dôl

noun. flat/lowlying vale

A noun glossed “flat, lowlying vale” (Ety/DAL). Helge Fauskanger pointed out that the gloss is ambiguous, and it may be that this word can also be used an adjective “flat” (AL-Ilkorin/dôl).

gwelo

noun. air, lower air

A noun for “air” or “the lower air”, derived from the same primitive form ᴹ✶wilwā as its Quenya equivalent ᴹQ. Wilwa (Ety/WIL). Here the [[ilk|initial [w] became [gw]]]. Furthermore, after the [[ilk|final [a] was lost]], the [[ilk|final [w] became [u]]] and then became [o], as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/gwelo).

Conceptual Development: In the Addenda and Corrigenda to The Etymologies, Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne indicated the Tolkien revised this form to gwelm at the same time as he change its primitive to ᴹ✶wilmā and the Quenya form to ᴹQ. Wilma (EtyAC/WIL). This entry keeps the earlier Ilkorin form gwelo because Tolkien never revised ᴹQ. Wilwa in the narratives of this period.

mir(nang)eluið

proper name. mir(nang)eluið

A rejected and hard-to-analyze Ilkorin name for the Silmarils appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, revised to N. Mîr in Geleidh (EtyAC/MIR). It seems to contain mîr “jewel”.

urthin gwethion

place name. *Mountains of Shadow

Ilkorin name for N. Eredwethion appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, a combination of the plural of orth “mountain” and the genitive plural of gwath “shade” (Ety/WATH, EtyAC/WATH).

boron

noun/adjective. steadfast, trusty man, faithful vassal

A word meaning “steadfast, trusty man, faithful vassal” developed from the primitive form ᴹ✶bóron- (Ety/BOR). Because the initial syllable was stressed in the primitive form, the initial [bor-] did not reduce to [br-] as it did when the primitive vowel was unstressed. The glosses seem to indicate that it could be used as an adjective “steadfast” or a noun “trusty man, faithful vassal”. However, it is possible that the first part of the gloss is meant to read “steadfast/trusty man”, so that the word is only a noun.

caun

adjective. bowed, bow-shaped, bent

An adjective meaning “bowed, bow-shaped, bent” developed from the primitive form ᴹ✶kuʒnā (Ety/KUƷ). The middle diphthong went through various sound changes as indicated in The Etymologies. First the [[ilk|[u] became [o] preceding the final [a]]] (kogna), then the [[ilk|[g] (from ✶ʒ) vocalized to [u] before the [n]]] (coun) and finally the diphthong [[ilk|[ou] became [au]]] (caun).

nand

noun. field, valley

A Doriathrin noun meaning “field, valley” (Ety/NAD), also appearing as nan and described as “land at foot of hill with many streams” (EtyAC/NAD).

tor tinduma

proper name. King of Twilight

A title for Thingol appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, a combination of tôr “king” and the genitive of tindum “starry twilight” (Ety/THIN, TIN).

muilin

adjective. secret, veiled

A Doriathrin adjective meaning “secret, veiled” derived from root ᴹ√MUY (Ety/MUY), apparently a combination of muil “vagueness” and the adjective-suffix -in.

nivon

noun/adverb. forward, west

A Doriathrin word meaning “forward” or “west”, derived from the root ᴹ√NIB (Ety/NIB). It could have developed from primitive forms like ✶nibon or ✶nibn(ǝ), with -on developing in the second example because [[ilk|[o] developed between a consonant and a final [n]]] in Ilkorin. As noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/nivon), the sense “west” probably developed from the meaning “forward” because the Elves thought of themselves as facing West when marking directions.

denithor

masculine name. Saviour of the Dani

Doriathrin name for the leader of the Danians (LR/188), called in their own language Dan. Denethor (Ety/DAN). This name developed from the primitive form ᴹ✶Ndanithārō.

Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, this name first appeared in forms resembling the Doriathrin name: Denilos or Denithor (SM/271). Later in these drafts, it was change to its Danian form Denethor (LR/119, 145). It kept that form thereafter.

tovon

adjective. lowlying, deep, low

An adjective meaning “lowlying, deep, low” derived from primitive ᴹ✶tubnā (Ety/STAB). The [[ilk|short [u] became [o] before the final [a]]], while the [[ilk|[b] spirantalized to [v] after a vowel]], with the [[ilk|[n] becoming syllabic and developing into [-on]]] after it became final. These developments were all suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/tovon).

espalass

noun. foaming (?fall)

A noun derived from the root ᴹ√SPÁLAS and glossed “foaming (?fall)”; the second word in the gloss is unclear (Ety/PHAL). It was marked as Ilkorin (EtyAC/PHAL). Apparently the initial [sp-] became syllabic [ṣp-] and then became [esp-].

thorntor

masculine name. King of Eagles

Ilkorin name for N. Thorondor appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, translated “King of Eagles” (Ety/THOR). It is a combination of thorn “eagle” and tôr “king”.

gwind

adjective. pale blue

An adjective for “pale blue” derived from the root ᴹ√GWINDI, rejected along with its root (EtyAC/GWINDI).

lómendor

place name. Lómendor

Ilkorin name of N. Dor-lómen, from which the Noldorin name was derived (Ety/LAM). It is a combination of lómen “echoing” and dôr “land”.

(n)gôl

adjective. wise, magical

A Doriathrin adjective for “wise, magical” derived from the root ᴹ√ÑGOL (Ety/ÑGOL, THIN). In an earlier version of this entry, the forms were ngûl and gûl, but these were rejected (EtyAC/ÑGOL). It may be that Tolkien was considering making this another case where [[ilk|long [ō] became [ū]]] in Ilkorin, but he rejected the idea. In the entry for ÑGOL in The Etymologies, it appeared as both ngôl and gôl; the first of seems to be a variant of the usual rule that [[ilk|initial [ŋg] became [g]]] in Ilkorin.

dôr

noun. land

A Doriathrin noun for “land” (EtyAC/NDOR) apparently from primitive ᴹ✶ndorē (Ety/NDOR). If its primitive form indeed had a short [o], then this word may be an example of how short vowels sometimes lengthened in monosyllables in Ilkorin.

gwilwering

noun. butterfly

A noun for “butterfly” derived from the root ᴹ√WIL (Ety/GWEN). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. wilwarind- suggests its primitive form was ✶wilwarinde*. If so, it is an example of how [[ilk|[nd] sometimes became [ŋg]]] in Ilkorin. As suggested by Helge Fauskanger, this may be due to assimilation to the preceding [g] (AL-Ilkorin/gwilwering).

líw

noun. fish

A Doriathrin noun for “fish” derived from primitive ᴹ✶liñwi (Ety/LIW). It is the clearest example of how [[ilk|[ŋg] vanished before [w] lengthening the preceding vowel]], as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/líw). @@@ same development in ᴱN hiw PE13/147

Conceptual Development: This word first appeared as rejected ling (EtyAC/LIW), probably reflecting Tolkien’s uncertainty on the development of [-ŋgw-] in Ilkorin.

nîw

noun. nose

A Doriathrin noun for “nose” derived from ᴹ✶neñwi (Ety/LIW). It is likely an example of how [[ilk|[ŋg] vanished before [w] lengthening the preceding vowel]], especially if the [[ilk|[e] first became [i] before the [ŋg]]], as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/nîw).

rant

noun. flow, course of river

A word meaning “flow, course of river” derived from the root ᴹ√RAT (Ety/RAT). It probably developed from an nasal-infixed variant of the root such ✶ranta*, as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/rant).

trêw

adjective. fine, slender

An adjective meaning “fine, slender” derived from primitive ᴹ✶terēwā (Ety/TER), where the unstressed vowel in the first syllable vanished to produce the favored combination [tr] as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/trêw).

ganu

noun/adjective. male (person or animal)

A Doriathrin word (noun and adjective?) for a “male” derived from the root ᴹ√ƷAN (Ety/ƷAN).

Possible Etymology: Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. hanu indicates a primitive form ✶ʒanū [ɣanū], but ordinarily a primitive final vowel was lost in Ilkorin. Helge Fauskanger suggested that this Ilkorin word was instead derived for adjective form ✶ʒanwā [ɣanwā], which would have produced final -u after the loss of the [-ā] because [[ilk|final [w] became [u]]]. This derivation is indicated in the Phonetic Developments given below.

