-at

suffix. dual suffix

The suffix for dual nouns in Adûnaic, with the a lengthened to â in subjective duals (SD/428-430). In later (Exilic?) Adûnaic, the â was long in all cases (SD/431). See the entry on dual nouns for further details. Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne suggested (AAD/11) that -at is derived from the same Primitive Elvish form ✶-ata as the Quenya dual.

-zê

preposition. at

A prepositional suffix translated “at” (SD/429), but not appearing in any example sentences. It is perhaps a later repurposing of the draft-dative case suffix -s, since the other draft-cases became prepositional suffixes in later versions of the Adûnaic grammar: draft genitive -ō versus later preposition -ô “from”, draft instrumental -ma versus later preposition -mâ “with”.

narîka ’nbâri ’nadûn yanâkhim

The Eagles of the Lords of the West are at hand

An isolated Adûnaic sentence in “The Notion Club Papers” story (SD/251). Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne suggested (VSH/26) that this same sentence is mentioned previously on SD/231 where Lowdham speaks in “an unknown tongue”, and then cries out in English “Behold the Eagles of the Lords of the West! They are coming over Nūmenōr!”. If so, this provides another translation of the phrase.

The first word, Narîka “Eagles” seems to be the subjective plural of #narak “eagle”, but is unusual in that it is declined as if it were a neuter noun. The names of animals are generally common-nouns (SD/426). Perhaps when this sentence was written, Tolkien had not yet fleshed out the Adûnaic gender rules.

Narîka is modified by the noun phrase ’nBâri “of the Lords”, which is a combination of the genitive prefix an- “of” (elided) and the plural of the noun bâr “lord”. This is also unusual in that it uses the short i rather than the long î for the plural, another sign that this may be an early sentence (the Adûnaic draft-plural often used a short i).

The phrase is further modified by ’nAdûn “of the West”, another instance of an elided genitive an- prefixed to the noun adûn “west”.

The verb yanâkhim is glossed “are at hand”. Its initial element ya- is likely the third neuter person plural pronominal suffix “they” and it ends with the normal plural verb suffix -m. This leaves the verb form nâkhi, which seems to be an inflection of the verb nakh- “come”. A literal interpretation might be “✱The Eagles of the Lords of the West are coming”, as supported by the second translation mentioned above, so that this is an example of the Adûnaic continuative-present tense. This analysis of yanâkhim was suggested by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne (VSH/27).

-at

suffix. verb ending (like a participle)

at

suffix. verb ending (like participle)

durbat = constraining, of a sort to constrain.

at

prefix. once again

at-kwet

verb. answer

enki

pronoun. that by you over there (addressing or writing to someone at a distance)

kyeles

root. *at rear

sē

preposition. at; locative, adessive, inessive

teles

verb. come at rear, end a line or series

tir

root. watch (over), look at, observe, gaze at, watch (over), look at, observe, gaze at; [ᴹ√] guard

Tolkien used the root √TIR for Elvish words for watching and looking throughout his life. The earliest manifestation of this root was in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as ᴱ√TIRI “guard” (the gloss appeared under the entry for ᴱ√TIŘI) with derivatives like ᴱQ. tiri- “watch; keep, guard, preserve; look at, gaze at, observe” and ᴱQ. tirne “steadfast regard, stare” (QL/93). It also had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. tir- “look for, look out for, watch for, await, expect” and G. tirin “watch-tower, turret, tower” (GL/71). The Etymologies of the 1930s has ᴹ√TIR “watch, guard” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tir-/N. tir- “watch”, ᴹQ. tirion “watch-tower, tower” and N. tirith “watch, guard” (Ety/TIR). The root √TIR was mentioned regularly in Tolkien’s later writings with glosses like “watch, observe” (PE17/187), “to look at (towards), watch, watch over” (RGEO/65) or “look at (turn eyes to, keep eyes on, watch)” (PE22/155).

na

preposition. at

prep. at (a point of time or place). Ai na vedui Dúnadan. Mae g'ovannen. 'Ah! At last, Dúnadan ! Well met !'.

