har-

verb. to sit, stay, to sit, stay, [ᴱQ.] remain; [ᴹQ.] to dwell, abide, reside

This is the common Quenya verb for “to sit” (UT/305, 317), also used to mean “stay” (PE17/162) or “remain” (QL/39). An elf might say in greeting hara máriessë, but this means “stay in happiness” rather than being a literal invitation to sit down. The verb har- was derived from the root √KHAD “sit” (PE18/95; PE22/148). When describing buildings (and shorter hills) in Quenya, they are said to “sit” rather than “stand” unless they are particularly tall (PE22/125).

Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. har- dates all the way back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where it was glossed “remain” under the early root ᴱ√HAŘA [HAÐA] “cleave [to], remain” (QL/39). The Qenya Lexicon had ᴱQ. soro- as the verb for “sit” under the early root ᴱ√SORO [ÐORO] (QL/85). The English-Qenya Dictionary (EQG) of the 1920s also had soro “sit” (PE15/77), and the Early Qenya Grammar (EQG) from this period had the past form sórie “sat” (PE14/46, 78).

The verb ᴹQ. har- reappeared with the gloss “sit” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KHAD of the same meaning, but this verb and its root were revised to ᴹQ. ham- and ᴹ√KHAM (Ety/KHAM; EtyAC/KHAM). At some point Tolkien introduced a new root ᴹ√KHAM “call to, summon, name by name”, writing “KHAM sit (replacing KHAD, cancelled)”, which apparently meant ᴹ√KHAD “sit” was restored.

The Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of 1948 had both har- and ham-, but in that document ham- meant “sit” and har- meant “dwell, abide, reside” (PE22/125). In that document Tolkien said “Q ham- ‘sit’ is used often of cities, towns, houses (and also of hills that are not very high): dwellings, buildings (except high towers) are not said to stand”. √KHAD “sit” appeared in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ2) written around 1950 (PE18/95), and there are no signs of ham- “sit” thereafter, only har-.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would assume that Tolkien’s 1948 statements about the use of ham- “sit” for buildings also applies to har- “sit”. I would also ignore the 1948 use of har- to mean “dwell, abide, reside”, using Q. mar- for that purpose instead.

har-

sit, stay

har- vb. "sit, stay", pl. present hárar in CO (i hárar "those who sit, those who are sitting"). Imperative hara in the phrase (hara) máriessë "(stay) in happiness" (PE17:162). According to VT45:20, har- "sit" is derived from a stem KHAD which Tolkien abandoned in the Etymologies, but since CO is later than Etym, he may seem to have restored KHAD. If so, the past tense of har- would be *handë.

har-

verb. dwell, abide, reside permanently

har

near

har, harë adj.? adv.? "near" (LT1:253)

tar-

verb. to stand

The root √TAR is translated “stand” in notes from around 1967 (PE17/186), and its past form tarne “stood” appears in a sentence from the same document: sanome tarne Olórin, Aracorno... “there stood Gandalf, Aragorn...” (PE17/71).

Conceptual Development: Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s had ᴱQ. hyā- “stand” (PE16/132). The Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of 1948 had a past form ᴹQ. tolle “stood” (PE22/117) and an inceptive verb ᴹQ. tolu- “stand up” (PE22/114) clearly based on ᴹ√TOL (Ety/TOL²), but later in the same document had ᴹQ. thar- “stand” based on the root ᴹ√THAR (PE22/126), probably a precursor to later tar- “stand” < √TAR.

ham-

sit

ham- (1) vb. "sit" (KHAM)

hamma

chair

hamma noun "chair" (VT45:20)

handa

chair

[?handa] (2) noun "chair"; the reading is uncertain and the word was in any case deleted (VT45:20). In the Etymologies, Tolkien likewise abandoned the root KHAD from which this word was derived, but he may seem to have restored this root later (see har-).

Harmen

south

[Harmen] noun "south" (MEN)(Changed to hyarmen.)

Hyarastorni

south

Hyarastorni place-name, region in Númenor, apparently including hyar- "south" and perhaps orni "trees" (UT:210)

Nolmë

knowledge, philosophy (including science)

Nolmë ("ñ")noun "knowledge, Philosophy (including Science)" (PM:360 cf. 344)

handë

knowledge, understanding, intelligence

handë noun "knowledge, understanding, intelligence" (KHAN). Note: *handë is (probably) also the past tense of the verb har- "sit".

hyarmen

south

hyarmen, Hyarmen noun "south" (SA, SA:men, KHYAR), literally "lefthand-direction" (VT49:12), since the Elves named the directions as they were to a person facing the Blessed Realm in the West Also name of tengwa #33 (Appendix E). In Hyarmendacil masc.name, "South-victor" (Appendix A), apparently also in the place-name Hyarmentir (name of a mountain; the element -tir means *"watch[ing point]".) (SA) Hyarnustar "the Southwestlands" of Númenor; Hyarrostar the "Southeastlands" (UT:165)

issë

knowledge, lore

issë noun "knowledge, lore" (LT2:339; rather ista or istya in Tolkien's later Quenya)

ista

knowledge

ista (1) noun "knowledge" (IS). Also istya.

istare

noun. knowledge

istya

knowledge

istya noun "knowledge" (IS). Also ista (#1).

tyul-

verb. to stand

A neologism coined by Alex Grigny de Castro in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s, based on the root ᴹ√TYUL “stand up (straight)”, along with an intransitive variant ᴺQ. tyulya- and a transitive form ᴺQ. tyulta- (inspired by ᴱQ. tyulta-) suggested by Helge Fauskanger. I’d stick to attested tar- instead for “stand (intr.)”, which was published in 2007.