An alternate possibility, though, is that [u] was an exception to the rule that final vowels were lost in Ilkorin. The Noldorin development ᴹ√ƷAN > ON. anu > N. anw hints at a similar process. This uncertainly in its etymology makes it difficult to determine the part of speech (noun and/or adjective) that this word belongs to.

goldamir

proper name. Silmaril, (lit.) *Noldo-jewel

A Doriathrin name for the Silmarils, a combination of the genitive form of gold “Noldo” and mîr “jewel” (Ety/MIR, ÑGOLOD), hence: “Noldo-jewel”. It also appeared in the variant form Goldomir*, which may hint at the primitive form of the genitive.

tû

noun. muscle, sinew, vigour, physical strength

A noun meaning “muscle, sinew; vigour, physical strength” derived from primitive ᴹ✶tūgu with an attested intermediate form tūgh [tūɣ] (Ety/TUG). It is a good example of how [[ilk|[g] spirantalized to [ɣ] (“gh”) after a vowel]], and the resulting voiced velar spirant [[ilk|[ɣ] vanished]], as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/tû).

gelu

adjective. (pale) blue

A Doriathrin adjective meaning “(pale) blue” derived from the root ᴹ√ƷEL (Ety/ƷEL), probably from a primitive form ✶ʒelwā* [ɣelwā] based on its cognates. If so, the [[ilk|initial [ɣ] became [g]]], the [[ilk|primitive final [a] vanished]], after which the [[ilk|final [w] became [u]]]. These developments were noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/gelu).

umboth muilin

place name. Twilight Meres, Veiled Pool

Doriathrin precursor to S. Aelin-uial translated “Twilight Meres” (LR/262). In The Etymologies, it was translated “Veiled Pool” and given as a combination of umboth “large pool” and muilin “veiled” (Ety/MBOTH, MUY).

cwend

noun. Elf

A Doriathrin noun meaning “Elf” derived from primitive ᴹ✶kwenedē (EtyAC/KWEN(ED)), an example of the Ilkorin syncope.

Conceptual Development: This word is nearly identical to earlier Gnomish Cwenn “Elf” before Tolkien revised the phonological history of the Noldorin language so that [[on|[kw] became [p]]].

gad

noun. fence

A Doriathrin noun meaning “fence” derived from the root ᴹ√GAT(H) (Ety/GAT(H)), most likely from a primitive form ✶gat-. As pointed out by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/gad), its gloss is a bit peculiar, given that the other derivatives of its root same to have meanings associated with caves. As Mr. Fauskanger suggested, this may represent a transition in Tolkien’s thinking on the meaning of the associated name Doriath*: “Land of the Cave” (Ety/GAT(H)) >> “Land of the Fence” (WJ/370).

gwene

adjective. green

An adjective for “green” derived from the root ᴹ√GWEN (Ety/GWEN). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. wenya suggests its primitive form was ✶gwenyā* [gwenjā]. If so, it is an example of how, after [[ilk|final [a] was lost]], the [[ilk|final [j] became [i]]] and then became [e], as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/gwene).

gôd

noun. dirtiness, filth

A noun meaning “dirtiness, filth” derived from primitive ᴹ✶wahtē (Ety/WAƷ). This word underwent quite a few phonetic developments, as indicated below and as described by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/gôd).

laig

adjective. fresh, lively, keen, sharp

An adjective meaning “fresh, lively” developed from the primitive form ᴹ✶laikwā (Ety/LÁYAK). It is a good example of how [[ilk|[w] vanished after medial velars]] in Ilkorin, as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/laig). This allowed it to blend with the derivative of ᴹ✶laikā and assume the additional meanings “keen, sharp” (Ety/LAIK).

tell

noun. close, end, last part

A noun meaning “close, end, last part” derived from the root ᴹ√TELES (EtyAC/TELES). Its Quenya cognates ᴹQ. telle and ᴹQ. tella (< ᴹ✶télesā) suggest a primitive form of ✶telesē*. The middle [e] would have vanished due to the Ilkorin syncope, after which apparently the [[ilk|[ls] became [ll]]], though this is the only example of this change.

gwing

noun. spindrift, flying spray

A noun for “spindrift, flying spray” derived from primitive ᴹ✶wingē (Ety/WIG). Here the [[ilk|initial [w] became [gw]]].

adar

noun. father

The Ilkorin word for “father” derived from primitive ᴹ✶atar[ă], also attested in its plural form edrin (Ety/ATA). It is identical to its Noldorin cognate N. adar having undergone similar phonetic changes from its primitive form, possibly ✶atară*.

brith

noun. broken stones, gravel

A word for “broken stones, gravel” developed from the primitive form ᴹ✶b’rittē or ✶birittē* (Ety/BIRÍT), because in Ilkorin unstressed initial syllables reduced to favored clusters.

naugol

noun. Dwarf

A Doriathrin word for “Dwarf” derived from the root ᴹ√NAUK- or NAWAK (Ety/NAUK). Tolkien said that it was a diminutive form, not a direct cognate of ᴹQ. nauko or N. naug. It may be derived from a primitive form such as ✶naukle, as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/naugol), though there isn’t enough evidence to determine the original final vowel, since primitive final vowels vanished in Ilkorin. The final -ol* appeared because [[ilk|[o] developed between a consonant and final [l]]] in Ilkorin.

Its genitive form naugla appears as an element in Dor. Nauglamír “Necklace of the Dwarves” (Ety/NAUK).

taur

noun. wood (place and material), forest

A noun meaning “wood (place and material), forest” derived from primitive ᴹ✶taurē after primitive final vowels vanished (Ety/TÁWAR).

thavon

noun. carpenter, wright, builder

A noun meaning “carpenter, wright, builder” derived from primitive ᴹ✶stabnō (Ety/STAB). The [[ilk|initial [s] spirantalized the following [t] to [θ] (“th”)]], while the [[ilk|[b] spirantalized to [v] after a vowel]], and [[ilk|[n] became syllabic, developing into [-on]]] after it became final. These developments were all suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/thavon).

trum

noun. shield

A noun for “shield” derived from primitive ᴹ✶turumbē (Ety/TER), where the unstressed vowel in the first syllable vanished to produce the favored combination [tr], and later the [[ilk|[mb] simplified to [m]]] when this cluster became final.

(n)gold

noun. one of the wise folk, Gnome

A Doriathrin name for the ᴹQ. Noldo from the same primitive root ᴹ√ÑGÓLOD (Ety/ÑGOLOD). In the entry for ÑGOLOD in The Etymologies, it appeared as (n)gold, indicating a variation of the usual rule that [[ilk|initial [ŋg] became [g]]] in Ilkorin. The second [o] of the primitive form was lost due to the Ilkorin syncope. Its genitive form golda also appeared as an element in the name Goldamir “*Noldo-jewel” = Silmaril.

gwine

noun. evening

A noun for “evening” derived from primitive ᴹ✶winyā [winjā], but it was rejected along with its root ᴹ√WIN (Ety/WIN). It is the clearest example of the Ilkorin phonetic development whereby [[ilk|final [j] became [i]]] and then became [e], since Tolkien indicated the intermediate forms before rejecting the word.

tingla-

verb. to sparkle

A verb meaning “to sparkle” derived from the root ᴹ√TIN (Ety/TIN), mostly likely from a primitive verb ✶tinglā. If so, it is an example of how the Ilkorin a-affection]] was prevented or reverted before [ŋg]. This development was pointed out by Helge Fauskanger, though he suggested the primitive verb was ✶tintilā, a cognate Q. tintila-, with a medial development of [-nt(i)l-] > [-ngl-] (AL-Ilkorin/tingla-).

ulion

noun. monster, deformed and hideous creature

A noun meaning “monster, deformed and hideous creature” derived from primitive ᴹ✶ulgundō (Ety/ÚLUG). Here the [[ilk|final [un] became [on]]] after other vowels and consonants were lost. This is also the only attested example of how [[ilk|[g] became [i] between an [l] and a vowel]], as noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/ulion).

-a(n)

suffix. genitive

The Ilkorin genitive suffix (Ety/NAUK), attested in Dor. Tor Tinduma “King of Twilight” (Ety/TIN). It might have developed from the root ᴹ√NĀ/ANA, which is the source of the Quenya genitive suffix ᴹQ. -n and the Noldorin preposition N. na “of”. Helge Fauskanger suggested instead that it developed from a suffixal form of ᴹ✶ʒō (AL-Ilkorin/-a). This second derivation seems more plausible given its plural form -ion, though the plural could also have developed from (plural) ✶ī + (genitive) ✶āna > ✶-iān(a) > -iōn > -ion*. See the entry on the genitive inflection for further discussion.

