annon porennin diragas·venwed

annon porennin diragas·venwed

Variations

• Annon porennin diragas·venwed ✧ RS/451

Element in

• N. Moria Gate Spell (draft)

angband

place name. Iron Prison, Hells of Iron

Variations

• Ang(a)band ✧ EtyAC/MBAD (Ang(a)band)

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Angamanda “Iron Prison, Hells of Iron” ✧ Ety/MBAD; EtyAC/ANGĀ; EtyAC/BAD²; LRI/Angband
• Eq. Angamandi “Hells of Iron” ✧ SMI/Angamandi

Elements

Word	Gloss
ang	“iron”
bann	“duress, prison”

aur

noun. day, morning

Derivations

• ᴹ√AR “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ára “dawn, day” ✧ Ety/AR¹

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AR¹ > aur	[āra] > [ǭra] > [oura] > [aura] > [aur]	✧ Ety/AR¹

diragas

?. [unglossed]

Variations

• diragath ✧ RS/451

Element in

• N. annon porennin diragas·venwed ✧ RS/451
• N. diragath·telwen porannin nithrad ✧ RS/451

balannor

place name. land of the Gods in the West

Changes

• Balannor → Dor-Rodyn ✧ MR/200

Derivations

• On. Balandor “land of the Gods in the West” ✧ Ety/BAL; PE19/059
  • ᴹ✶balandore ✧ Ety/BAL
  • ᴹ✶balīndore ✧ PE19/059

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Valinor “Land of the Valar” ✧ Ety/BAL

Element in

• N. Inias Valannor “Annals of Valinor” ✧ MR/200

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. Balandor > Balannor	[balandor] > [balannor]	✧ Ety/BAL

baug

adjective. tyrannous, cruel, oppressive

Derivations

• ᴹ√MBAW “compel, force, subject, oppress” ✧ Ety/MBAW

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MBAW > baug	[mbawka] > [mbauka] > [mbǭka] > [bǭka] > [bouka] > [bauka] > [bauk] > [baug]	✧ Ety/MBAW

athrada-

verb. to cross, traverse

Elements

Word	Gloss
ath-	“on both sides, across”
rada-	“to make a way, find a way”

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
ath-rado	infinitive	“to cross, traverse”	✧ Ety/RAT

balrog

proper name. *Torment Demon

Variations

• Balrog/Bolrog ✧ Ety/ÑGWAL

Derivations

• ᴹ✶ñgwalaraukō ✧ Ety/RUK

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Malarauko “Balrog” ✧ Ety/RUK; LRI/Balrog

Elements

Word	Gloss
baul	“torment”
rhaug	“demon”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶ñgwalaraukō > Balrog	[ŋgwalaraukō] > [mbalaraukō] > [mbalarauko] > [balarauko] > [balarauk] > [balaraug] > [balraug] > [balrog]	✧ Ety/RUK

bess

noun. woman; †wife

Derivations

• On. besse “wife” ✧ Ety/BES; EtyAC/NIS
  • ᴹ✶bessē “wife” ✧ Ety/BES
  • ᴹ√BES “wed” ✧ Ety/BES
• ᴹ√BED ✧ Ety/NĪ¹; EtyAC/NDIS

Cognates

• ᴹQ. vesse “wife” ✧ Ety/BES

Element in

• N. herves “wife” ✧ Ety/BES

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. besse > bess	[besse] > [bess]	✧ Ety/BES

anórien

place name. Anórien

Variations

• Anarion ✧ TI/310

Changes

• Anarion → Anórien ✧ TI/310

Elements

Word	Gloss
Anor	“Sun”
-ian(d)	“-land”

aronoded

adjective. innumerable, countless, endless

Variations

• Aronoded ✧ Ety/NAY

Element in

• N. Nírnaeth Aronoded ✧ Ety/NAY

Elements

Word	Gloss
ar-	“outside, beside; without”
gonod-	“to count (up)”

ar vanwe

proper name. Day of Manwe, first day of the Valian week

The Noldorin name for the 1st day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and the lenited form of Manwe (Ety/AR¹, LEP).

