lug

proper name. Lug

lungu

noun. dragon

Derivations

• ᴹ√LOK “great serpent, dragon”

lóke

noun. dragon

Cognates

• N. lhûg “dragon” ✧ Ety/LOK

Derivations

• ᴹ√LOK “great serpent, dragon” ✧ Ety/LOK

Element in

• ᴹQ. Andalóke “Long Serpent”
• ᴹQ. angulóke “dragon” ✧ Ety/LOK
• ᴹQ. fealóke “spark-dragon” ✧ Ety/LOK
• ᴹQ. lingwilóke “fish-dragon, sea-serpent” ✧ Ety/LOK
• ᴹQ. rámalóke “winged dragon” ✧ Ety/LOK
• ᴹQ. urulóke “fire-dragon” ✧ Ety/LOK

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√LOK > lóke	[lōke]	✧ Ety/LOK

angulóke

noun. dragon

Cognates

• N. amlug “dragon” ✧ Ety/LOK

Element in

• ᴺQ. angulóceluntë “dragon boat”

Elements

Word	Gloss
ango	“snake, dragon”
lóke	“dragon”

lug

root. be heavy

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “be heavy”, with the derived adjectives ᴹQ. lunga and N. lhong of the same meaning (Ety/LUG¹). Given the appearance of G. lung “heavy; grave, serious” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, I think the idea for this root dates back to this period, though the related verb G. luntha- “balance, weigh” indicates the Early-period root may have been ✱ᴱ√LUŊU instead (GL/55). Tolkien’s continued used of Q. lungu- and S. -lung for “heavy” in his later writings indicates its ongoing validity (S/185; PE17/162; VT47/19).

Derivatives

• ᴹ✶lungā “heavy” ✧ Ety/LUG¹
  • Ilk. lung “heavy” ✧ Ety/LUG¹
  • ᴹQ. lunga “heavy; fraught” ✧ Ety/LUG¹
  • N. lhong “heavy” ✧ Ety/LUG¹
• ✶lungu “heavy”
  • Q. lungo “heavy”
  • S. lung “heavy, heavy; [G.] grave, serious”
• ᴹQ. lu- “to be heavy, be sad” ✧ PE22/102
• ᴺQ. lungwë “pound”

Element in

• ᴹQ. Lunguma “Heavy Hand”
• Ilk. Mablung “Heavy-hand” ✧ Ety/MAP

Variations

• LUG ✧ PE22/102

lug

root. *blue

Derivatives

• Ilk. lûn “pale” ✧ EtyAC/LUY
• ᴹ✶lugni “blue” ✧ Ety/LUG²
  • Ilk. lûn “pale” ✧ Ety/LUG²
  • Dan. lygn “pale” ✧ Ety/LUG²
  • ᴹQ. lúne “blue, blue, [ᴱQ.] deep blue” ✧ Ety/LUG²; EtyAC/LUG²
  • N. lhûn “blue” ✧ Ety/LUG²
• ᴹQ. luina “pale” ✧ EtyAC/LUY

Variations

• LUY ✧ EtyAC/LUY (LUY)

dag

root. dig

A rejected root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “dig” (Ety/DAG), it may have been a transient replacement for √SAP.

Derivatives

• ᴹ✶dagdā “pit” ✧ EtyAC/DAG
  • N. daudh “pit” ✧ EtyAC/DAG
• ᴹQ. lára “grave” ✧ EtyAC/DAG

angwa

root. snake

The root √ANGWA “snake” with variant √ANGU appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as the basis for the words ᴹQ. ango “snake” (Ety/ANGWA) and angulóke “dragon” (Ety/LOK). The Noldorin equivalent am- seems to have survived only as a prefix (Ety/ANGWA), and is a good example of how [[on|[ŋgw] > [mb]]] in that language. There are a variety of other words for “snake” in Tolkien’s later writings, so whether this root remained valid is unclear.