Conceptual Development: This suffix and its plural are the same as the Gnomish genitive suffix -a with plural -ion (GG/10). The derivation of the Gnomish genitive is closer to Mr. Fauskanger’s suggested etymology of the Ilkorin genitive, giving further support to his theory.

argador

place name. [Land] Outside the Fence

A name for Doriath translated “Outside the Fence”, a compound of argad “outside the fence” (Ety/AT(AT)) and dôr “land” (Ety/GAT(H), AR²). Thus, its literal meaning is “[Land] Outside the Fence”.

cwess

noun. down (feathers)

A noun meaning “down (feathers)” derived from primitive ᴹ✶kwessē (Ety/KWES) when the primitive final vowel was lost.

esg²

noun. rustle, noise of leaves

A rejected noun meaning “rustle, noise of leaves” derived from the root ᴹ√EZGE (Ety/EZGE). Its (rejected) Quenya cognate ᴹQ. eske indicates a primitive form ✶eseke*, despite the root form. If so, middle [e] was lost due to the Ilkorin syncope, and afterwards the [[ilk|[esk] became [esg]]].

galbreth

noun. beech

A Doriathrin (and Falathrin) noun for “beech (tree)”, a combination of gald “tree” and breth “(beech) mast” (Ety/GALAD, BERÉTH). The second element originally meant “beech”, but later meant “mast”; this original meaning seems to be preserved in this compound.

gwo-

prefix. together

An archaic prefix meaning “together” derived from primitive ᴹ✶wō̆- (Ety/WŌ). It was lost because it coalesced with the preposition go “from”. As such, it is the clearest example of how [[ilk|initial [gwo] became [go]]] in Ilkorin.

mîd

noun. moisture

A Doriathrin noun for “moisture” derived from primitive ᴹ✶mizdē (Ety/MIZD). The [i] lengthened due to the [[ilk|vocalization of [z] before voiced stops]], as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/míd). According to Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne, this form was originally unglossed and may have been initially intended to mean “fine rain” like its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. miste (EtyAC/MIZD, VTE/45).

saum

noun. drinking-vessel

A noun meaning “drinking-vessel” derived from primitive ᴹ✶sukmā (Ety/SUK). This word went through a number of phonetic changes:

• [[ilk|the [k] became [g] before the nasal [m]]]

• [[ilk|the [u] shifted to [o] before the final [a]]]

• [[ilk|the [g] vocalized to [u] before the nasal [m] producing the diphthong [ou]]]

• [[ilk|the resulting diphthong [ou] became [au]]]

Helge Fauskanger originally suggested these developments (AL-Ilkorin/saum).

thôn

noun. pine-tree

A noun for “pine-tree” derived from the root ᴹ√THON, also appearing in its genitive plural form thonion “of pines” (Ety/THŌN, EtyAC/THŌN). Helge Fauskanger suggested that it developed from primitive ✶thon- with a short ŏ because the [[ilk|[ō] did not become [ū] before the nasal]] (AL-Ilkorin/thôn), and only later did the short vowel lengthen in the monosyllable. I think that Mr. Fauskanger may have over-generalized this rule, however, since the other examples of [ō] becoming [ū] occur only before [m] and the change may not have applied to nasals in general. If this is the case, this word could have developed from primitive ✶thōn-. There is not enough evidence to say for certain either way.

Conceptual Development: In notes elsewhere this word was given the form Dor. than with genitive plural form thanion (LR/405), probably associated with the earlier name Dorthanion versus later Dorthonion (LR/145). It is also possible these are Doriathrin and Ilkorin variations of the same word.

cwên

noun. small gull, petrel, sea-bird

A noun meaning “small gull, petrel, sea-bird” derived from primitive ᴹ✶kwǣnē (EtyAC/KWǢ, PE22/32), an example of how primitive [[ilk|[ǣ] became [ē]]] in Ilkorin. In the Etymologies, this word was marked as Ilkorin (EtyAC/KWǢ), while in Tolkien’s description of the “Fëanorian Alphabet”, it was marked as Falathrin (PE22/32).

daum

noun. night-time, gloom

A noun meaning “night-time, gloom”, derived from root ᴹ√DOƷ (Ety/DOƷ). The development of its Noldorin and Quenya cognates point to a primitive form of ᴹ✶doʒmē [doɣmē] (Ety/DOƷ, DOMO). This word probably underwent development similar to its Noldorin cognate N. daw but with the retention of the final [-m]: ✶doʒmē > dogme > doume > Ilk. daum. The word Ilk. caun has an attested development that also follows this pattern (Ety/KUƷ). Helge Fauskanger suggested this same phonological history in his study of Ilkorin (Al-Ilkorin/daum).

go

preposition. from, away, patronymic

A preposition “from, away” marked as both Ilkorin (Ety/ƷŌ̆; PE21/60) and Doriathrin (EtyAC/ƷŌ̆). It developed from primitive ᴹ✶ʒō̆ (Ety/WŌ), with the [[ilk|initial [ɣ] becoming [g]]]. It was also used as patronymic, as in go-Thingol “*child of Thingol” (Ety/ƷŌ̆).

Conceptual Development: This preposition may be a restoration of the Gnomish patronymic G. go-.

eld

noun. Star-folk, Elf

A rejected Doriathrin word for “Elf”, a derivation of the root ᴹ√ELED and a direct cognate of ᴹQ. Elda, also appearing in its plural form Eldin (Ety/ELED). It was replaced by Ilk. Egla derived from the inverted form of the root: ᴹ✶edel[a].

haudh

noun. heap, ‘piled mound’

@@@

myrilind

noun. nightingale

The Ilkorin noun for “nightingale”, appearing as both murilind and myrilind (Ety/MOR, TIN). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. morilinde indicates a primitive form of ✶morilindē, further supported by the rejected Ilkorin form morilind (EtyAC/MOR). This would have produced murilind according to the rules of Ilkorin i-affection]]. The variant form myrilind hints at a different (dialectical?) phonetic development, as pointed out by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/murilind). See the entry on i*-affection]] for further discussion.

tor thingol

proper name. King Thingol

A title for Thingol appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, a combination of tôr “king” with his name (Ety/TĀ, Ety/THIN).

rost

noun. plain, wide land between mountains

A Doriathrin noun meaning “plain, wide land between mountains” derived from the root ᴹ√ROS (Ety/ROS²).

(n)golo

noun. magic, lore

A Doriathrin noun for “magic, lore” from the primitive root ᴹ√ÑGOL (Ety/ÑGOL), most likely from the primitive form ✶ŋgolwe based on its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. nolwe. In the entry for ÑGOL in The Etymologies, it appeared as (n)golo*, indicating a variation of the usual rule that [[ilk|initial [ŋg] became [g]]] in Ilkorin. After its final vowel was lost, the [[ilk|final [w] became [u]]], which then became [o], the only Doriathrin example of this second change.

alch

noun. swan

An Ilkorin word for “swan” derived from primitive ᴹ✶alkwā (Ety/ÁLAK). This word is a good example of how voiceless stops became spirants after liquids and voiceless stops in Ilkorin.

aman

noun. mother

Ilkorin for “mother” (Ety/AM¹), also appearing in its plural form emnin (EtyAC/AM¹).

ariador

place name. Land Outside

A variant form of Argador “[Land] Outside the Fence”, marked as Falathrin in The Etymologies (Ety/GAT(H), Ety/AR²). If so, it is evidence that in that dialect, primitive [g] became [i] between an [r] and a vowel, just as in the main Ilkorin dialect [[ilk|[g] became [i] between an [l] and a vowel]].

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, ᴱIlk. Aryador or Ariador was also said to be a dialectical word, from (early) Ilkorin (GL/20), possibly with a similar phonetic development.

aros

place name. Aros

A river in Doriath described as “a river with reddish water” (Ety/YAR). This name seems to include a variant of arn “red” or perhaps the root ᴹ√YAR, combined with the suffix -os “land” also seen in thalos.

belthronding

proper name. Belthronding

erdh

noun. seed, germ

A noun meaning “seed, germ” derived from primitive ᴹ✶eredē (Ety/ERÉD). The middle [e] was lost due to the Ilkorin syncope, and afterwards the [[ilk|[d] became [ð] after [r]]], as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/erdh).

esg¹

noun. sedge, reed

A noun meaning “sedge” derived from the root ᴹ√ESEK (Ety/ESEK), probably from a primitive form ✶eseke*. The middle [e] was lost due to the Ilkorin syncope, and afterwards the [[ilk|[esk] became [esg]]], as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/esg).

gald

noun. tree

A Doriathrin noun for “tree” derived from the root ᴹ√GÁLAD (Ety/GALAD), probably from a primitive form ✶galadā with the second a* lost due to the Ilkorin Syncope. Note that the first element [[ilk|[gal-] did not reduce to [gl-]]] because the initial syllable was stressed in the primitive word.

garon

noun. lord

A Doriathrin noun for “lord” derived from the root ᴹ√ƷAR or possibly ᴹ√GAR (Ety/ƷAR), perhaps from a primitive form ✶ɣarān-*. If so, the [[ilk|initial [ɣ] became [g]]], while the long [[ilk|[ā] became [ō]]] and then [[ilk|shortened to [o] in the final syllable of a polysyllable]].