Variations

• Arvanwe ✧ Ety/AR¹
• Ar Vanwa ✧ Ety/LEP

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Are Manwen “Day of Manwe, first day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/LEP

Elements

Word	Gloss
ar-	“day”
Manwe

brenia-

verb. to endure

Variations

• bronio ✧ EtyAC/BORÓN

Derivations

• On. bron- “to last, endure, survive” ✧ Ety/BORÓN
  • ᴹ√BOR(ON) “endure” ✧ Ety/BORÓN

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. bronie > brenio	[bronia-] > [brœnia-] > [brenia-]	✧ Ety/BORÓN

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
brenio	infinitive	“endure”	✧ Ety/BORÓN

bronwe

noun. endurance

Variations

• Bronwe ✧ SD/062

Derivations

• ᴹ√BOR(ON) “endure”

Element in

• N. Bronwe athan Harthad “Endurance beyond Hope” ✧ SD/062

athelas

noun. a healing plant

Variations

• Athelas ✧ RSI/Athelas; TII/Athelas

Cognates

• ᴹQ. asea aranaite “*kingsfoil” ✧ WR/394

adleg-

verb. *to release

Derivations

• ᴹ√LEK “loose, let loose, release” ✧ Ety/LEK

Elements

Word	Gloss
ad-	“back, again, re-”
LEK	“loose, let loose, release”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√LEK > adlegi	[leki] > [legi]	✧ Ety/LEK

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
†adlegi	infinitive	-	✧ EtyAC/LEK
†adlenc	past	-	✧ EtyAC/LEK

adleitha-

verb. *to release

Element in

• N. adleithian “*release, freeing” ✧ EtyAC/LEK

Elements

Word	Gloss
ad-	“back, again, re-”
lheithia-	“to release, set free”

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
Adleitho	infinitive	-	✧ EtyAC/LEK

amon thorn

place name. Amon Thorn

An earlier name for Amon Dîn (WR/232). The meaning of its second element is unclear; Roman Rausch suggested several possible interpretions (EE/3.22), the most likely of which seems to be thoron “eagle”.

Changes

• Amon Thorn → Amon Dîn ✧ WR/233
• Amon Thorn → Amon Dîn ✧ WRI/Amon Dîn

Elements

Word	Gloss
amon	“hill”
thoron	“eagle”

aran dinnu

proper name. King of Twilight

The Noldorin equivalent of Thingol’s title Ilk. Tor Tinduma, a combination of aran “king” and the lenited form of tinnu “twilight” (Ety/THIN, TIN).

Cognates

• Ilk. Tor Tinduma “King of Twilight” ✧ Ety/TIN

Elements

Word	Gloss
aran	“king, lord (of a specific region)”
tinnu	“(starry) twilight, dusk, early night (without moon)”

ar fennuir

proper name. Day of the Fanturi, fourth day of the Valian week

The Noldorin name for the 4th day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and the plural of Fannor, the common title of Lórien and Mandos (Ety/LEP).

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Are Fanturion “Day of the Fanturi, fourth day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/LEP

Elements

Word	Gloss
ar-	“day”
Fannor	“Cloud-lord”

ar vedhwen

proper name. Day of the Spouses, third day of the Valian week

The Noldorin name for the 3rd day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and the lenited form of Bedhwen “Spouses”, a term referring to Aule and Yavanna (Ety/LEP).

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Are Veruen “Day of the Spouses, third day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/LEP

Elements

Word	Gloss
ar-	“day”
Bedhwen	“of the Spouses”

caras

noun. a city (built above ground)

Derivations

• ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct” ✧ Ety/KAR

Element in

• N. Caras Galadon

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KAR > caras	[karassa] > [karass] > [karas]	✧ Ety/KAR

annerchi(o)n

place name. Goblin Gate

A Noldorin name for the “Goblin Gate” appearing only in the Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, as both Annerchin and Annerchion (RS/416, TI/114). It seems to a combination of a shorter form of annon “gate” with a plural form of orch “Orc”, hence more literally “Gate of Goblins”. The function of the suffix -i(o)n* is unclear; Roman Rausch suggested it might be a plural or genitive plural suffix (EE/1.8, 2.6).

Variations

• Annerchin ✧ RS/416; RSI/Annerchin
• Annerchion ✧ TI/114; TII/Annerchion

Elements

Word	Gloss
annon	“great gate, door”
orch	“goblin”
?

bronadui

adjective. enduring, lasting

Cognates

• ᴹQ. voronwa “enduring, long-lasting” ✧ Ety/BORÓN

Elements

Word	Gloss
brona-	“to last, survive”
-ui	“adjective suffix”

anrand

noun. cycle, age, (lit.) long cycle

Variations

• andrand ✧ PE22/041

Cognates

• ᴹQ. randa “cycle, age (100 Valian Years)” ✧ Ety/RAD

anw

noun/adjective. male (person or animal)

A word appearing as N. anw in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from ON. anu under the root ᴹ√ƷAN “male”, where its positioning makes it appear as if it was a cognate of ᴹQ. hanu “a male (man or animal)” (Ety/ƷAN). In the original version of this entry, it was simply glossed “male”, and was initially given as (deleted) {ganw} (EtyAC/ƷAN).