na

at

na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

at

(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

Teler

person or thing at the rear

teler (i deler), pl. telir (i thelir), coll. pl. telerrim (when used of the people of the Teleri, PM:385)

dangweth

answer

(noun) 1) dangweth (i nangweth, o ndangweth) (reply giving new information), pl. dengwith (i ndengwith) (PM:395), 2) dambeth (i nambeth, o ndambeth) (response), pl. dembith (i ndembith)

fuia

feel disgust at

fuia- (i fuia, in fuiar) (abhor)

fuia

feel disgust at

fuia- (i fuia, in fuiar) (abhor).

glinna

glance at

(verb) glinna- (i **linna, in glingar). _This is David Salo_s suggested normalized form of a word that actually appears as glintha- ** in the primary source (WJ.337).

rafn

extended point at the side

rafn (wing, horn), pl. raifn (idh raifn)

rafn

extended point at the side

rafn (wing, horn), pl. raifn (idh raifn).

rafn

extended point at the side

rafn (wing, horn), pl. raifn (idh raifn);

tir-

look at, look toward

tir- (cited in the form tiri, a ”Noldorin” infinitive in -i) (i dîr, i thirir) (watch over, guard, gaze). The imperative tiro and passive participle [t]irnen are attested, the latter in lenited form dirnen.

aphred

answer

_ n. _answer. Q. aquet. . This gloss was rejected.

dambeth

noun. answer, response

In Tolkien's manuscript, this form was rejected in favor of dangweth , with a slightly different meaning. However, it may possibly be assumed that the word is valid per se (although it may be argued that this compound word does not show the regular mutation that one would have expected)

dangweth

noun. answer, reply giving new information

glintha-

verb. to glance (at)

glintha-

verb. to glance at

hoth

host (nearly always used in evil or at least unfriendly sense in S

_ n. _host (nearly always used in evil or at least unfriendly sense in S.). host << host, mob. Q. ñauro. >> glamhoth, Lossoth, ngaur

na

preposition. to, towards; at

This was the preposition for “to(wards)” in Sindarin for relationships of both space and time, and was derived from the root √NA of similar meaning (PE17/146-147). Before consonants na used vocalic mutation and before vowels it was reduced to n’ (PE17/147). In the phrase ai na vedui Dúnadan “Ah! at last, Dúnadan!” it was used with the sense “at (a point of time or place)” (PE17/16). It is not clear whether this is a loose translation or an actual variant meaning.

Conceptual Development: The word G. ar {“at, by, beside” &gt;&gt;} “at” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, with the meaning “at, towards” when combined with the dative (GL/19). The word ar was glossed “at, to” in Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document (PE13/110).

Neo-Sindarin: The Gnomish precursor ar indicates that a simultaneous meaning of “at” and “to” is possible, but Gnomish distinguished the two by using a dative inflection that was not a feature of Sindarin. For Sindarin, I would assume basic sense of na is “to”, and the sense “at” is actually “arriving at” implied when the modified noun is a terminus in space or time: “to last &gt; (arriving) at [the] last” or “to destination &gt; (arriving) at [the] destination”. Compare compare Q. na in notes from the early 1950s that was used “with sense ‘to’, but this at nearest means ‘towards, to a position near, alongside’ (PE21/79)”.

See also an “to, for” used of more purely dative relationships.

na

preposition. to, towards, at

nan

noun. wide grassland, land at foot of hills with many streams

nand

noun. wide grassland, land at foot of hills with many streams

pirin

noun. a flower that opened ans shut quickly with any change of light at [some? not?] even a pansy closed

n. Bot. a flower that opened ans shut quickly with any change of light at [some? not?] even a pansy closed. Q. pirinde, pirne.

rafn

noun. wing (horn), extended point at side, etc.

dambeth

answer

(i nambeth, o ndambeth) (response), pl. dembith (i ndembith)

dangweth

answer

(i nangweth, o ndangweth) (reply giving new information), pl. dengwith (i ndengwith) (PM:395)

fuia

feel disgust at

(i fuia, in fuiar) (abhor)

glinna

glance at

(i ’linna, in glingar). *This is David Salo’s suggested normalized form of a word that actually appears as glintha-  in the primary source (WJ.337)*.

rafn

extended point at the side

(wing, horn), pl. raifn (idh raifn)

rafn

extended point at the side

(wing, horn), pl. raifn (idh raifn).

rafn

extended point at the side

(wing, horn), pl. raifn (idh raifn);

ravn

noun. wing (horn), extended point at side

teler

person or thing at the rear

(i deler), pl. *telir*** (i thelir), coll. pl. **telerrim (when used of the people of the Teleri, PM:385)

tir-

look at, look toward

(cited in the form tiri, a ”Noldorin” infinitive in -i) (i dîr, i thirir) (watch over, guard, gaze). The imperative tiro and passive participle [t]irnen are attested, the latter in lenited form dirnen.