Conceptual Development: An earlier version of this entry had Dor. garan, which likely had a short [a] in the second syllable which was preserved. Since it did not undergo the Ilkorin Syncope, the primitive form likely either had no final vowel or ended in a short [a], so the second [a] was in the final syllable, which seems to have prevented the syncope; this theory is supported by its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. haran.

gold

noun. one of the wise folk, Gnome

gwau

noun. wind

A noun meaning “wind” derived from the root ᴹ√WAW(A) (Ety/WĀ). Here the [[ilk|initial [w] became [gw]]], and after the final vowel vanished, the [[ilk|final [w] became [u]]].

gwedh

noun. bond

A noun meaning “bond” derived from primitive ᴹ✶wedā (Ety/WED). Here the [[ilk|initial [w] became [gw]]], and the [[ilk|[d] spirantalized to [ð]]].

gwen

noun. girl

A noun for “girl” derived from primitive ᴹ✶wen- (Ety/WEN). Here the [[ilk|initial [w] became [gw]]].

laur

noun. gold

A Doriathrin noun for “gold” developed from primitive ᴹ✶laurē, properly golden light rather than the metal (Ety/LÁWAR).

lind

noun/adjective. tuneful, sweet, *singing

An adjective meaning “tuneful, sweet” developed from primitive ᴹ✶lindā (Ety/LIND, EtyAC/LIND). It is an example of how the usual Ilkorin a-affection was prevented or reverted before [nd], as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/lind). This word may also have had the sense “singing” in the word myrilind “nightingale = night singing”, from primitive ᴹ✶lindē.

line

noun. pool

A noun for “pool” derived from the root ᴹ√LIN (Ety/LIN¹). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. linya suggests its primitive form was ✶linyā* [linjā]. If so, it is an example of how, after [[ilk|final [a] was lost]], the [[ilk|final [j] became [i]]] and then became [e], as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/line).

lûn

adjective. pale

A Doriathrin adjective for “pale” derived from primitive ᴹ✶lugni, a revision of the form luin that appeared in The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road (Ety/LUG², EtyAC/LUG²). The revision of [ui] >> [ū] probably reflects Tolkien’s vacillation on how primitive [[ilk|[g] vocalized before [m], [n]]] in Ilkorin. The earlier form of this word might an element in the name Draugluin “Werewolf” (LR/134), which in earlier writings was glossed “Werewolf Pale” (LB/205). The early Noldorin word ᴱN. lhui “pale” might be a precursor to it (PE13/149).

mâb

noun. hand

An Ilkorin and Doriathrin noun for “hand” derived from primitive ᴹ✶mapā (Ety/MAP, EtyAC/MAP), where the [[ilk|voiceless stop [p] voiced to [b] after the vowel]]. Since its primitive form had a short [a] and its Ilkorin form a long [ā] (EtyAC/MAP), this word is an example of how short vowels sometimes lengthened in monosyllables in Ilkorin.

nass

noun. web

A Doriathrin noun for “web” (Ety/NAT). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. natse indicates a primitive form ✶natsē*, where the [ts] became [ss] because [[ilk|medial voiceless stops became [s] before [s]]] in Ilkorin.

nef

noun. face

A Doriathrin noun meaning “face” derived from the root ᴹ√NIB (Ety/NIB). The vowel change suggests a primitive form ✶niba, where the [i] became [e] because of Ilkorin a-affection]]. If this is the case, it is not a direct cognate of N. nîf* “front, face”.

radhon

noun. east

A Doriathrin word for “east”, derived from the root ᴹ√RAD “back, return” (Ety/RAD). It could have developed from primitive forms like ✶radon or ✶radn(ǝ), with -on developing in the second example because [[ilk|[o] developed between a consonant and a final [n]]] in Ilkorin. As noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/radhon), the sense “east” probably developed from the meaning “back” because the Elves thought of themselves as facing West when marking directions, so that East was behind them.

rond

noun. domed roof

A noun meaning “domed roof” derived from a nasal-infixed form of the root ᴹ√ROD “roof, cave” (Ety/ROD).

rôth

noun. cave

A Doriathrin noun for “cave”, also appearing as roth, derived from primitive ᴹ✶rǭda or ᴹ✶roda (Ety/ROD, EtyAC/ROD). The [[ilk|[d] sprirantilized to [ð] (“dh”)]] as usual, then after the final vowel was lost the [[ilk|final [ð] became [θ]]] as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/roth). The original sound [ð] is preserved in the plural rodhin.

taig

adjective. steep, tall, deep

An adjective meaning “steep, tall, deep” derived from primitive ᴹ✶taikā (Ety/AYAK, EtyAC/TĀ). The [[ilk|[k] became [g] after a vowel]] as usual.

tund

adjective. tall

An adjective for “tall” derived from primitive ᴹ✶tundā (Ety/TUN). It is an example of how the Ilkorin a-affection was prevented or reverted before [nd], as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/tund).

êd

feminine name. Rest

The Ilkorin name of ᴹQ. Este, developed from the same primitive form ᴹ✶ezdē (EtyAC/EZDĒ).

argad

noun. exterior, outside, (lit.) outside the fence

A Doriathrin noun meaning “the exterior, the outside”, literally “outside the fence” (Ety/GAT(H)). It is a combination of ar- “outside” and gad “fence”. The entry in The Etymologies also had a rejected variant argadon (EtyAC/GAT(H)).

beleg

masculine name. Strong

bril

noun. glass, crystal

A word for “glass, crystal” developed from the primitive form ᴹ✶mbiríl- (Ety/MBIRIL), because in Ilkorin unstressed initial syllables reduced to favored clusters.

ding

noun. sound, *twang

A noun that, together with its variant dang, was glossed “sound” (Ety/DING). Given that its root form ᴹ√DING was said to be onomatopoeic, it was probably a word for a particular kind of sound, perhaps like English “twang”, which is a gloss of several derivatives of the similar root ᴹ√TING/TANG.

duil

noun. river

A noun meaning “river”, simply an elaboration of its root ᴹ√DUY (Ety/DUI).

duin

noun. water, river

A noun meaning “water, river”, simply an elaboration of its root ᴹ√DUY (Ety/DUI).

esgar¹

noun. wound

A noun for “wound” derived from the root ᴹ√SKAR (Ety/SKAR). Apparently the initial [sk-] became syllabic [ṣk-], which then became [esk-]. Afterwards the [[ilk|[esk] became [esg]]].

gwath

noun. shade

A noun glossed “shade” (shadow) derived from the root ᴹ√WATH (Ety/WATH). It is a clear example of how [[ilk|initial [w] became [gw]]] in Ilkorin, and it appears in several names: Thuringwethil “(Woman of) Secret Shadow” and Urthin Gwethion (unglossed but presumably “*Mountains of Shadow”).

gôl¹

noun. light

A (rejected?) Doriathrin noun for “light” derived from primitive ᴹ✶gālæ appearing in The Etymologies (Ety/KAL, EtyAC/KAL). According to Christopher Tolkien’s notes, it was part of a rejected etymology for the name Thingol, but it isn’t clear whether this noun was rejected or if it was just the etymology. Its long primitive vowel [[ilk|[ā] became [ō]]] as was the norm in Ilkorin.

hedhu

adjective. grey

A Doriathrin adjective for “grey” written heðu in The Etymologies, and derived from the primitive form ᴹ✶khithwa [kʰitʰwa] (Ety/KHIS). This word illustrates several interesting phonetic changes in Ilkorin.

• The [[ilk|[i] became [e] before the final [a]]].

• Both the aspirates became voiceless spirants: [kʰ-] > [x-] and [-tʰ-] > [-θ-].

• Later the [[ilk|initial [x-] became [h-]]].

• Meanwhile the [[ilk|medial [-θ-] voiced to [-ð-]]] (“dh”).

• The [[ilk|primitive final [a] was lost]].

• Afterwards, the resulting [[ilk|final [w] became [u]]].