Conceptual Development: Precursors to this word include G. an “person” and G. anos “man” from the Gnomish Lexicon (GL/19).

Neo-Sindarin: Most Neo-Sindarin writers adapt this word as ᴺS. anu to better fit Sindarin’s phonology. In HSD (HSD), Didier Willis suggested (as originally proposed by David Salo) that this word is most likely an adjective, the cognate of adjective ᴹQ. hanwa “male” rather than the noun ᴹQ. hanu “a male (man or animal)”. This is because it is generally believed that final -u (as in ✶ʒanu) vanishes in Noldorin/Sindarin, while the final -wa (as in ✶ʒanwa) would have developed into -u (Noldorin -w). However, I think the evidence of the loss of final -u in Noldorin is ambiguous and in fact N. anw might be a counterexample, especially since the Old Noldorin form was anu; see the entry on how [[s|final [i], [u] generally vanished]] for further discussion.

In any case, I think anu “male” can be used as a both a noun and an adjective for purposes of Neo-Sindarin.

Variations

• ganw ✧ EtyAC/ƷAN (ganw)

Changes

• ganw → anw ✧ EtyAC/ƷAN

Derivations

• On. anu “a male (person or animal)” ✧ Ety/ƷAN
  • ᴹ√ƷAN “male” ✧ Ety/ƷAN
• ᴹ√ƷAN “male” ✧ Ety/INI; Ety/ƷAN

Cognates

• ᴹQ. hanu “male, man (of Men or Elves), male animal” ✧ Ety/ƷAN; EtyAC/ƷAN
• ᴹQ. hanwa “male” ✧ Ety/INI

Element in

• ᴺS. anwas “manhood, *manliness, masculinity”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. anu > anw	[anu]	✧ Ety/ƷAN

ar neleduir

proper name. Day of the three kings, fifth day of the Valian week

The Noldorin name for the 5th day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and the term Neleduir “Three Kings” collectively referring to Osse, Orome and Tulkas (Ety/LEP).

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Neldion “Day of the Three, fifth day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/LEP

Elements

Word	Gloss
ar-	“day”
Neleduir	“Three Kings”

ada

noun. father (hypocoristic), father (hypocoristic), [G.] daddy

A hypocoristic (affectionate) word for “father” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, hence roughly equivalent to English “daddy”, derived from the root ᴹ√ATA “father” (Ety/ATA).

Conceptual Development: A similar set of affection words appeared the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s: G. ada or nada, adi or nadi (GL/17, 59).

Derivations

• ᴹ√ATA “father” ✧ Ety/ATA

Cognates

• ᴹQ. atto “father (hypocoristic)” ✧ Ety/ATA

angwedh

noun. chain, fetter, (lit.) iron-bond

Variations

• angweð ✧ Ety/WED
• ang-weð ✧ PE22/032

Cognates

• ᴺQ. angwenda “chain”

brethilian(d)

place name. Forest of Brethil

A variant name for the forest Brethil appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, a combination of brethil “beech” and the suffix -ian(d) “land” (Ety/BERÉTH).

Variations

• Brethiliand/Brethilian ✧ Ety/BERÉTH

Elements

Word	Gloss
brethil	“beech”
-ian(d)	“-land”

blab-

verb. to flap, beat (wings etc.)

Derivations

• ᴹ√PALAP “*beat” ✧ Ety/PALAP

Cognates

• ᴹQ. palpa- “to beat, batter” ✧ Ety/PALAP

Element in

• ᴺS. blabed “flapping, beating (especially of wings)”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√PALAP > plebi > blebi	[palápi-] > [plapi-] > [plapi-] > [plebi-] > [blebi-]	✧ Ety/PALAP

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
blebi	infinitive	“flap, beat (wings etc.)”	✧ Ety/PALAP
blâb	present	-	✧ Ety/PALAP

dadben

adverb/adjective. downhill, inclined, prone, downhill, inclined, prone; [ᴱN.] (figuratively) easy-going, easy, not arduous

Variations

• dadðenn/dadhenn ✧ Ety/DEN (dadðenn/dadhenn)
• dadbenn ✧ Ety/PEN; EtyAC/DAT
• daddhenn ✧ EtyAC/DAT (daddhenn)
• dadvenn ✧ EtyAC/DAT (dadvenn)
• dadðenn ✧ EtyAC/DEN (dadðenn)

