR of the same meaning, with an irregular plural terein (Ety/TOR). In ordinary speech, it was replaced by muindor, with an initial element muin “dear”.
Neo-Sindarin: In notes from the late 1960s, Tolkien introduced a new word hanar for “brother” (VT47/14). However, I think †tôr and related words might be retained to mean a “metaphorical brother”, a close male associate who may or may not be related by blood, as with such words as gwador “(sworn) brother, associate”. In this paradigm, I would assume muindor still refers to a brother by blood, with an added connotation of strong affection.
anw
noun/adjective. male (person or animal)
A word appearing as N. anw in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from ON. anu under the root ᴹ√ƷAN “male”, where its positioning makes it appear as if it was a cognate of ᴹQ. hanu “a male (man or animal)” (Ety/ƷAN). In the original version of this entry, it was simply glossed “male”, and was initially given as (deleted) {ganw} (EtyAC/ƷAN).
Conceptual Development: Precursors to this word include G. an “person” and G. anos “man” from the Gnomish Lexicon (GL/19).
Neo-Sindarin: Most Neo-Sindarin writers adapt this word as ᴺS. anu to better fit Sindarin’s phonology. In HSD (HSD), Didier Willis suggested (as originally proposed by David Salo) that this word is most likely an adjective, the cognate of adjective ᴹQ. hanwa “male” rather than the noun ᴹQ. hanu “a male (man or animal)”. This is because it is generally believed that final -u (as in ✶ʒanu) vanishes in Noldorin/Sindarin, while the final -wa (as in ✶ʒanwa) would have developed into -u (Noldorin -w). However, I think the evidence of the loss of final -u in Noldorin is ambiguous and in fact N. anw might be a counterexample, especially since the Old Noldorin form was anu; see the entry on how [[s|final [i], [u] generally vanished]] for further discussion.
In any case, I think anu “male” can be used as a both a noun and an adjective for purposes of Neo-Sindarin.
floss
noun. whispering or rustling sound
The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. thloss > floss “whispering or rustling sound” based on the root ᴹ√SLUS “whisper”, along with a variant N. thross based on the related root ᴹ√SRUS (Ety/SLUS). Both these nouns reflect the 1930s phonetic development of sl, sr > thr, thl, as well as initial thl > fl.
Neo-Sindarin: In Sindarin of 1950s and 60s initial sl, sr > lh, rh, so I would replace these 1930s nouns with ᴺS. lhoss “whispering or rustling sound”, as suggested in HSD (HSD).
Conceptual Development: Earlier words of similar meaning include G. cwithri “whisper” related to G. cwitha- “murmur, whisper” (GL/29) and G. rui “whisper” related to G. ruitha- “whisper, rustle” (GL/66), both from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s. Another possible precursor from the Gnomish Lexicon is G. suss “hush, sudden quiet” (GL/68).
rhim
noun. cold pool or lake (in mountains)
A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s given as N. rhim “cold pool or lake (in mountains)” derived from the root ᴹ√RINGI “cold” (Ety/RINGI). This word is the final element of N. Mithrim “✱Grey Lake” in The Etymologies, but in later writings Tolkien explained this name differently, deriving the name from the Elves that lived around the lake, so it may have been abandoned.
Neo-Sindarin: If adapted to Neo-Sindarin, this word would be ᴺS. rim. Since √RINGI “cold” survived in later writings, this word may still be viable, though it would conflict with S. rim “host, a great number”.
ui
noun. envelope
A noun appearing as N. ui “envelope” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from ON. uia < wōia [wǭia] < ᴹ✶wāyā under the root ᴹ√WAY of similar meaning (Ety/WAY). It was used “especially of the Outer Sea or Air enfolding the world within the Ilurambar or world-walls”. In Noldorin of the 1930s, it seems the normal development of ancient āy was ui, with the initial w vanishing before u: wāyā > wǭia > uia > ui.
Neo-Sindarin: In Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s it seems ancient āy became oe, as with goe < ✶gāyā (PM/363). As such the initial w- from ✶wāya would survive to become gw-. Indeed, Tolkien had ancient ✱wāya become gwoe in notes from around 1957 attempting to derive an etymology for gwae “wind” (PE17/34). As such, I would adapt this Noldorin word as ᴺS. gwoe “envelope” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin. I would use it in the more general sense of “a thing enveloping something else”, and not just limited to envelopes used for letters.
magl
noun. sword
The word megil (q.v.), probably introduced by the Ñoldor, was also used
magol
noun. sword
The word megil (q.v.), probably introduced by the Ñoldor, was also used
megil
noun. sword
gathrod
noun. cave
A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “cave”, apparently a combination of N. gath “cavern” and ᴹ√ROT “tunnel” (Ety/GAT(H)). Its initial element also appeared in the name N. Doriath “Land of the Cave”, but in later writings S. Doriath was redefined as “Land of the Fence” with final element S. iath “fence” (WJ/370), so N. gathrod “cave” was probably abandoned.