In most other Doriathrin words, a [[ilk|final [u] from [w] further developed into [o]]]; it is unclear why this change did not occur here.

laudh

noun. licking up (food or drink), gluttonous eating

@@@

môr

noun. night

A noun for “night” derived from primitive ᴹ✶mǭri (EtyAC/MOR), where the primitive [[ilk|[ǭ] became [ō]]].

salch

noun. grass

A noun for “grass” derived from the root ᴹ√SALAK (Ety/SALÁK-(WĒ)). It is a good example of how [[ilk|[w] vanished after medial velars]] in Ilkorin.

talum

noun. ground, floor

A noun meaning “ground, floor” derived from the root ᴹ√TALAM (Ety/TALAM). Most likely it developed from primitive ✶talama*, first losing the second [a] due to the Ilkorin syncope and the final [a] when short final vowels vanished, after which the resulting [[ilk|final [m] became syllabic and developed into [um]]]. These developments were suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/talum).

taum

noun. holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple

A noun meaning “holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple” developed from the primitive form ᴹ✶takmā (Ety/KUƷ). Most likely its development was similar to that of caun: first the [[ilk|[k] became [g] before the nasal]], then the [[ilk|[g] vocalized to [u] before the [m]]] and finally the diphthong [[ilk|[ou] became [au]]].

thind

adjective. grey

An adjective for “grey” derived from primitive ᴹ✶thindi (Ety/THIN) because primitive final vowels vanished in Ilkorin.

thind

masculine name. Thind

A shorter Ilkorin name for Ilk. Thingol appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/THIN). It is simply thind “grey” used as a name.

thorn

noun. eagle

A noun for “eagle” derived from the root ᴹ√THÓRON (Ety/THOR). Its cognates ᴹQ. soron and N. thoron suggest a primitive form ✶thoronē, where the middle [o] was lost due to the Ilkorin syncope. Its plural form is not thurin as printed in The Lost Road, but is actually thurnin* matching its singular (EtyAC/THOR), as predicted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/thorn).

tôr

noun. kings, king

A noun for “king” derived from primitive ᴹ✶tār(ō), also appearing in its plural form tórin (Ety/TĀ, BAL). Tolkien said that it was “only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes”, though apparently it also survived in compounds like Torthurnion “King of Eagles” (Ety/THOR) and Balthor “Vala-king” (Ety/BAL). It is an example of how [[ilk|[ā] became [ō]]] in Ilkorin, as noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/tôr).

ungol

noun. darkness

A noun for “darkness” developed from the root ᴹ√UÑG (Ety/UÑG), perhaps from a primitive form ✶uñglē̆* [uŋglē̆] as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/ungol): after the [[ilk|primitive final [e] was lost]], the resulting [[ilk|final [l] would become syllabic and develop into [-ol]]].

ôr

noun. blood

A noun for “blood” derived from the root ᴹ√YAR (Ety/YAR). Its cognates ᴹQ. yár and N. iâr indicates a primitive form ✶yār(ǝ) [jārǝ], where the vowel changed to [o] because of Ilkorin a-affection]]. Helge Fauskanger suggested instead that the primitive form was ✶yara because of the Quenya stem form yar-, with a lengthening of the vowel in the primitive monosyllabic form (AL-Ilkorin/ôr) @@@ examine further.

ar-

prefix. outside, beside

An Ilkorin prefix meaning “outside, beside”, the same as in Quenya and Noldorin (Ety/AR²).

gangel

noun. harp

A noun meaning “harp” derived from the root ᴹ√ÑGAN(AD) (Ety/ÑGAN), probably from a primitive form ✶ngandellē based on its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. nandelle. Its plural form genglin is a good representation of the rules for plural nouns in Ilkorin: the suffix -in*, the syncope of the final vowel and mutation of other vowels. It is also an example of how primitive [[ilk|[nd] sometimes became [ŋg]]] in Ilkorin. As suggested by Helge Fauskanger, this may be due to assimilation to the preceding [g] (AL-Ilkorin/gangel).

gelion

adjective. bright

An adjective meaning “bright” derived from the root ᴹ√GAL, the basis of the river name Gelion (Ety/GYEL). There isn’t enough information to deduce its primitive form, but Helge Fauskanger suggested ✶galjānā* (AL-Ilkorin/gelion), which seems reasonably plausible.

gwên

noun. greenness

A noun for “greenness” derived from the root ᴹ√GWEN (Ety/GWEN).

gôr

adjective. soiled, dirty

An adjective meaning “soiled, dirty” derived from primitive ᴹ✶waʒrā [waɣrā] (Ety/WAƷ). This word underwent quite a few phonetic developments, as indicated below and as described by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/gôr).

maig²

adjective. soft, pliant

An adjective meaning “soft, pliant” derived from primitive ᴹ✶mazgā (EtyAC/MASAG). It had essentially the same development as the noun maig “dough” (from ᴹ✶mazgē), because in both cases the primitive final vowel vanished without further effect.

ngorth

noun. horror

A Doriathrin noun for “horror” derived from the root ᴹ√ÑGÓROTH (Ety/ÑGOROTH). Its Noldorin cognate N. goroth indicates a primitive form ✶ŋgorotʰo, where the second o was lost due to the Ilkorin syncope. Ordinarily, an initial ng- became g-]] in Ilkorin, as noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/ngorth), and ngorth* seems to be a variation on this rule.

ring

noun. cold pool or lake (in mountains)

A Doriathrin noun meaning “cold pool or lake (in mountains)” derived from the root ᴹ√RINGI (Ety/RINGI). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. ringwe suggests a primitive form ✶riñgwi [riŋgwi]. This is problematic, since [[ilk|[ŋg] vanished before [w] lengthening the preceding vowel]], as with Dor. líw < ᴹ✶liñ(g)wi. It is possible, though, that this word developed directly from the root form ✶riñgi [riŋgi], as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/ring).

tindum

noun. (starry) twilight, starlight

A noun meaning “(starry) twilight, starlight”, a combination of tim “star” and dûm “twilight” (Ety/DOMO, TIN), also appearing in its genitive form tinduma (Ety/THIN). Either the compound preserved the original [n] from tim < ᴹ✶tinmē, or the [n] reformed by assimilation to the [d].

tolda-

verb. to fetch

A verb for “to fetch” derived from primitive ᴹ✶tultā-, attested only in its 3rd-singular present form tolda “he fetches” (Ety/TUK). Here the [[ilk|short [u] became [o] before the final [a]]]. The change of [lt] to [ld] is harder to explain, since ordinarily voiceless stops became spirants after liquids in Ilkorin, as noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/tolda).

tâch

adjective. firm, stiff, solid

An adjective meaning “firm, stiff, solid” derived from the root ᴹ√TAK (Ety/TAK). Since it ends with “ch” [x] instead of “g”, most likely its primitive form was ✶takka*, since voiceless stops became spirants after liquids and voiceless stops in Ilkorin. Its middle vowel must have been a short [a], otherwise the [[ilk|long [ā] would have become [ō]]]. Therefore, this word is an example of how short vowels sometimes lengthened in monosyllables in Ilkorin. Both these phonetic developments were noted by Helge Fauskanger in his study of Ilkorin (AL-Ilkoring/tâch).

uduvon

place name. Uduvon

Ilkorin name for ᴹQ. Utumno appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, a derivative of the same primitive form ᴹ✶Utubnu (Ety/TUB).

ascar

adjective. violent, rushing, impetuous

An adjective meaning “violent, rushing, impetuous”, appearing as the river name Ascar (Ety/SKAR).

balthor

proper name. Vala-king

A title in The Etymologies translated “Vala-king”, a combination of the root ᴹ√BAL and Ilk. tôr “king”, also attested in its plural form Balthorin (Ety/BAL). It is an example of how voiceless stops became spirants after liquids l and r.

benn

noun. husband

A noun meaning “husband” developed from primitive ᴹ✶besnō (Ety/BES), the only example of how [[ilk|[sn] became [nn]]] in Ilkorin.

ber

noun. valiant man, warrior

A noun meaning “valiant man, warrior” developed from primitive ᴹ✶berō (Ety/BER) after the primitive final vowel vanished in Ilkorin.

cwindor

noun. narrator

A Doriathrin noun meaning “narrator” derived from primitive ᴹ✶kwentrō (Ety/KWET). This word underwent several notable phonetic changes: first the voiceless stop was voiced after the nasal ([nt] > [nd]), after which [[ilk|[e] became [i] before the [nd]]] ([end] > [ind]) and finally an [[ilk|[o] developed between the consonant and the final [r]]] ([-dr] > [-dor]). These changes were all noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/cwindor).

góda-

verb. to soil, stain

A verb meaning “to soil, stain” derived from primitive ᴹ✶wahtā- (Ety/WAƷ). This word underwent quite a few phonetic developments similar to those of related gôd “dirtiness, filth”, as indicated below and as described by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/góda-).

dûm

noun. twilight

A noun for “twilight” developed from primitive ᴹ✶dōmi (Ety/DOMO), where the long [[ilk|[ō] became [ū] before [m]]].

esgar²

noun. reed-bed

A noun for “reed-bed”, apparently an elaboration of Ilk. esg “reed” (Ety/ESEK). In a hastily written entry in The Etymologies, a similar form esgar was glossed “shore” as a derivative of the root ᴹ√SKAR, but with no language specified (EtyAC/SKAR²). If it was Ilkorin, it probably underwent the same development as esgar “wound”. Both these words appeared to have been coined to explain the name of the town Esgaroth from the Hobbit.

lalm

noun. elm-tree

A noun meaning “elm-tree” developed from the root ᴹ√(L)ALAM (Ety/ÁLAM). An identical form appeared elsewhere in The Etymologies with its language marked “D”, perhaps for Doriathrin (Ety/LÁLAM). This word is unusual in that its [[ilk|final [m] did not become syllabic after a consonant]], although it did for other similar words such as talum.

rhass

noun. precipice

A Doriathrin noun for “precipice” derived from primitive ᴹ✶khrassē (EtyAC/KHARÁS), an example of how [[ilk|initial [x] unvoiced following [l], [r], [w]]] in Ilkorin.

tag-

verb. to fix, construct, make

A verb meaning “to fix, construct, make” derived from the root ᴹ√TAK, attested only its 3rd singular present tense form taga “he fixes, constructs, makes” (Ety/TAK). The [[ilk|[k] became [g] after a vowel]] as usual.

umboth

noun. large pool

A Doriathrin noun meaning “large pool”, apparently an elaboration of moth “pool” (Ety/MBOTH). Either the u- is some kind of prefix, perhaps an intensifier, or the initial [m] of the root became syllabic, both as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/umboth).