Changes

• daddhenn → dadbenn ✧ EtyAC/DAT
• dadvenn → daddhenn ✧ EtyAC/DAT

Elements

Word	Gloss
dad	“down”
penn	“declivity”

afarch

adjective. arid, very dry

Derivations

• On. appharkha “arid, very dry” ✧ EtyAC/A
  • ᴹ✶parkā “dry” ✧ EtyAC/A

Elements

Word	Gloss
a-	“intensive prefix”
parch	“dry”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. appharkha > afarch	[aɸɸarxa] > [affarxa] > [affarx] > [afarx]	✧ EtyAC/A

airandir

masculine name. Sea-wanderer

Changes

• Airandir → Aerandir ✧ WJI/Aerandir

amon hen

place name. Amon Hen

Variations

• Amon Henn ✧ WR/128; WRI/Amon Hen

Changes

• Amon Hen → Amon Henn ✧ WR/128

Elements

Word	Gloss
amon	“hill”
hên	“eye”

anfauglin

masculine name. Jaws of Thirst

Changes

• Anfauglin → Anfauglir “Jaws of Thirst” ✧ SMI/Anfauglin

Elements

Word	Gloss
anc	“jaw, row of teeth”
faug	“thirsty”
?

arnediad

adjective. without reckoning, numberless, innumerable, countless, endless

Variations

• Arnediad ✧ Ety/NAY

Derivations

• N. arnœdiad “innumerable, countless, endless” ✧ Ety/NOT

Cognates

• ᴹQ. avanóte “without number, numberless” ✧ Ety/AR²

Element in

• N. Nirnaith Arnediad “Unnumbered Tears” ✧ Ety/NAY

Elements

Word	Gloss
ar-	“outside, beside; without”
nœdia-	“to count”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
N. arnœdiad > arnediad	[arnœdiad] > [arnediad]	✧ Ety/NOT

belt

adjective. strong in body

Derivations

• On. belda “strong” ✧ Ety/BEL
  • ᴹ√BEL “strong” ✧ Ety/BEL

Cognates

• ᴹT. belda “strong” ✧ Ety/BEL

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. belda > belt	[belde] > [belðe] > [belð] > [belt]	✧ Ety/BEL

breitha-

verb. to break out suddenly

Variations

• breitha ✧ EtyAC/MERÉK (breitha)

Derivations

• ᴹ✶b’rekta “break out suddenly” ✧ Ety/BERÉK
  • ᴹ√BEREK “*sudden, fierce” ✧ Ety/BERÉK
• ᴹ√MEREK ✧ EtyAC/MERÉK

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶b’rekta > breitho	[brekta-] > [brektʰa-] > [brexθa-] > [breiθa-]	✧ Ety/BERÉK
ᴹ√MERÉK > breitha	[mrekta-] > [brekta-] > [brektʰa-] > [brexθa-] > [breiθa-]	✧ EtyAC/MERÉK

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
breitho	infinitive	“break out suddenly”	✧ Ety/BERÉK

bâd

noun. beaten track, pathway, beaten track, pathway, [ᴱN.] way, [G.] path

Variations

• bád ✧ Ety/BAT

Derivations

• On. bata “beaten track, pathway” ✧ Ety/BAT
  • ᴹ✶batā̆ “beaten track, pathway” ✧ Ety/BAT
  • ᴹ√BAT “tread” ✧ Ety/BAT

Cognates

• ᴺQ. vata “beaten track, pathway”

Element in

• ᴺS. talvad “footpath”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. bata > bád	[bata] > [bat] > [bad] > [bād]	✧ Ety/BAT

aclod

adjective. sloping, tilted

An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s given as {tlaud >>} N. atlaud > aclod “sloping, tilted”, a derivative of the root ᴹ√TALAT “to slope, lean, tip” (Ety/TALÁT). In The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road it was given as atland, but this was corrected to atlaud > aclod by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne (EtyAC/TALÁT). The change tl &gt; cl was normal in the Noldorin period, but it is not clear why the consonant did not undergo mutation to gl, such as with ON. etlenna > N. eglenn (Ety/LED). The unaugmented form tlaud “sloping” < ON. tlāta appeared in the first version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ1), also from the 1930s (PE18/38).

Neo-Sindarin: If you use this word for Neo-Sindarin, it would probably be best to reform it to ᴺS. adlod.