úlú

adverb. at no time, never

← ú- “no, not” + lû “time, occasion”, cp. Q. illumë *‘allways’.

In a conceptual predecessor of the Sindarin, Gnomish, the language had a feature called negative concord, meaning that two negatives affirm each other rather than cancelling out (similarly to the English “I didn’t do nothing” which denies involvement in a particular situation instead of confirming it). Thus an example sentence for this word could be:

• i·hîr ú·dhar úlú. ‘The river never stops.’

-ssë

at

-ssë (1) locative ending (compare the preposition se, sé "at", q.v.); in Lóriendessë, lúmessë, máriessë, yalúmessë (q.v. for reference); pl. -ssen in yassen, lúmissen, mahalmassen, símaryassen, tarmenissen, q.v. Pronouns take the simple ending -ssë, even if the pronoun is plural by its meaning (messë "on us", VT44:12). The part. pl. (-lissë or -lissen) and dual (-tsë) locative endings are known from the Plotz letter only.

sí ar lúmessë ya firuvammë: násië

now and at the hour of our death: Amen

The seventh line of Aia María, Tolkien’s translation of the Ave Maria prayer. The first few words are sí ar lúmessë “now and at [the] hour”, the last being a combination of the noun lúmë “time” (“hour”) and the locative suffix -ssë “at, in, on”. The next two words are a subordinate clause: ya firuvammë “✱when we will die”, the latter being future 1st-person-plural-exclusive form of the verb fir- “to die”. The last word, násië “Amen”, is also used by Tolkien in the Quenya prayer Átaremma.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> sí ar lúme-ssë ya fir-uva-mmë: násië = “✱now and time-at when die-(future)-we: amen”

Less literally: “✱now and at the time when we will die”.

Conceptual Development: The first few words sí ar lúmesse are the nearly same in all versions of the prayer, except (a) the accents are omitted from si and lumesse in version I and (b) Tolkien considered and rejected a variant form are for ar “and” (as he did in line four).

In the first two versions of the prayer Tolkien used a Quenya word for “of our death”: fíriemmo (I) and effíriemmo (II). In both cases, the noun is (ef)fírie “death” with the first person plural exclusive possessive suffix -mma “our” and the genitive suffix -o “of”. In the version I, these forms were preceded by some incomplete and difficult-to-decipher forms; for details see VT43/27, 34-35.

The word násië “Amen” appears only in the last two versions of the prayer (III-IV).

|&#160;|&#160;&#160;I&#160;&#160;|&#160;II&#160;|III|IV| |si|sí| |ar|{are &gt;&gt;} ar|ar| |lumesse|lúmesse| |{urtulm &gt;&gt; urt &gt;&gt; menya &gt;&gt;}|i fíriemmo|effíriemmo|yá firuvamme|ya firuvamme| |&#160;|násie|

-nna

to, at, upon

-nna "to, at, upon", allative ending, originating from -na "to" with fortified n, VT49:14. Attested in cilyanna, coraryanna, Endorenna, Elendilenna, númenórenna, parma-restalyanna, rénna, senna, tielyanna, q.v. If a noun ends in -n already, the ending -nna merges with it, as in Amanna, formenna, Elenna, númenna, rómenna as the allative forms of Aman, formen, elen, númen, rómen (q.v.). Plural -nnar in mannar, valannar, q.v.

-nna

suffix. (movement) to, towards, onto, at (arriving at a point); allative suffix

The Quenya allative suffix indicating motion towards; see that entry for discussion.

Conceptual Development: In Tolkien’s earlier writings, it had other forms like ᴱQ. -nta or -tta (PE14/46, 78).

allumë

adverb. never, never, *at no time, [ᴹQ.] at no date

An adverb for “never” appearing in drafts of the Löa Yucainen poem from 1958 (CPT/1297), probably a combination of the negative prefix al(a)- with lúmë “time”.