Conceptual Development: Tolkien seems to have coined this word to explain Umboth Muilin “Twilight Meres”, a remnant of earlier G. Umboth-muilin “Pools of Twilight”. The meaning of the Ilkorin elements is reversed from the earlier name: in Gnomish the word G. umboth meant “twilight” (GL/75). In later writings, Tolkien replaced this name with S. Aelin-uial “Meres of Twilight”.

adda

noun. father (hypocoristic)

A diminutive form of “father”, similar to English “daddy” (Ety/ATA). Helge Fauskanger suggested it may have developed from primitive ✶attō based on its Quenya equivalent ᴹQ. atto* (AL-Ilkorin/adda), but I think that is likelier to be a child’s invention, unrelated to other languages.

tung

adjective. taut, tight, resonant (of strings)

An adjective for “taut, tight” derived from primitive ᴹ✶tungā, meaning “resonant” when referring to strings (Ety/TUG). It is an example of how the Ilkorin a-affection was prevented or reverted before [ŋg], as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/tung).

ass

noun. cooked food, meat

A noun meaning “cooked food, meat” (Ety/AP). Given its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. apsa, it seems to be an example of how [[ilk|voiceless stops became [s] before [s]]] in Ilkorin.

basgorn

noun. round bread

This word is marked Ilk. in one entry in The Etymologies (Ety/KOR), but elsewhere the same word is marked as Noldorin: N. basgorn (Ety/MBAS). The elements of this word are also marked as Noldorin: N. bast “bread” (Ety/MBAS) and N. corn “round” (Ety/KOR). It is possible the Ilkorin word underwent the same phonetic development as its Noldorin counterpart, or that it is a loan word from Noldorin.

el

noun. star

A Doriathrin noun meaning “star”, a simple derivative of the root ᴹ√EL (Ety/EL).

ado

adjective. double

An adjective meaning “double” derived from the primitive root for two: ᴹ√AT (Ety/AT(AT)). The entry includes both intermediate and final forms adu and ado. Its Quenya cognate atwa indicates a primitive form ✶atwā*, so this word is the clearest evidence that [[ilk|final [w] became [u]]] and [[ilk|final [u] became [o]]] in Ilkorin.

arn

adjective. red

A Doriathrin adjective meaning “red” derived from the root ᴹ√YAR (Ety/YAR), likely derived from a primitive form such as ✶yarna* [jarna]. It is a good example of how [[ilk|initial [j] vanished]] in Ilkorin.

bel

noun. strength

An Ilkorin word for “strength”, developed from primitive ᴹ✶belē (Ety/BEL), an example of how final vowels vanished in Ilkorin.

dorn

noun. oak

A Doriathrin noun meaning “oak” derived from the primitive form ᴹ✶dóron[o] (Ety/DÓRON). The accent mark in the root indicated that the first syllable was stressed, thereby preventing the [[ilk|initial [dor-] from becoming [dr-]]]. The second [o] was lost, however, due to the Ilkorin syncope.

hidhum

noun. fog

A Doriathrin noun for “fog” written hiðum in The Etymologies, and derived from the primitive form ᴹ✶khithme [kʰitʰme] (Ety/KHIS, EtyAC/KHIS). This word illustrates several interesting phonetic changes in Ilkorin.

• Both the aspirates became voiceless spirants: [kʰ-] > [x-] and [-tʰ-] > [-θ-].

• Later the [[ilk|initial [x-] became [h-]]].

• Meanwhile the [[ilk|medial [-θ-] voiced to [-ð-]]] (“dh”).

• The [[ilk|primitive final [e] was lost]].

• Afterwards, the resulting [[ilk|final [m] became syllabic and developed into [-um]]].

laf

noun. babe

A rejected Doriathrin noun for “babe” developed from the root ᴹ√LAP (EtyAC/LAP). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. lapse suggests a primitive form of ✶lapsē, but elsewhere a [[ilk|medial [ps] became [ss]]] in Ilkorin, as with tuss < ᴹ✶tupsē*.

olg

adjective. hideous, horrible

An adjective meaning “hideous, horrible” derived from the root ᴹ√ULUG (Ety/ÚLUG). Its Telerin cognate ᴹT. ulga indicates a primitive form ✶ulgā*, so that in the Ilkorin word the [[ilk|short [u] became [o] preceding the final [a]]] before that final vowel vanished.

orn

noun. tree

A Doriathrin noun for “tree” derived from the root ᴹ√ÓR-NI or ᴹ√ÓRON (Ety/ÓR-NI, EtyAC/NEL). According Tolkien, it was “in Doriath used especially of beech, but as a suffix [it was] used of any tree of any size” (Ety/ÓR-NI). The root ᴹ√ÓR-NI in The Etymologies suggests a primitive form of ᴹ✶ornĭ, but elsewhere Tolkien indicated the primitive form was ᴹ✶ornē (e.g. on SD/302). Both primitive forms would have produced Ilk. orn, as noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/orn).

oth

noun. war

A noun for “war” derived from primitive ᴹ✶oktā (Ety/OKTĀ). It is a good example of how double spirants became single in Ilkorin, in this case [kt] > [xθ] (or [θθ]) > [θ].

rîm

noun. edge, hem, border

A Doriathrin noun meaning “edge, hem, border” derived from the root ᴹ√RĪ (Ety/RĪ). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. ríma suggests a primitive form ✶rīmā*, where the primitive final vowel vanished in Ilkorin.

tal

noun. foot

A noun for “foot” derived from the ᴹ√TAL (Ety/TAL). It is unusual in that its plural form tel involved Ilkorin i-affection but not the suffix -in, as noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/tal).

tangol

noun. pin, brooch

A noun meaning “pin, brooch” derived from primitive ᴹ✶tankla [taŋkla] (Ety/TAK). First the [[ilk|[k] became [g] after the nasal [ŋ]]] and then [[ilk|final [l] became syllabic and developed into [ol]]]. These developments were suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/tangol).

tass

noun. pin

A noun for “pin” derived from primitive ᴹ✶taksē (Ety/TAK), where the [ks] became [ss] because [[ilk|medial voiceless stops became [s] before [s]]] in Ilkorin.

tiog

adjective. thick, fat

An adjective meaning “thick, fat” derived from primitive ᴹ✶tiukā (Ety/TIW), where the primitive [[ilk|[iu] became [io]]] and the [[ilk|[k] voiced to [g] after the vowel]], as was usual in Ilkorin.

dair

noun. shadow of trees

A noun meaning “shadow of trees”, derived from root ᴹ√DAY “shadow” and marked as identical in both the Ilkorin and Doriathrin dialects (Ety/DAY). Its primitive form was probably ✶dair- ending in some final vowel, now lost; Helge Fauskanger suggested it might be ✶dairē (AL-Ilkorin/dair, AL-Doriathrin/dair).

