lungu

noun. dragon

Derivations

• ᴹ√LOK “great serpent, dragon”

angulóke

noun. dragon

Cognates

• N. amlug “dragon” ✧ Ety/LOK

Element in

• ᴺQ. angulóceluntë “dragon boat”

Elements

Word	Gloss
ango	“snake, dragon”
lóke	“dragon”

narmo

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√ÑGARAM (Ety/ÑGAR(A)M), apparently a variant of ᴹ√ÑGAW “howl”. It seems narmo is a word for an ordinary wolf, as opposed to nauro “werewolf”.

Conceptual Development: A similar (but rejected) form ᴹQ. harma “wolf” appeared under the deleted root ᴹ√ƷARAM (Ety/ƷARAM).

Cognates

• Ilk. garm “wolf” ✧ Ety/ÑGAR(A)M
• N. garaf “wolf” ✧ Ety/ÑGAR(A)M

Derivations

• ᴹ√ÑGARAM “*wolf” ✧ Ety/ÑGAR(A)M

Element in

• ᴺQ. nengarmo “otter, (lit.) water-wolf”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ÑGAR(A)M > ñarmo > narmo	[ŋgaramo] > [ŋgarmo] > [ŋarmo] > [narmo]	✧ Ety/ÑGAR(A)M

ráka

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶d’rāk under the root ᴹ√DARAK (Ety/DARÁK), where the ancient initial dr became r as usual for Quenya (PE19/37).

Conceptual Development: Earlier words for “wolf” of similar form include ᴱQ. ulku and feminine ᴱQ. ulqi “she-wolf” appearing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√ULUKU (QL/97).

Cognates

• N. draug “wolf” ✧ Ety/DARÁK
• Ilk. drôg “wolf” ✧ Ety/DARÁK

Derivations

• ᴹ✶d’rāk ✧ Ety/DARÁK
  • ᴹ√DARAK “*wolf” ✧ Ety/DARÁK

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶d’rāk > ráka	[drāka] > [rāka]	✧ Ety/DARÁK

lóke

noun. dragon

Cognates

• N. lhûg “dragon” ✧ Ety/LOK

Derivations

• ᴹ√LOK “great serpent, dragon” ✧ Ety/LOK

Element in

• ᴹQ. Andalóke “Long Serpent”
• ᴹQ. angulóke “dragon” ✧ Ety/LOK
• ᴹQ. fealóke “spark-dragon” ✧ Ety/LOK
• ᴹQ. lingwilóke “fish-dragon, sea-serpent” ✧ Ety/LOK
• ᴹQ. rámalóke “winged dragon” ✧ Ety/LOK
• ᴹQ. urulóke “fire-dragon” ✧ Ety/LOK

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√LOK > lóke	[lōke]	✧ Ety/LOK

drôg

noun. wolf

A Doriathrin noun meaning “wolf” derived from the primitive form ᴹ✶d’rāk (Ety/DARÁK), probably from older ✱✶darākă. The accent mark in the root ᴹ√DARÁK indicated that the first syllable was unstressed, so that the [[ilk|initial [dar-] became [dr-]]]. Thereafter the [[ilk|long [ā], became [ō]]] and the [[ilk|voiceless stop [k] voiced to [g] after the vowel]].

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ráka “wolf” ✧ Ety/DARÁK

Derivations

• ᴹ✶d’rāk ✧ Ety/DARÁK
  • ᴹ√DARAK “*wolf” ✧ Ety/DARÁK

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶d’rāk > drôg	[darā́k] > [drā́k] > [drṓk] > [drṓg]	✧ Ety/DARÁK

garm

noun. wolf

A Doriathrin noun for “wolf” derived from the root ᴹ√ÑGAR(A)M (Ety/ÑGARAM), probably from a primitive form ✱✶ŋgaramō given its Quenya and Noldorin cognates ᴹQ. narmo and N. garaf (as suggested by Helge Fauskanger, AL-Doriathrin/garm). If so, the second a was lost due to the Ilkorin Syncope, and the [[ilk|the initial [ŋg-] simplified to [g-]]]. The initial syllable of the primitive form was probably stressed, since the [[ilk|initial [ŋgar-] did not simplify to [ŋgr-]]].

Conceptual Development: An earlier version of this entry had the root ᴹ√ƷARAM, but this produced the same form Dor. garm in Doriathrin [Ilkorin] since [[ilk|initial [ɣ] became [g]]].

Cognates

• ᴹQ. narmo “wolf” ✧ Ety/ÑGAR(A)M
• ᴹQ. harma “wolf, hound” ✧ Ety/ƷARAM; EtyAC/ƷARAM

Derivations

• ᴹ√ÑGARAM “*wolf” ✧ Ety/ƷARAM; Ety/ÑGAR(A)M; EtyAC/ƷARAM

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ƷARAM > garm	[ɣaramā] > [ɣarama] > [ɣarma] > [garma] > [garm]	✧ Ety/ƷARAM
ᴹ√ÑGAR(A)M > garm	[ŋgaramō] > [ŋgaramo] > [ŋgarmo] > [ŋgarm] > [garm]	✧ Ety/ÑGAR(A)M

garma

noun. wolf

A (rejected) noun for “wolf” developed from the (rejected) root ᴹ√ƷARAM (Ety/ÑGARAM), most likely from primitive ✱✶ʒaramā [ɣaramā] given its cognates. It is an example of the Danian syncope, with second unstressed [a] vanishing after the identical vowel. It is also one of the Danian words for which a long final vowel developed into short final [a]. Finally, it provides an example of how [[dan|[ɣ] became [g]]] in Danian.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. harma “wolf, hound” ✧ Ety/ƷARAM; EtyAC/ƷARAM

