rhaw

noun/adjective. wild; wild beast, wild, [N.] untamed; [S.] wild beast

This word appeared as rhaw(f) in notes from the late 1960s with Quenya cognates Q. hráva “wild” and Q. hravan “wild beast”, all derived from the root √S-RAB “wild” (PE17/78). In this document rhaw(f) served as the basis for Rhovanion “Wilderland”. In notes from 1969, rhaw (< rhawf) reappeared with the gloss “wild beast” and a peculiar plural form i·rhaw (PE23/139). Elsewhere Tolkien said words with the diphthong au became oe in the plural (PE17/25), such as noeg plural of naug “dwarf” (UT/100). The [[s|loss of final f [v] after the u-diphthong au]] is the usual Sindarin development.

Conceptual Development: N. rhaw appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶rāba “wild, untamed” under the root ᴹ√RAB (Ety/RAB). Christopher Tolkien glossed this word as “wilderness” in The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road (LR/382), but in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne indicate this gloss actually applied to N. rhofan (VT46/10), meaning the adjective likely had the same meaning as its primitive form: “wild, untamed”. In The Etymologies, the primitive r unvoiced to rh as was typical for Noldorin, and it seems in the 1960s Tolkien revised the root for this word to √S-RAB so that the Sindarin form would still begin with rh.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I assume this word can be used as both an adjective “wild, untamed” or a noun “wild beast”, but I would assume its plural form is rhoef to be consistent with Sindarin plurals appearing elsewhere, with the final -f preserved in the plural since it no longer followed a u-diphthong.

rhovan

a wild beast

n. a wild beast. Q. hrăvan.

rhovan

noun. wilderness; wild beast, large beast

lavan

noun. animal (usually applied to four-footed beasts, and never to reptiles or birds)

lavan

noun. animal

A word for an “animal” in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60, where Tolkien said it “usually only applied to four-footed beasts, and never to reptiles or birds” (WJ/416). It was derived from the root √LAM in the sense “inarticulate voiced sound”.

Conceptual Development: ᴱN. lafn was mentioned as a cognate to ᴱQ. lama “animal” in the Early Qenya Phonology from the 1920s, derived from primitive ᴱ✶labna (PE14/70).

rhovan

noun. wilderness

eriador

wilderness

(a region in Middle-earth), pl. eriadyr if there is a pl.

gwaith

wilderness

(i ’waith) (also meaning manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, region), no distinct pl. form except when marked as pl. by article (in gwaith).

lavan

animal

(quadrupedal mammal) lavan, pl. levain (WJ:416)

lavan

animal

pl. levain (WJ:416)

loss

wilderness

(construct los; pl. lyss). (Note: homophones mean ”flower” [more commonly loth] and ”fallen snow”.)

rhovannor

wilderness

1. rhovannor (?i throvannor or ?i rovannor the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhovennyr (?idh rovennyr) (VT46:10); 2) Eriador (a region in Middle-earth), pl. eriadyr if there is a pl.; 3) gwaith (i **waith) (also meaning manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, region), no distinct pl. form except when marked as pl. by article (in gwaith). 4) loss (construct los; pl. lyss). (Note: homophones mean ”flower” [more commonly loth**] and ”fallen snow”.)

rhovannor

wilderness

(?i throvannor or ?i rovannor – the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhovennyr (?idh rovennyr) (VT46:10)

hravan

noun. wild beast

A word for a “wild beast” in notes from the mid-1960s, derived from the root √S-RAB “wild, in senses not tamed, domesticated” (PE17/78), hence meaning “wild animal” vs. a “tamed animal”, which would probably be Q. laman.

laman

noun. animal, animal, [ᴹQ.] tame beast

A word for an “animal” in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60, where Tolkien said it “usually only applied to four-footed beasts, and never to reptiles or birds” (WJ/416). It was derived from the root √LAM in the sense “inarticulate voiced sound”. It had plural forms lamni and lamani based on distinct primitive forms ✶laman(a) and ✶lamān, the first form being subject to the Quenya syncope and the second immune to it.

Conceptual Development: The earliest precursor to this word was ᴱQ. {lāma >>} lăma in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s derived from the early root ᴱ√LAMA, with the glosses “a head of cattle or sheep; an animal, beast” (QL/50). In this document it had an ancient form lamṇ, and accusative forms lamna or laman. The origin of this final -a is made clear in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s, where Tolkien said “-a < ṇ”, citing lama as an example with plural form lamni (PE14/44, 74). This singular and plural form also appeared in Early Qenya Word-lists (PE16/132) and the English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s (PE15/69), and in the latter Tolkien specified that the word “can be used generally, but popularly as in English excludes birds & insects, and men”.

The form ᴹQ. laman emerged in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s, where Tolkien gave it the gloss “tame beast” (PE21/19). Inflected forms indicate the stem was still lamn-, and the plural remained lamni (PE21/28). Thus it seems that by this stage the word’s stem form was the result of the Quenya syncope. The word laman “animal” appeared in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948, but there it was rejected and replaced by ᴹQ. nasto (PE22/116). Laman “animal” appeared again in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60, as noted above.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would assume this word mostly applies to either tame or tameable four-legged mammals, as opposed to hravan for “wild beasts” and celva for animals in general.

hravan

wild beast

hravan noun "wild beast"; pl.Hravani "the Wild", used as a name of non-Edain Men (PE17:78, WJ:219). PE17:18 has Hrávani with a long á, glossed "Wild-men, Savages".

nasto

noun. animal, beast

nendil

noun. beast that lives in the water

A general term for aquatic animals, including fish (lingwi) as well as other species such as whales and dolphins (NM/336). It appears to be a combination of nén “water” and -(n)dil “-lover”.

laman

animal

laman (lamn- or simply laman-, as in pl. lamni or lamani) noun "animal" (usually applied to four-footed beasts, and never to reptiles and birds; a more general word may be #celva) (WJ:416)

hravanda

noun. wilderness

cuima

noun. animal

cuiva

noun. animal

laman

noun. animal

animal

ravanda

wilderness

?ravanda noun?, a form cited by Tolkien to elucidate the Noldorin word rhofan "wilderness"; it is not clear whether ravanda is meant as a Quenya cognate or just as an etymological (Old Noldorin?) form (VT46:10)

srāban

noun. wild beast

The primitive form of S. rhovan is attested in two different forms: ✶srāban < √SRAB (PE17/78) and ✶roban < √DROB or √SROB (PE17/99). Only the first of these could be the primitive of the attested Quenya cognate hravan.

srābandō

noun. a large beast

srābā

noun. wild beast

lamā̆n(a)

noun. animal

roban

noun. wilderness

rhába

noun. wild beast

lhoss

noun. wilderness

rhofan

noun. wilderness

rhofan

noun. wilderness

rhofannor

place name. Wilderness