-ath

noun. collective plural

A class-plural suffix, identical to N. -ath (PE21/57). It is possible this suffix was also used as (and was perhaps inspired by) the Gnomish general plural suffix -th.

broga

noun. bear

A word for “bear” developed from the primitive form ᴹ✶morókō (Ety/BIRÍT), because in Ilkorin unstressed initial syllables reduced to favored clusters, after which the [[ilk|initial [mr-] became [br-]]]. This word is unusual in that the primitive final vowel did not vanish, but instead developed into -a, as noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/broga). The conditions for this exception are unclear, but may have been due to the consonant [g] that developed from primitive [k].

cîr

noun. ship

A noun for “ship” used to in some linguistic notes in the mid-1930s to illustrate the class-plural: círiath. Tolkien first wrote these forms with a short vowel (cir, ciriath), and he vacillated on whether these were Noldorin or Ilkorin words, eventually deciding they were from both languages (PE21/57 noted #28). The proper etymology of the Ilkorin form is unclear; based on the example of gwene < gwenyā we might expect Ilk. cere* instead.

drôg

noun. wolf

A Doriathrin noun meaning “wolf” derived from the primitive form ᴹ✶d’rāk (Ety/DARÁK), probably from older ✶darākă. The accent mark in the root ᴹ√DARÁK* indicated that the first syllable was unstressed, so that the [[ilk|initial [dar-] became [dr-]]]. Thereafter the [[ilk|long [ā], became [ō]]] and the [[ilk|voiceless stop [k] voiced to [g] after the vowel]].

garm

noun. wolf

A Doriathrin noun for “wolf” derived from the root ᴹ√ÑGAR(A)M (Ety/ÑGARAM), probably from a primitive form ✶ŋgaramō given its Quenya and Noldorin cognates ᴹQ. narmo and N. garaf (as suggested by Helge Fauskanger, AL-Doriathrin/garm). If so, the second a* was lost due to the Ilkorin Syncope, and the [[ilk|the initial [ŋg-] simplified to [g-]]]. The initial syllable of the primitive form was probably stressed, since the [[ilk|initial [ŋgar-] did not simplify to [ŋgr-]]].

Conceptual Development: An earlier version of this entry had the root ᴹ√ƷARAM, but this produced the same form Dor. garm in Doriathrin [Ilkorin] since [[ilk|initial [ɣ] became [g]]].

gell

noun. sky

A Doriathrin noun for “sky” derived from the root ᴹ√ƷEL (Ety/ƷEL), probably from a primitive form ✶ʒellē* [ɣellē] based on its cognates. It is a clear example of how [[ilk|initial [ɣ] became [g]]] in Ilkorin.

hest

noun. captain

A noun glossed “captain” derived from the root ᴹ√KHES “command” (EtyAC/KHES). The language of this word is unclear; Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne indicated it might be ?Bel. for Beleriandic = Ilkorin.

istil

noun. Moon

The Doriathrin word for the “Moon” developed from the primitive name ᴹ✶Ithil (Ety/I²), though it is unclear how the [st] developed. Perhap it was of the same origin as istil “silver light, starlight” (Ety/SIL).

lung

adjective. heavy

A Doriathrin adjective for “heavy” derived from primitive ᴹ✶lungā (Ety/LUG¹). It is an example of how the Ilkorin a-affection was prevented or reverted before [ŋg], as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/lung).

luth

noun. *spell, charm

An unglossed Doriathrin word derived from the root ᴹ√LUK “magic, enchantment” appearing as an element in the name Lúthien “Enchantress” (Ety/LUK). Since it ends in -th [θ], it probably developed from a primitive form such as ✶luktē̆, as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/luth). This primitive form is likely the basis for its Noldorin cognate N. lhûth “spell, charm” as well, so the Doriathrin word probably has a similar meaning. The primitive [kt] would have developed into [xθ] when double voiceless stops became spirants and this simplified to [θ] when double spirants became single. There was a similar development for oth < ᴹ✶oktā*.

maig¹

noun. dough

A noun for “dough” derived from primitive ᴹ✶mazgē (Ety/MASAG), where the primitive [[ilk|[z] became [i] before voiced stops]], as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/maig).

moth

noun. pool

A Doriathrin noun for “pool”, derived from root ᴹ√MBOTH (Ety/MBOTH). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. motto suggests a primitive form of ✶mbottʰō. As pointed out by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/moth), the primitive [mb-] might be expected to have become [b-], since initial nasals usually vanished before stops in Ilkorin, as for example Ilk. bril < MBIRÍL*.

orth

noun. mountain

A Doriathrin noun for “mountain” derived from the root ᴹ√ÓROT (Ety/ÓROT). Its Old Noldorin cognate ON. oroto suggests a primitive form ✶orotō, where the second [o] was lost due to the Ilkorin syncope [orto]. Later the [t] became [θ] (“th”) because voiceless stops became spirants after liquids and voiceless stops in Ilkorin. Both these developments were noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/orth). This word has two distinct plural forms attested: Dor. orthin (Ety/ÓROT) and Ilk. urthin* (EtyAC/WATH); this could represent distinct rules for the formation of plural nouns in the two dialects.

rest

noun. cut

A noun meaning “a cut” derived from the root ᴹ√RIS (Ety/RIS²). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. rista suggests a primitive form ✶ristā, where the [i] became [e] due to Ilkorin a*-affection]], as noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/rest).

telf

noun. silver

A noun for “silver” derived from the root ᴹ✶KYÉLEP (Ety/KYELEP), most likely from a primitive form ✶kyelepē* [kjelepē]. In Ilkorin, the initial [t] developed from [kj] because initial palatalized velars became dentals, the middle [e] vanished due to the Ilkorin syncope, and the [p] became [f] because [[ilk|voiceless stops became spirants after liquids (like [l])]]. These developments were all suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/telf).

thrôn

adjective. stiff, hard

An adjective meaning “stiff, hard” derived from primitive ᴹ✶starāna (Ety/STARAN). First the unstressed vowel in the first syllable vanished to produce the favored combination [tr], after which the [[ilk|initial [s] spirantalized the following [t] to [θ] (“th”)]], while the [[ilk|long [ā] became [ō]]]. All these developments were suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/thrôn).

adhum

noun. bridge

A Doriathrin word for “bridge” appearing the Addenda and Corrigenda to The Etymologies (EtyAC/YAT), likely a derivative of the same primitive form ᴹ✶yatmā as its cognates in other languages. An earlier deleted form iaðum may indicate Tolkien’s uncertainty over the development of initial [j] (= “y”) in Ilkorin; elsewhere the rule is that [[ilk|initial [j] vanished]].

ascar

place name. Ascar

A river marked Ilkorin in The Etymologies (Ety/SKAR), simply ascar “violent, rushing, impetuous” used as a name.

bereth

noun. valor

A rejected noun meaning “valor” developed from the root ᴹ√BER (Ety/BER), perhaps from a primitive form ✶berette. The word was probably rejected when Elbereth* change from an Ilkorin to a Noldorin name.

breth

noun. (beech) mast

A word for “mast” developed from the primitive form ᴹ✶b’rethā or ✶berethā (Ety/BERÉTH), because in Ilkorin unstressed initial syllables reduced to favored clusters. The primitive word originally was originally associated with beech trees, and the Ilkorin meaning was likely due to the use of these trees for masts in ship-building practices of Beleriand. The normal Ilkorin word for “beech” is galbreth or neldor*.

dunn

adjective. black

A Doriathrin adjective meaning “black” (Ety/DUN). Its Noldorin and Danian cognates imply development from a primitive form ✶dunnā. Since the primitive form ended in [a], the Ilkorin a*-affection]] would ordinarily have produced **donn. However, it seems that a-affection was prevented or reversed before [nn], as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/dunn).

garth

noun. realm

A Doriathrin noun meaning “realm” derived from the root ᴹ√ƷAR or possibly ᴹ√GAR (Ety/ƷAR), perhaps from a primitive form ✶ɣarda or ✶garda given its cognates ᴹQ. arda and N. ardh. Likely the [[ilk|[d] became [ð] after [r]]] and then the [[ilk|final [ð] became [θ]]], a derivation that is supported by the (rejected) earlier entry Dor. garth (dh) in The Etymologies (EtyAC/ƷARA). These probable developments were noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/garth).

istil

noun. silver light, starlight

A Doriathrin noun for “silver light, starlight”, also given as istel, which developed from the root ᴹ√SIL (Ety/SIL). Tolkien said that it was probably originally a (ancient?) Quenya word learned from Melian. This apparently this means its development was unusual. Along with the identical Istil “Moon”, it is the only Ilkorin noun with a medial [st]. Helge Fauskanger suggested it must have developed by a strengthening of [s] to [st]. It may also be another example of a development from syllabic [ṣ], though elsewhere [[ilk|initial [s] became [es] before voiceless stops]].

targ

adjective. tough, stiff

An adjective meaning “tough, stiff” derived from primitive ᴹ✶targā after primitive final vowels vanished (Ety/TÁRAG).

tóril

noun. queen

A noun for “queen”, a combination of tôr “king” with the feminine suffix -il, though according to Tolkien it was used only as a title for Melian (Ety/TĀ).

ungor

adjective. black, dark, gloomy

An adjective meaning “black, dark, gloomy” developed from the root ᴹ√UÑG (Ety/UÑG), perhaps from a primitive form ✶uñgrā̆* [uŋgrā̆] as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/ungor): after the [[ilk|primitive final [a] was lost]], the resulting [[ilk|final [r] would become syllabic and develop into [-or]]].

usc

noun. smoke

A noun for “smoke” developed from primitive ᴹ✶us(u)kwē (Ety/USUK). In this example, the loss of the second [u] was probably very early, since it appears in all child languages. This word is a good example of how [[ilk|[w] vanished after medial velars]] in Ilkorin, as noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/usc).