Conceptual Development: Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/111) also had ᴹQ. allume, but in that document it was glossed “at no date” and had a variant láqallume with prefixal láqa- (PE23/109, PE23/110 note #121). This document also had ᴹQ. allan “never” and {aláqan, láqan(an) &gt;&gt;} lálan, allanan “at no time”, combinations of ᴹQ. alla “none” and ᴹQ. -n(an) “time” (PE23/109 and note #114). Drafts had {lá &gt;&gt;} alla “never, at no time” (PE23/110 note #121).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would stick with Q. allumë for “never”, since I believe ᴹQ. -n(an) has abandoned.

andavë

long, at great length

andavë adv. "long, at great length" (PE17:102); see anda

antanen hatal sena

I cast a spear at him

anya-

verb. go to, reach,arrive at

anya-

verb. to reach, arrive at, go to, to reach, arrive at, go to; *to manage, succeed (at something) + infinitive

A verb for “reach, arrive at, go to” in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969, derived from the root √ANA “to(wards)” (PE22/157, 163).

Conceptual Development: An earlier verb for “arrive” was tenya- “arrive, end (not at speaker’s[?] place)” in notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s (VT49/24; VTE/49). A similar verb reappeared in notes from 1968 as tene “arrive, come to, get to” from a root √TEN, but in that note the ten- forms were rejected and changed to men-. Elsewhere men- was used in the more general sense “go” or “come” (PE17/13, 16; PE22/162), whereas in the 1969 Ambidexters Sentence, the verb tenta- was used to mean “point at” (VT49/6-8).

Luinyelle suggested that a form of anya- “arrive” (or a similar verb) might appear in the sentence [ᴹQ.] Sorni Númevalion anner “The Eagles of the Powers of the West are at hand” from the 1940s, with anner being a strong-past from ancient ✱an-nē, so the literal meaning of the sentence is “the Eagles ... arrived”. I think this is a plausible theory, but given the gap in years between this sentence and the appearance of anya- “arrive”, it is hard to say.

Neo-Quenya: Of the various options, I think anya- is the best Neo-Quenya verb for “arrive”. I further assume it is a half-strong verb with past tense ananye “arrived”; I prefer this as more distinctive than a strong past anne. I would use it both intransitively and transitively (without a preposition), as in ananyen “I arrived” vs. ananyen i osto “I arrived [at] the city = I reached the city”.

In a post on 2024-01-31 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), Luinyelle suggested it might be used in the idiomatic sense “manage, succeed (in something)” when combined with the infinitive of another verb: ananyen pare Quenya “I managed to learn Quenya” = “(lit.) I arrived [at] learning Quenya”.

aquet

answer

[aquet noun? vb? "answer" (PE17:166)]

asumo

noun. good companion,friend at need,colleague

ca

behind, at back of place

ca, cata, cana prep? "behind, at back of place" (VT43:30)

ca

preposition. behind, at back of place

ca(ta)

preposition. behind, at back of place, behind, at back of place; [ᴹQ.] after [of time]

A preposition appearing as ca, cata, cana “behind, at back of place” in notes from the mid-1950s (VT43/30). In notes associated with the Aia María prayer from the 1950s Tolkien wrote the forms canye, calye, ca- (VT43/29), probably related to carelye from the 2nd version of the prayer (VT43/27), though in the prayer its position implies the English meaning “with thee”.

Conceptual Development: The 1948 Quenya Verbal System had the word ᴹQ. kata as a preposition meaning “after [of time]” in the phrase ᴹQ. kanya ére kata tulma alwara “to be wise after the event is useless”, along with an adverb ᴹQ. kato “afterwards” in another variant of the phrase (PE22/124). These were probably related to Cad- in words like N. Cadloer “July, ✱After-summer” in drafts of The Lord of the Rings appendices from around this period (PM/136).

cana

preposition. behind, at back of place

endaquet-

verb. answer

endaquet- vb. "answer" (gloss uncertain) (PE17:167)

es

the eagles of the lords are at hand

es unidentified word in the phrase es sorni heruion an! "the Eagles of the Lords are at hand" (SD:290); possibly an assimilated form of en, that may function as a kind of deitic particle here: *"Behold the Eagles..."