Derivatives

• ᴹQ. ango “snake, dragon” ✧ Ety/ANGWA
• N. am- “snake” ✧ Ety/ANGWA

Element in

• ᴹQ. angulóke “dragon” ✧ Ety/LOK

Variations

• ANGU ✧ Ety/ANGWA

ulug

noun. dragon

Cognates

• Eq. lóke “snake, dragon” ✧ GL/74

Derivations

• ᴱ√LOKO “twine, twist, curl” ✧ LT2A/Foalókë

Element in

• G. fuithlug “dragon (who guards treasure)” ✧ LT2A/Foalókë
• G. uluch “she-dragon” ✧ GL/74

Variations

• ulug ✧ GL/74; LT2A/Foalókë

lûg

noun. snake

Cognates

• Eq. lóke “snake, dragon” ✧ LT2A/Foalókë; PE15/28; PE13/105

Element in

• G. fenlug “snake” ✧ GL/34 (fenlug)

Variations

• lug ✧ GL/34 (lug)
• Lûg ✧ LT2A/Foalókë; PE15/28
• Lug ✧ PE13/105

fenlug

noun. snake

Variations

• fenlog ✧ GL/34 (fenlog)

lingos

noun. snake

Cognates

• Eq. lingwe “snake, worm”

lingwir

noun. dragon

Cognates

• Eq. lingwin “serpent, dragon”

elt

noun. dig, poke (probe), tug, lug

Changes

• elt → elt “a dig, a poke (probe), a tug, lug” ✧ GL/32

Derivations

• ᴱ√ELE “drive, push, thrust, send forth”

Variations

• elt ✧ GL/32 (elt)

elta-

verb. to draw, tug, lug; to thrust, dig, poke (inward)

Changes

• elta- → eltha-² “draw, tug, lug” ✧ GL/32
• elta- → elta- “to thrust, dig, poke (inward)” ✧ GL/32

Derivations

• ᴱ√ELE “drive, push, thrust, send forth”

Variations

• eltha- ✧ GL/32 (eltha-)

fent

noun. snake

A word for “snake” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, along with a deleted variant fenlug (fenlog-) (GL/34), the latter probably a combination with G. lûg “snake”. It was clearly a cognate of ᴱQ. fent “serpent” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/38).

Cognates

• Eq. fent “serpent, dragon”

Derivations

• ᴱ√ǶEN+U “*poison”

Element in

• G. Fenthur “King of Serpents” ✧ GL/34

cunn

noun. dragon

gunn

noun. dragon

Changes

• gund → cunn “dragon” ✧ PE13/145
• cunn → gunn ✧ PE13/162

Cognates

• Eq. kondo “dragon” ✧ PE13/162; PE13/162

Element in

• G. Glorund ✧ PE13/144
• En. gonnas “dragon’s lair” ✧ PE13/141; PE13/162

Variations

• cunn ✧ PE13/141; PE13/145; PE13/162 (cunn)
• gund ✧ PE13/144 (gund); PE13/145 (gund); PE13/162 (gund)

nini

root. *blue

Derivatives

• ᴱ✶nindyā “blue”
  • Eq. ninwa “blue” ✧ PE13/164
  • En. nainn “blue” ✧ PE13/150; PE13/164
• Eq. nindon “lapis lazuli” ✧ QL/066
• Eq. nin “blue (colour), blueness, blue green” ✧ QL/066
• Eq. ninwa “blue” ✧ QL/066
• G. nim “pale blue, blue green”
• G. nind “blue stone, turquoise”

liŋi Reconstructed

root. snake

Derivatives

• ᴱ✶slingwé
  • En. lhiw “worm” ✧ PE13/149
• Eq. lin “snake”
• G. ling “small snake”

lingo

noun. snake

lin

noun. snake

A word for “snake” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, with a stem form of {linge- >>} ling- (QL/54).

Cognates

• G. ling “small snake”

Derivations

• ᴱ√LIŊI “snake”

Element in

• Eq. lingwe “snake, worm” ✧ QL/054
• Eq. ingwil(in) “eel” ✧ QL/043

Variations

• lin ✧ QL/043
• Lin² ✧ QL/054

fenume

noun. dragon

Variations

• fenumë ✧ LT2A/Glorund
• Fenume ✧ QL/038

kondo

noun. dragon

Cognates

• En. gunn “dragon” ✧ PE13/162; PE13/162

Element in

• Eq. kondasse “dragon’s lair” ✧ PE13/162

oqi

noun. snake

Derivations

• ᴱ√OQO “curve, bend” ✧ QL/070

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴱ√OQO > oqi	[okʷī] > [okʷi]	✧ QL/070