lamben
place name. Tongue
tôr
noun. brother
The word muindor is more usual
anna-
verb. to give
ar-
prefix. day
ephel
noun. outer fence
gwenn
noun. maiden
naru
adjective. red, [fiery] red
úan
noun. monster
aglareb
adjective. glorious
ai
interjection. hail
amon
noun. hill
annûn
noun. west
ant
noun. gift
ardh
noun. realm
calad
noun. light
caran
adjective. red
dûn
noun. west
elf
noun. friend
fela
noun. cave
galad
noun. light
galadh
noun. tree
gwath
noun. shade
gwind
noun. pale blue
lhad
noun. plain
lham(b)
noun. tongue
magol
noun. sword
mellon
noun. friend
mid
adjective. grey
min
cardinal. one
mith
adjective. grey
mîdh
noun. dew
orn
noun. tree
parf
noun. book
rhing
adjective. cold
thond
noun. friend
thross
noun. whispering or rustling sound
ui
adverb. ever
ant
noun. gift
ardh
noun. realm, region
brûn
adjective. old, that has long endured, or been established, or in use
car
noun. house, building
cardh
noun. house, building
coll
adjective. (golden) red
dalf
noun. palm of hand
fast
noun. shaggy hair
fela
noun. cave
gail
noun. bright light
gathrod
noun. cave
gobel
noun. walled house or village, town
gwador
noun. brother (especially used of those not brothers by blood, but sworn brothers or associates)
helch
noun. bitter cold
hortha-
verb. to urge on, speed
hûn
noun. heart (physical)
meldir
noun. friend
meldis
noun. friend
muindor
noun. brother
muindor
noun. brother
mân
noun. departed spirit
mîdh
noun. dew
or-
prefix. above, over
parf
noun. book
râd
noun. path, track
taur
adjective. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime
thafn
noun. post, wooden pillar
thora-
verb. to fence
tofn
adjective. lowlying, deep, low
tui
noun. a sprout, bud
tuiw
noun. a sprout, bud
ui
noun. envelope (especially of the Outer Sea or Air enfolding the world within the Ilurambar or world-walls)
úan
noun. monster
*tlāta
adjective. sloping
ON. sloping
ad-
prefix. back, again, re-
aglareb
adjective. glorious
alag
adjective. rushing, impetuous
amon
noun. hill, steep-sided mount
annûn
noun. west, sunset
anw
adjective. male
A literal interpretation of the Etymologies would class this word as a noun, but David Salo notes that the punctuation in The Etymologies is not always reliable. Noldorin anw cannot be cognate to the Quenya noun hanu (3anû) because the final -u would drop. It must rather be cognate to the Quenya adjective hanwa (3anwâ) attested under the stem INI, where it is also stated that inw, corresponding to Quenya inya "female", has been remodelled after anw. The combination of these two entries, along with the phonological evidences, clearly indicates that anw is actually an adjective
atland
adjective. sloping, tilted
aur
noun. day, sunlight, morning
bór
masculine name. Faithful
calad
gerund noun. light
camland
noun. palm of hand
caran
adjective. red
caras
noun. circular earthwall with dike
caras
noun. city (built above ground)
caron
adjective. red
dae
noun. shadow
daew
noun. shadow
dûn
noun. west
ephel
noun. outer fence, encircling fence
findel
noun. (braided) hair
finnel
noun. (braided) hair
gal-
prefix. light
galadh
noun. tree
glamhoth
noun. barbaric host of Orcs
glaur
noun. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin)
glawar
noun. sunlight, radiance (of the golden tree Laurelin)
glor-
noun. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin)
gloss
adjective. snow-white, dazzling-white
goer
adjective. red, copper-coloured, ruddy
gwath
noun. shade, shadow, dim light
gwath
noun. stain
gwend
noun. maiden
gwenn
noun. maiden
iaur
adjective. ancient, old, original
iaur
adjective. older, former
imlad
noun. deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides (but a flat habitable bottom)
ingem
adjective. old (of person, in mortal sense: decripit, suffering from old age)
New word coined by the Elves after meeting with Men
ista-
verb. to have knowledge
lham
noun. physical tongue
lhamb
noun. physical tongue
lhaws
noun. hair ringlet
lhonn
noun. narrow path or strait
lhonn
noun. entrance to harbour, land-locked haven
lhum
noun. shade
lond
noun. narrow path or strait
lond
noun. entrance to harbour, land-locked haven
lonn
noun. narrow path or strait
lonn
noun. entrance to harbour, land-locked haven
lonn
noun. path
maethon
noun. sword
megil
noun. sword
mellon
noun. friend
min
fraction. one (first of a series)
mindon
noun. isolated hill, especially a hill with a watch tower
mindon
noun. tower
mith
adjective. (pale) grey
naru
adjective. red
narw
adjective. red
orn
noun. (any large) tree
ost
noun. city, town with wall round
ost
noun. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art
penninar
noun. last day of the year
rhing
adjective. cold
rhitha-
verb. to jerk, twitch, snatch
rhond
noun. cave roof
rhond
noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed
rhonn
noun. cave roof
rhonn
noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed
rhîf
noun. edge, hem, border
rond
noun. cave
teitha-
verb. to write
thind
adjective. grey, pale
thinn
adjective. grey, pale
tindu
noun. dusk, twilight, early night (without Moon)
tindu
noun. starry twilight
tinnu
noun. dusk, twilight, early night (without Moon)
tinnu
noun. starry twilight
tlaud
adjective. sloping
sloping
tlaud
adjective. sloping
tuia-
verb. to sprout, spring
tuia-
verb. to swell
tum
noun. deep valley, under or among hills
tund
noun. hill, mound
tunn
noun. hill, mound
ulun
noun. monster, deformed and hideous creature
ulund
noun. monster, deformed and hideous creature
A preposition and prefix in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “above” and derived from the root ᴹ√ORO “up; rise; high” (Ety/ORO).
Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had adverb G. or “on, on top” which could be used as a preposition meaning “on, onto” (GL/63), clearly also derived from ᴱ√ORO. As a prefix, G. or- meant “on, onto, up, in addition to, etc.” (GL/62).
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin I would only use or as an adverb/preposition/prefix for “above [not necessarily touching]”, while for “on [top of]” I would use S. po.