rip

root. rush, fly, fling, hurl

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “rush, fly, fling” with derivatives like ᴹQ. rimpa “rushing, flying” and N. rhib- “to flow like a (?torrent)”, the latter an element in the name N. Rhimdath “Rushdown” (Ety/RIP). This river name appeared in early maps from Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (RS/205), but the river was unlabeled in the published version of The Lord of the Rings. As for the root ᴹ√RIP, it reappeared with the gloss “fling, hurl (of something long like an arrow, spear, shaft)” in a rejected list of roots from Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s, having a single derivative in the past form ᴹQ. rimpe “hurled” (PE22/127 note #141). In this list ᴹ√RIP appeared immediately above the root ᴹ√KHAT “hurl”, which also appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KHAT).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is better to use the better-known root ᴹ√KHAT for “hurl, fling”, which derivatives like Q. hatal “spear” as late as the 1960s. If ᴹ√RIP is used, it is probably best to give it the meaning of its derivatives from The Etymologies: “rush, fly”.

Derivatives

• ᴹQ. rimpa “rushing, flying” ✧ Ety/RIP
• ᴹQ. rip- “to hurl” ✧ PE22/127
• N. rhib- “to flow like a (?torrent)” ✧ Ety/RIP

skel

root. *strip

An unglossed root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. helda/N. hell “naked”, ᴹQ. helma “skin, fell” and N. helf “fur” (Ety/SKEL). The root was initially given as ᴹ√SKAL, and various forms had a >> e after ᴹ√SKAL >> ᴹ√SKEL (EtyAC/SKEL).

Changes

• SKAL → SKEL ✧ Ety/SKEL

Derivatives

• ᴹ✶skelmā “skin, fell” ✧ Ety/SKEL; EtyAC/SKEL
  • ᴹQ. helma “skin, fell, skin, fell, *hide” ✧ Ety/SKEL
  • ᴹQ. halma “skin, fell” ✧ EtyAC/SKEL
  • N. helf “fur, fur, *hide” ✧ Ety/SKEL
• ᴹ✶skelnā “naked” ✧ Ety/SKEL; EtyAC/SKEL
  • ᴹQ. helda “naked, stripped bare” ✧ Ety/SKEL
  • ᴹQ. halla “naked” ✧ EtyAC/SKEL
  • On. skhella “naked” ✧ Ety/SKEL; EtyAC/SKEL
  • N. hell “naked, naked, *stripped” ✧ Ety/SKEL; EtyAC/SKEL
• ᴹ✶skelta- “to strip” ✧ Ety/SKEL
  • ᴺQ. helta- “to strip, bar, peel; *to despoil, denude”
  • N. heltha- “to strip, to strip, flay, peel skin; to despoil, make bare” ✧ Ety/SKEL
• ᴹQ. helda “naked, stripped bare” ✧ Ety/SKAL¹
• ᴺQ. helet “fur, fur-coat”
• N. heleth “fur, fur-coat” ✧ Ety/SKEL
• N. helf “fur, fur, *hide” ✧ Ety/SKEL
• N. halath “skin, fell” ✧ EtyAC/SKEL
• On. skhalta- “to strip” ✧ EtyAC/SKEL
  • N. heltha- “to strip, to strip, flay, peel skin; to despoil, make bare” ✧ EtyAC/SKEL

Element in

• N. haldir “fur-hunter” ✧ EtyAC/SKEL (haldir)

Variations

• SKAL ✧ EtyAC/SKEL (SKAL)

ris

root. slash, rip

Derivatives

• Ilk. rest “cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
• ᴹ✶risse- “a ravine” ✧ Ety/RIS²
  • N. rhis “ravine” ✧ Ety/RIS²
• ᴹ✶rista- “cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
  • ᴹQ. rista- “to cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
  • N. rhista- “to cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
• ᴹQ. rista “cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
• N. rhest “cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
• On. rista- “rend, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS¹
  • N. rista- “to rend, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS¹

Element in

• ᴹ√KIRIS “cut” ✧ Ety/KIRIS; Ety/RIS²
• N. Orchrist ✧ Ety/RIS¹

kiris

root. cut

Changes

• KIRÍS → KIRÍS “cut, slash” ✧ Ety/KIRIS

Derivatives

• ᴹQ. kirisse “slash, gash” ✧ Ety/KIRIS; EtyAC/KIR
• N. criss “cleft, cut, slash; pass” ✧ Ety/KIRIS; EtyAC/KIR
• N. crist “cleaver, sword” ✧ Ety/KIRIS

Elements

Word	Gloss
KIR	“cleave”
RIS	“slash, rip”

Variations

• KIRÍS ✧ Ety/KIRIS; Ety/RIS²; EtyAC/KIR (KIRÍS); EtyAC/KIRIS (KIRÍS)

rista-

verb. cut

Derivations

• ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS²

Derivatives

• ᴹQ. rista- “to cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
• N. rhista- “to cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²

kir

root. cleave

Derivatives

• ᴹ✶kiryā “ship”
  • ᴹQ. kirya “ship, boat” ✧ PE19/060; PE19/060; PE19/060
• ᴹQ. kirya “ship, boat” ✧ Ety/KIR
• N. ceir “ship” ✧ Ety/KIR

Element in

• ᴹ√KIRIK “*reap”
• ᴹ√KIRIS “cut” ✧ EtyAC/KIR (KIRÍS)