Variations

• atland ✧ EtyAC/TALÁT
• claud ✧ EtyAC/TALÁT (claud)
• tlaud ✧ PE18/038

Changes

• claud → aclod ✧ Ety/TALÁT

Derivations

• ᴹ√TALAT “to slip or slide down, incline, slope, lean, tip, topple over” ✧ Ety/TALÁT
• On. tlāta “sloping” ✧ PE18/038
  • ᴹ√TALAT “to slip or slide down, incline, slope, lean, tip, topple over” ✧ PE18/038

Cognates

• ᴹQ. talta “sloping, tilted, leaning, inclined” ✧ Ety/TALÁT

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√TALÁT > atlaud > aclod	[atlāta] > [atlǭta] > [atlouta] > [atlauta] > [atlaut] > [atlaud] > [atlod] > [aklod]	✧ Ety/TALÁT
ᴹ√TALÁT > tlaud > claud	[tlāta] > [tlǭta] > [tlouta] > [tlauta] > [tlaut] > [tlaud] > [klaud]	✧ Ety/TALÁT

alfobas

place name. *Swan-harbourage

A Noldorin name for ᴹQ. Alqalonde appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/KHOP). It appears to be a combination of alf “swan” and hobas “harbourage”, and possibly replaced the earlier form Alflon.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Alqalonde “Swan-haven” ✧ Ety/KHOP; TII/Alqualondë

Elements

Word	Gloss
alf	“swan”
hobas	“harbourage”

aderthad

noun. reuniting

Variations

• Aderthad ✧ Ety/MBER

Element in

• N. Mereth Aderthad “Feast of (Games and) Reuniting” ✧ Ety/MBER

aearendel

masculine name. Aearendel

Variations

• aearendel ✧ PE22/041

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Earendel ✧ PE22/041

amon ereb

place name. Lonely Hill

Variations

• Amon Thoros ✧ LR/056

Changes

• Amon Thoros → Amon Ereb ✧ LR/056

Elements

Word	Gloss
amon	“hill”
ereb	“isolated”

amon lhaw

place name. Amon Lhaw

Elements

Word	Gloss
amon	“hill”
lheweg	“ear”

oelinuial

place name. Pools of Twilight

Earlier name of S. Aelin-uial in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/AY) appearing along with variants Elinuial (Ety/KHIS, MBOTH, MUY) and Lhîn Uial (Ety/MUY). All these names contain uial “twilight” as well as a word for “pools”, either the plural of oel or (plural?) lhîn. In the narratives of this period, however, the name already appeared in its later form Aelin-uial (LR/262).

Variations

• Elinuial ✧ Ety/KHIS; Ety/MBOTH; Ety/MUY
• Lhîn Uial ✧ Ety/MUY
• Eilinuial ✧ EtyAC/KHIS; EtyAC/MUY
• Lhîn Uigâl ✧ EtyAC/MUY (Lhîn Uigâl)
• Aelin-uial ✧ LR/262; LRI/Aelin-uial
• Aelinuial ✧ TII/Aelinuial

Changes

• Lhîn Uigâl → Lhîn Uial ✧ Ety/MUY

Elements

Word	Gloss
oel	“pool, lake”
uial	“twilight”

ar nethwelein

proper name. Day of the younger Gods, fifth day of the Valian week

Another name for Ar Neleduir, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and the term Nethwelein “Younger Gods” collectively referring to Osse, Orome and Tulkas (Ety/LEP).

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Nessaron “*Day of the Younger Gods” ✧ Ety/LEP

Elements

Word	Gloss
ar-	“day”
Nethwelein	“Younger Gods”

brûn

adjective. old (has long endured)

Derivations

• On. brūna “that has long endured, old” ✧ Ety/BORÓN
  • ᴹ✶b’rōnā ✧ Ety/BORÓN
  • ᴹ√BOR(ON) “endure” ✧ Ety/BORÓN

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. brūna > brûn	[brūna] > [brūn]	✧ Ety/BORÓN

dir avos-eithen miriel

dir avos-eithen miriel

Variations

• {dir >>} lír avos-eithen míriel ✧ WR/218
• hír avas-eithen míriel ✧ WR/218

Changes

• {dir >>} lír avos-eithen míriel → hír avas-eithen míriel ✧ WR/218

Element in

• N. Elbereth Gilthoniel (draft)

ad-

prefix. back, again, re-

Variations

• ad ✧ EtyAC/AT(AT)

Derivations

• ᴹ√AT “back, again, twice; two” ✧ Ety/AT(AT)

Cognates

• ᴹQ. at(a)- “back, again, re-” ✧ Ety/AT(AT)