Derivations

• ᴹ√ÑGARAM “*wolf” ✧ Ety/ƷARAM; EtyAC/ƷARAM

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ƷARAM > garma	[ɣaramā] > [garamā] > [garmā] > [garma]	✧ Ety/ƷARAM

ulug

root. *hideous, deformed

An unglossed root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. ulundo/N. ulun “monster, deformed and hideous creature” and Ilk. olg/ᴹT. ulga “hideous, horrible” (Ety/ÚLUG). It might be a later iteration of unglossed ᴱ√ULU⁽⁾ from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like the negative prefix ᴱQ. ulka “bad, wicked, wrong” and the prefix ᴱQ. ul- “mis-”, distinct from but confused with the negative prefix ul- derived from primitive ḷ before labial consonants (QL/97). Tolkien said the root was actually ᴱ√’ULU [ƷULU], but in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon it had derivatives like G. ulc “evil, bad, wicked” (GL/74), rather than ✱✱gulc which is the expected result of ✱ʒulc- in Gnomish.

Derivatives

• Ilk. olg “hideous, horrible” ✧ Ety/ÚLUG
• ᴹ✶ulgundō “monster, deformed and hideous creature” ✧ Ety/ÚLUG
  • Ilk. ulion “monster, deformed and hideous creature” ✧ Ety/ÚLUG
  • ᴹQ. ulundo “monster, deformed and hideous creature” ✧ Ety/ÚLUG
  • N. ulun “monster, deformed and hideous creature” ✧ Ety/ÚLUG
  • ᴹT. ulgundo “monster, deformed and hideous creature” ✧ Ety/ÚLUG
• N. ul- “*ugly” ✧ Ety/ÚLUG
• ᴹT. ulga “hideous, horrible” ✧ Ety/ÚLUG

Element in

• N. Ulfang ✧ Ety/SPÁNAG
• N. Ulfast ✧ Ety/PHAS
• N. Ulwarth ✧ Ety/WAR

Variations

• ÚLUG ✧ Ety/PHAS; Ety/SPÁNAG; Ety/ÚLUG; Ety/WAR
• ÚLGU ✧ Ety/ÚLUG

ulug

noun. dragon

Cognates

• Eq. lóke “snake, dragon” ✧ GL/74

Derivations

• ᴱ√LOKO “twine, twist, curl” ✧ LT2A/Foalókë

Element in

• G. fuithlug “dragon (who guards treasure)” ✧ LT2A/Foalókë
• G. uluch “she-dragon” ✧ GL/74

Variations

• ulug ✧ GL/74; LT2A/Foalókë

ulug

noun. wolf

lingwir

noun. dragon

Cognates

• Eq. lingwin “serpent, dragon”

urc

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/75), likely related to ᴱQ. ulku “wolf” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon derived from the early root ᴱ√ULUKU (QL/97). In the Qenya Lexicon Tolkien gave the Gnomish form as ulug, but in the Gnomish Lexicon the gloss of G. ulug was changed {“wolf” >>} “dragon” (GL/74).

Changes

• ulug → ulug “wolf” ✧ GL/74
• ulug → ulug “wolf” ✧ LT2A/Foalókë

Cognates

• Eq. ulku “wolf” ✧ QL/097

Derivations

• ᴱ√ULUKU “wolf”

Element in

• G. fuithlug “dragon (who guards treasure)” ✧ LT2A/Foalókë (fûlug)

Variations

• ulug ✧ GL/74 (ulug); LT2A/Foalókë (ulug); QL/097

harog

noun. wolf

Derivations

• ᴱ√HARA

Variations

• harw ✧ GL/48; GL/75

harw

noun. wolf

cunn

noun. dragon

gunn

noun. dragon

Changes

• gund → cunn “dragon” ✧ PE13/145
• cunn → gunn ✧ PE13/162

Cognates

• Eq. kondo “dragon” ✧ PE13/162; PE13/162

Element in

• G. Glorund ✧ PE13/144
• En. gonnas “dragon’s lair” ✧ PE13/141; PE13/162

Variations

• cunn ✧ PE13/141; PE13/145; PE13/162 (cunn)
• gund ✧ PE13/144 (gund); PE13/145 (gund); PE13/162 (gund)

uluku

root. wolf

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “wolf”, with derivatives like ᴱQ. ulku and G. ulug of the same meaning (QL/97). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien first gave G. ulug “wolf”, but this word’s gloss was revised to “dragon” as a cognate to ᴱQ. lōke (GL/74), and Tolkien added a new word G. urc “wolf” as an equivalent to harw. None of the later Elvish “wolf” words resemble either √ULUK- or √URUK-.

Derivatives

• Eq. ulku “wolf” ✧ QL/097
• Eq. ulqi “she-wolf” ✧ QL/097
• G. urc “wolf”

ulku

noun. wolf

Cognates

• G. urc “wolf” ✧ QL/097

Derivations

• ᴱ√ULUKU “wolf” ✧ QL/097

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴱ√ULUKU > ulku	[ulukū] > [uluku] > [ulku]	✧ QL/097

fenume

noun. dragon

Variations

• fenumë ✧ LT2A/Glorund
• Fenume ✧ QL/038

kondo

noun. dragon

Cognates

• En. gunn “dragon” ✧ PE13/162; PE13/162

Element in

• Eq. kondasse “dragon’s lair” ✧ PE13/162