feuya-

feel disgust at, abhor

feuya- verb "feel disgust at, abhor" (PHEW, VT46:9)

hanquenta

answer

hanquenta vb.? noun? "answer" (PE17:176)

hanquenta

noun. answer, answer, *response

@@@ gloss “response” suggested by Tamas Ferencz

hlóna

river, especially given to those at all seasons full of water from mountains

[hlóna (2) noun "a river, especially given to those at all seasons full of water from mountains" (VT48:27; the word is marked with a query and the note containing it rejected; it was apparently replaced by lón, q.v.)]

nai laurë lantuva parmastanna lúmissen tengwiesto

may (a) golden light fall on your book at the times of your reading

nésë nórima rocco

he was a horse strong/swift at running

néya

adverb. once, at one time

A word for “once” = “at one time (in the past)”, an adjectival form of né “ago” (VT49/31). It has two variants néya and nea. Compare also [ᴱQ.] ellume “once” = “one time”: á care sa ellume “do it once [one time only]” vs. carnes sa néya “he/she did it once [in the past]”. Very likely néya more strongly implies “pastness” than “oneness” and does not literally mean “only one time”, which could instead be expressed: carnes sa ellume.

nëa

once, at one time

nëa (1) "once, at one time" (in the past) (VT49:31). Also néya.

nëa

adverb. once, at one time

nórima

strong/swift at running

nórima adj. "strong/swift at running" (VT49:29); see nor-

oromet

place name. ?Hill at the End

A hill in western Númenor near Andúnië (S/269). The initial element of this name is most likely the prefix oro- “mountain, hill”, and its final element may be derived from the root √MET “end”, so perhaps the name means something like “✱Hill at the End”.

pirindë

flower that opened and shut quickly with any change of light at [?some ?not] even a pansy closed

pirindë noun "a flower that opened and shut quickly with any change of light at [?some ?not] even a pansy closed" (PE17:146; reading uncertain and meaning obscure; read perhaps "…at [which] not even a pansy closed") Also pirnë.

se

preposition. at, in

se

at, in

se (2), also long sé, preposition "at, in" (VT43:30; compare the "locative prefix" se- possibly occurring in an early "Qenya" text, VT27:25)

senda

resting, at peace

senda adj. "resting, at peace" (SED)

ser-

verb. rest,repose;stay, tarry, be at the moment

silumë

at this time

silumë adv. "at this time" (VT49:11, 18). Compare talumë, #sillumë.

sinan

adverb. at present

talumë

adverb. at that time

A word for “at the time (we are thinking of or speaking of)” appearing in a list of demonstratives from 1968 (VT49/11), a combination of ta “that” and lúmë “time”. Similarly formed ᴹQ. tallume “at that date/time” appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/110).

talumë

at this time

talumë adv. "at this time" meaning "at the time we are thinking of of speaking of", not referring to the present (which is silumë = "at this time" in the narrower sense). (VT49:11)

tatalla-

verb. marvel at

tulinwa

arrived, now at hand

tóquet-

verb. answer

[tóquet- vb. "answer" (PE17:166)]

uman

at one time(?)

yallumë

at last

yallumë adv.? "at last" (FS)

yéta-

verb. look at

yéta- vb. "look at" (LT1:262) Compare yé #1.

annún

adverb. at least

A neologism for “at least” coined by Tamas Ferencz based on √NU “down”.

maryë

adverb. at home, at home, *indoors

mehta-

verb. to aim at

nangwesa

noun. answer

fuia-

verb. to feel disgust at, abhor

fuia-

verb. to feel disgust at, abhor

na

preposition. to, towards, at

nand

noun. wide grassland, land at foot of hills with many streams

nann

noun. wide grassland, land at foot of hills with many streams

rhafn

noun. wing (horn), extended point at side

A noun appearing as N. rhafn “wing (horn), extended point at side” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from primitive ᴹ✶ramna under the root ᴹ√RAM (Ety/RAM).

Neo-Sindarin: I would adapt this word as ᴺS. ravn for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, since (a) initial r did not become voiceless rh in Sindarin and (b) vn is more representative of the actual pronunciation; compare: S. tavn “thing made by handicraft” (PE17/107).

rhafn

noun. wing (horn), extended point at side, etc.

tir-

verb. to watch, to gaze, look at

tiria-

verb. to watch, to gaze, look at

ndangwetha

noun. answer