brithon

place name. Pebbly

brithon

adjective. pebbly

An Ilkorin adjective meaning “pebbly” used for the river name Brithon (Ety/BIRÍT). It seems to be a combination of brith “broken stones, gravel” and an adjective suffix -on.

morgul

noun. sorcery

A Doriathrin noun for “sorcery”, written as mor(n)gul indicating the loss of an earlier n (Ety/ÑGOL). The elements of this word seem to be a combination of derivatives of the roots ᴹ√MOR and ᴹ√ÑGOL. The u in the final element -gul is problematic phonetically, as it is in the similar word durgul. Tolkien first wrote this word as morgol (EtyAC/ÑGOL), probably reflecting this phonetic uncertainty. As with durgul, Tolkien may have resolved this uncertainty by deciding this word was Noldorin, since N. morgul appears in a marginal note in The Etymologies (EtyAC/ÑGOL).

regorn

noun. holly-tree

A Doriathrin noun meaning “holly-tree”, a combination of (archaic?) reg “holly” and orn “tree” (Ety/ERÉK, ÓR-NI).

urch

noun. goblin

A Doriathrin noun for “goblin” developed from primitive ᴹ✶orku, also attested in its plural form urchin (Ety/ÓROK). The change of [[ilk|[k] to [x] (“ch”) after the liquid [l]]] was a normal Ilkorin development, but the change of [o] to [u] is harder to explain, as noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/urch). In an earlier version of the entry Tolkien wrote Dor. orch (EtyAC/ÓROK), which is the expected form. The simplest explanation is that this form actually developed from a variant primitive form ✶urku. There is a similar issue with Dan. urc*, so perhaps this variant was used by those Eldar who did not complete the journey to Valinor.

durgul

noun. sorcery

A Doriathrin noun for “sorcery” (Ety/ÑGOL). The elements of this word seem to be a combination of derivatives of the roots ᴹ√DOƷ and ᴹ√ÑGOL. If it were derived from such a primitive form, it would imply that in its phonological history the [o] because [u] in both syllables. This does not seem to be a general rule in Ilkorin, however: compare Ilk. dorn and (n)golo. A simpler explanation would be that it was a loan word from Noldorin: N. durgul seen in a marginal note (EtyAC/ÑGOL).

Conceptual Development: There is a rejected form dûghol in this entry of The Etymologies that may represent Tolkien’s first attempt to formulate a native Ilkorin word for “sorcery” (EtyAC/ÑGOL). Similar forms appear among the precursors to S. Dol Guldur in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s: Dol Dúgol or Dol Dúghol (TI/178; WR/122). The entry also has a deleted variant form of gûl of Ilk. (n)gôl, so it may be Tolkien originally envisioned a different phonological history of [o] in Ilkorin allowing the production of words like durgul. Perhaps he added the Noldorin form durgul in the margin because he abandoned [o] > [u] in Ilkorin.

côm

noun. sickness

A noun meaning “sickness” (Ety/KWAM). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. qáme indicates a primitive form ✶kwāmē*, so this word is an example of how [[ilk|initial [kwo] became [ko]]] after the primitive vowel [[ilk|[ā] became [ō]]]. Both these developments were noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/côm).

Conceptual Development: This word is nearly identical to earlier Gnomish côma “disease, illness” before Tolkien revised the phonological history of the Noldorin language so that [[on|[kw] became [p]]].

ngorthin

adjective. horrible

A Doriathrin adjective meaning “horrible”, a combination of ngorth “horror” with the adjective suffix -in (Ety/ÑGOROTH).

tog-

verb. to bring

A verb for “to bring” derived from the root ᴹ√TUK, attested only in its 3rd-singular present form toga “he brings” (Ety/TUK). Here the [[ilk|short [u] became [o] before the final [a]]] and the [[ilk|[k] voiced to [g] after the vowel]], as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/toga). The base form might be tug-.

dôn

noun. back

A Doriathrin word for “back” explicitly marked as a noun (Ety/NDAN). Its primitive form might have been ✶ndān*, so that the primitive long [[ilk|[ā] became [ō]]] and the [[ilk|initial nasal [n] was lost before the stop]] (as suggested by Helge Fauskanger, AL-Doriathrin/dôn).

tuss

noun. thatch

A noun for “thatch” derived from primitive ᴹ✶tupsē (Ety/TUP), where the [ps] became [ss] because [[ilk|medial voiceless stops became [s] before [s]]] in Ilkorin.

orgof

masculine name. Orgof

Precursor to Nan. Saeros in the Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/321), probably an Ilkorin name at the stage.

dilion

place name. Dilion

A hypothetical name for the river N. Gelion, what the Ilkorin name would have been if it had been derived from the root ᴹ√GYEL (Ety/GYEL). It is an illustration of the rule that initial palatalized velars became dentals in Ilkorin.

grûm

masculine name. Grûm

A rejected Doriathrin name for ᴹQ. Orome, developed from the rejected primitive form ᴹ✶Górōmē (EtyAC/GÓROM).

* neld

cardinal. three

The Doriathrin number “three” attested only as an element in the word neldor “beech” = “three trunks” (Ety/NEL). Its cognates ᴹQ. nelde and N. neledh indicates a primitive form ✶neledē, which would have become Ilk. neld* due to the Ilkorin syncope, as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/neldor).

* losgen

adjective. empty

An adjective meaning “empty” attested only as an element in the Ilkorin name Mablosgen (Ety/MAP). As suggested by Helge Fauskanger, it might be a combination of Dor. lost and the adjective suffix -en, but if so it is unclear where the medial g came from (AL-Ilkorin/Mablosgen). Alternately, perhaps losgen is the general Ilkorin adjective for “empty” and lost is a variant used only in the Doriathrin dialect.

* -il

suffix. feminine suffix

Apparently a feminine suffix attested in the name Thuringwethil “(Woman of) Secret Shadow” (Ety/THUR) and the noun tóril “queen” (Ety/TĀ).

* -on

suffix. masculine suffix

Apparently a masculine suffix attested in the name Dairon.

* -en

suffix. adjectival suffix

An adjectival suffix appearing as both -en and -in, and in one place as -on: Brithon. The -en form can be easily explained as a derivative of the primitive suffix ᴹ✶-ina, with the [[ilk|primitive [i] becoming [e] due to Ilkorin a-affection]], the same origin as the Noldorin adjectival suffix -en. The -in variant is more difficult to explain. At least one example lómen had variations with both -en and -in, so perhaps the two forms represented vacillation on the function of Ilkorin a-affection, or an alternate primitive form ᴹ✶-ină where the final ă was lost before a-affection.

Alterately, -in could be a Doriathrin-specific variant, since the forms where it appears are all Doriathrin, while the forms where -en appear are marked Ilkorin, excepting only lómen which was itself revised from lómin.

* er

cardinal. one

The Ilkorin word for “one” attested only in the name Ermabuin or Ermab(r)in “One-handed” (Ety/MAP).

* -ien

suffix. element in female names

Apparently a feminine suffix attested only in the name Lúthien (Ety/LUK).

* dol

noun. head, *hill

An Ilkorin noun for “head” attested only as an element in the name Dolmed “Wet Head” (Ety/MIZD, NDOL). It might also appear in Dol Dúghol, assuming that name is Ilkorin. Assuming it functions similarly to its Noldorin equivalent N. dôl, it can probably also be used to refer to a hill.

* hiril

noun. lady

A Doriathrin noun for “lady” attested only as an element in the name Hirilorn (Ety/NEL). It probably had essentially the same derivation as its Noldorin cognate N. hiril (Ety/KHER).

* lost

adjective. empty

A Doriathrin adjective meaning “empty” attested only as an element in the name Dor. Mablost (Ety/KAB). Its Quenya cognate lusta suggests a primitive form ✶lustā, with the [o] developing from Ilkorin a-affection]]. It might be a Doriathrin-only variant of more general Ilkorin losgen* “empty”.

* mîr

noun. jewel

A word for “jewel” attested only in compounds, probably of the same derivation and meaning as its Noldorin cognate N. mîr.

* -os

suffix. abstract ending

Apparently an abstract noun suffix appearing in the words Aros and thalos, perhaps of the same origin as the abstract endings ᴹQ. -sse and N. -as, though Helge Fauskanger suggested instead that it is related to the locative suffix ᴹQ. -sse (AL-Ilkorin/thalos).

* bar

noun. home

A noun meaning something like “home” attested only in compounds like Eglamar “Elvenhome”.

* reg

noun. holly

A Doriathrin noun for “holly” attested only in the plural forms regin and region (Ety/ERÉK). It also appeared as an element in the word regorn “holly-tree”. It seems that the latter word replaced reg in the singular, and the original survived only in the plurals, as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/regorn).