Element in

• N. adleg- “*to release”
• N. adleitha- “*to release”
• N. ad “*against”
• N. echain “new, built again”
• N. edinar “anniversary day”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AT(AT) > ad-	[at-] > [ad-]	✧ Ety/AT(AT)

angol

noun. deep lore, magic

Variations

• angol ✧ Ety/ÑGOL (angol)

Derivations

• ᴹ√ÑGOL “wise, wisdom, be wise” ✧ Ety/ÑGOL

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ingole “deep lore, magic” ✧ Ety/ÑGOL

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ÑGOL > angol	[ŋ̣gole] > [aŋgole] > [aŋgol]	✧ Ety/ÑGOL

annon

noun. great gate, door

Variations

• Annon ✧ RS/451

Derivations

• ᴹ√AD “entrance, gate” ✧ Ety/AD

Cognates

• ᴹQ. andon “great gate, great gate, [ᴱQ.] door, gate” ✧ Ety/AD

Element in

• N. Annerchi(o)n “Goblin Gate”
• N. annon porennin diragas·venwed ✧ RS/451
• N. Ennyn Durin Aran Vória “the Doors of Durin Lord of Moria” ✧ TI/182
• N. Forannest “North Entrance [?In]”
• N. lheben teil brann i annon ar neledh neledhi gar godrebh “five foot high the door and three may walk abreast” ✧ TAI/150
• N. Morannon “Black Gate”
• N. Mornennyn “Gates of Mordor” ✧ WR/113
• N. Ennyn Dûr “Gates of Mordor” ✧ WR/113 (Ennyn Dûr)
• N. Sirannon “Gate-stream”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AD > annon	[andondo] > [andond] > [andonn] > [annonn] > [annon]	✧ Ety/AD
ᴹ√AD > ennyn	[andondi] > [andundi] > [endyndi] > [endynd] > [endynn] > [ennynn] > [ennyn]	✧ Ety/AD

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
ennyn	plural	-	✧ Ety/AD
Ennyn	plural	“doors”	✧ TI/182; WR/113

sern ubed

place name. [Stones of] Denial

Earlier name for the Argonath appearing in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (WR/132), a combination of the plural of sarn “stone” and ubed “denial”.

Variations

• Sarnel Ubed ✧ WR/132 (Sarnel Ubed); WRI/Sern Ubed (Sarnel Ubed)
• Sairn Ubed ✧ WR/132; WRI/Sern Ubed

Elements

Word	Gloss
sarn	“stone as a material”
ubed	“denial”

alflon

place name. *Swan-haven

A Noldorin name for ᴹQ. Alqalonde appearing on the earliest Silmarillion maps (SM/250-1, 261). It appears to be a combination of alf “swan” and the lenited form of lhonn “haven”.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Alqalonde “Swan-haven” ✧ SMI/Alflon

Elements

Word	Gloss
alf	“swan”
lhonn	“(narrow) path, strait, pass”

amon carab

place name. Hill of the Hat

An earlier name of Amon Rûdh that appeared in various forms, one of which (Amon Carab) was translated “Hill of the Hat” (WJ/187). It seems to be a combination of amon “hill” and carab “hat”, the second of which is not otherwise attested.

Variations

• Carabel ✧ WJI/Amon Carab; WJI/Carabel
• Amon Garabel ✧ WJI/Amon Garabel; WJI/Carabel

Elements

Word	Gloss
amon	“hill”
carab	“hat”

amon uilos

place name. Amon Uilos

Variations

• Amon Uilas ✧ LR/210
• Amon-Uilas ✧ SM/081; SMI/Amon-Uilas
• Amon-Uilos ✧ SMI/Amon-Uilas

Changes

• Amon Uilas → Amon Uilos ✧ LR/210
• Amon-Uilas → Amon-Uilos ✧ SMI/Amon-Uilas

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Oiolosse “Everlasting Whiteness” ✧ LR/209
• ᴹQ. Ialasse “Everlasting Whiteness” ✧ SM/081

Elements

Word	Gloss
amon	“hill”
Uilos	“Everlasting Snow”

anfalas

place name. Langstrand

Elements

Word	Gloss
ann	“long”
falas	“beach, shore”

ar velegol

proper name. Day of Aule, alternate name of the third day of the Valian week

Another name for Ar Vedhwen, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and the lenited form of Belegol “Aule” (Ety/LEP).

Conceptual Development: The alternate name was first written as (rejected) Ar Ifan containing Ifan “Yavanna” (EtyAC/LEP).

