quer-

verb. to turn, to turn, *revolve

A verb for “turn” appearing in various forms in the Ambidexters Sentence from 1969 (VT49/20-21). It is clearly based on the root √KWER “revolve” (PE17/65), and so probably has that sense as well. If so, this verb might be used both transitively (turn something) and intransitively (turn oneself = revolve).

Conceptual Development: A similar verb ᴱQ. {wir- >>} kere “turn” appeared in Early Qenya Word-lists from the 1920s (PE16/134), likely based on the early root ᴱ√KERE of the same meaning (PE14/65). This early root had a variant ᴱ√ku̯ere [KWER] which Tolkien eventually decided was the normal form of the root.

quer-

verb. turn

#quer- vb. "turn" (transitive), attested as pa.t. quernë (VT49:18-20). Compare kuere (kwere) as one variant of a stem meaning "turn" (PE14:65). English intransitive "to turn" requires a reflexive pronoun in Quenya: mo quernë immo "one turned oneself" (VT49:6), in idiomatic English simply "one turned". Passive participle #querna "turned", isolated from nuquerna (q.v.) "under-turned" = reversed, turned upside down. Also in númenquerna "turned westward" (VT49:18), nanquernë "turned back", pl. form of *nanquerna (VT49:17-18, 20)

perna-

verb. to turn

A neologism coined by Hialmr inspired by querna “✱turned”. Fiona Jallings instead suggested ᴺS. per- “to turn” as a direct cognate of Q. quer-, but this clashes with per- “half” so that I prefer Hialmr’s suggestion.

per-

verb. to turn