Elements

Word	Gloss
ar-	“day”
Belegol	“Great Aule”

awartha-

verb. to forsake

Variations

• awartha ✧ Ety/WAR

Derivations

• On. awarta- “to forsake, abandon” ✧ Ety/WAR
  • ᴹ√WAR “give way, yield, not endure, let down, betray” ✧ Ety/WAR

Cognates

• ᴺQ. avarta- “to abandon”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. awarta > awartha	[awarta-] > [awartʰa-] > [awarθa-]	✧ Ety/WAR

baugla-

verb. to oppress

Variations

• bauglo ✧ EtyAC/MBAW

Changes

• baugla- → bauglo- ✧ Ety/MBAW

Derivations

• ᴹ√MBAW “compel, force, subject, oppress” ✧ Ety/MBAW

Cognates

• ᴹQ. mauya- “to compel” ✧ Ety/MBAW

Element in

• N. bauglir “tyrant, oppressor” ✧ Ety/MBAW

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MBAW > bauglo-	[mbawkla-] > [mbaukla-] > [baukla-] > [baugla-]	✧ Ety/MBAW

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
bauglo-	infinitive	“to oppress”	✧ Ety/MBAW

bel daurion sel aurinon

bel daurion sel aurinon

Element in

• N. Elbereth Gilthoniel (draft)

bregol

adjective. violent, sudden, *fierce

Derivations

• ᴹ✶berékā “wild” ✧ Ety/BERÉK
  • ᴹ√BEREK “*sudden, fierce” ✧ Ety/BERÉK
• ᴹ√MEREK ✧ Ety/MERÉK; EtyAC/MERÉK

Cognates

• ᴹQ. verka “wild” ✧ Ety/BERÉK

Element in

• N. Bregalad “Quickbeam”
• N. bregolas “fierceness, fierceness, ferocity” ✧ Ety/BERÉK; EtyAC/MERÉK (Bregolas*)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶berékā > bregol	[berékāla] > [brekāla] > [brekǭla] > [brekoula] > [brekaula] > [brekaul] > [bregaul] > [bregol]	✧ Ety/BERÉK
ᴹ√MERÉK > bregol	[merékāla] > [mrekāla] > [brekāla] > [brekǭla] > [brekoula] > [brekaula] > [brekaul] > [bregaul] > [bregol]	✧ Ety/MERÉK

oeglir

noun. range of mountain peaks

Elements

Word	Gloss
oeg	“sharp, pointed, piercing”
lhîr	“row”

breth

noun. mast, *forest nuts

Derivations

• ᴹ√BERETH “beech” ✧ Ety/NEL

Cognates

• Ilk. breth “(beech) mast, *beech nut”

Element in

• N. Brethorn “Forest of Brethil” ✧ EtyAC/NEL

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√BERÉTH > breth	[berétʰā] > [bretʰā] > [bretʰa] > [breθa] > [breθ]	✧ Ety/NEL

bunn

noun. snout, nose, cape

Derivations

• ᴹ✶mbundu “snout, nose; cape [of land]” ✧ Ety/MBUD
  • ᴹ√(M)BUD “jut out, project” ✧ Ety/MBUD

Cognates

• ᴹQ. mundo “snout, nose; cape [of land]” ✧ Ety/MBUD

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶mbundu > bund > bunn	[mbundu] > [mbundo] > [bundo] > [bund] > [bunn]	✧ Ety/MBUD

ang(ren)ost

place name. Isengard

Variations

• Angrenost ✧ TI/420; TII/Angrenost; WR/072; WRI/Angrenost
• Angost ✧ WR/072; WRI/Angrenost

Changes

• Angrenost → Angost “Isengard” ✧ WR/072

Elements

Word	Gloss
angren	“of iron”
ost	“city, town (with wall round)”

awarth

noun. abandonment

Derivations

• ᴹ√WAR “give way, yield, not endure, let down, betray” ✧ Ety/WAR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√WAR > awarth	[awarta] > [awartʰa] > [awarθa] > [awarθ]	✧ Ety/WAR

bannos

masculine name. Mandos, Dread Imprisoner

Noldorin name of Mandos appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s as a combination of the roots ᴹ√MBAD and ᴹ√GOS (Ety/MBAD). His name was glossed as “Dread Imprisoner” (Ety/MBAD) and as rejected “Dread Doom” (EtyAC/MBAD). It might be considered a combination of bann “prison” and the lenited form of gost “terror”.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, his name was G. Bannoth or Bandoth (GL/18, 21).

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Angamanda “Iron Prison, Hells of Iron” ✧ EtyAC/MBAD
• ᴹQ. Mandos “(Dread) Imprisoner” ✧ Ety/MBAD

Elements

Word	Gloss
bann	“duress, prison”
gost	“dread, terror”

cair andros

place name. Cair Andros

Variations

• Andros ✧ WR/340; WRI/Cair Andros

Changes

• Andros → Cair Andros ✧ WR/340
• Andros → Cair Andros ✧ WRI/Cair Andros

Elements

Word	Gloss
ceir	“ship”
ann	“long”
rhoss	“rain”

dúlin(n)

noun. nightingale

Variations

• dūlinn ✧ Ety/LIN²
• dúlin ✧ Ety/TIN
• dúlinn ✧ EtyAC/LIN²
• duilin ✧ SD/302

Derivations

• ᴹ√DOƷ “night” ✧ Ety/DOƷ
• ᴹ√DOM “faint, dim” ✧ Ety/TIN
• ᴹ✶dōmilindē “nightingale” ✧ SD/302

Cognates

• ᴹQ. lómelinde “nightingale” ✧ Ety/DOƷ; Ety/LIN²; Ety/TIN; SD/302

Elements

Word	Gloss
dû	“night, night-fall, late evening”
lhinn	“air, tune”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√DOƷ/DÔ > dúlind > dúlin(n)	[dōlindē] > [dūlindē] > [dūlinde] > [dūlind] > [dūlinn] > [dūlin]	✧ Ety/DOƷ
ᴹ√DOM > dúlind > dúlin	[dūvlinde] > [dūvlind] > [dūlind] > [dūlinn] > [dūlin]	✧ Ety/TIN
ᴹ✶dōmilindē > duilin	[dōmilindē] > [dūmilindē] > [dūmilinde] > [dūmilind] > [dūvilind] > [duilind] > [duilinn] > [duilin]	✧ SD/302

oeg

adjective. sharp, pointed, piercing

Derivations

• ᴹ√AYAK “sharp, pointed” ✧ Ety/AYAK

Cognates

• ᴹQ. aika “sharp” ✧ Ety/AYAK

Element in

• N. oegas “mountain peak” ✧ Ety/AYAK
• N. oeglir “range of mountain peaks” ✧ Ety/AYAK
• N. Crisaegrim

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AYAK > oeg	[ajka] > [aika] > [aik] > [aig] > [oeg]	✧ Ety/AYAK

sern aranath

place name. King Stones

Earlier name for the Argonath appearing in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/366), a combination of the plural of sarn “stone” and the class-plural of aran “king”. It also appeared with the ordinary plural Sern Erain, and the singular form Sarn Aran (WR/98).

Variations

• Sern Erain ✧ WR/098; WRI/Sarn Aran
• Sarn Aran ✧ WR/098; WRI/Sarn Aran

Changes

• Sern Aranath → Argonath ✧ TI/366
• Sern Erain → Sarn Aran “King Stones” ✧ WR/098

Elements

Word	Gloss
sarn	“stone as a material”
aran	“king, lord (of a specific region)”

amrûn

noun. uprising, sunrise, Orient, east

Variations

• am-rún ✧ Ety/AM²
• am-rûn ✧ EtyAC/AM²
• amrún ✧ PE22/035
• Amrūn ✧ PE22/041

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ambaróne “uprising, sunrise, Orient” ✧ Ety/AM²
• ᴹQ. róna “east” ✧ Ety/RŌ

Elements

Word	Gloss
am	“up”
rhûn	“east, eastern; †rising”

benn

noun. man, male, †husband

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “man” or “male” but originally with the sense “†husband”, derived from primitive ᴹ✶besnō under the root ᴹ√BES “wed” (Ety/BES, DER). The scenario in The Etymologies was that word for “husband” became N. herven while the original word for “man”, N. dîr, fell out of use except as an element in names and as an agental suffix.

Conceptual Development: G. {bend >>} †benn was a word for “husband” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, but it was marked archaic and was replaced by bedhron; these Gnomish words were derived from the early root ᴱ√Bedh- [VEÐE] (GL/22).

Neo-Sindarin: The root for “marry” words was altered in Tolkien’s later writings to √BER, so many Neo-Sindarin writers prefer to use S. dîr as the normal word for “man”; see that entry for discussion. I am of the opinion that both dîr and benn are acceptable, since I prefer to retain ᴹ√BES for “marry, wed”.

Derivations

• On. benno “man” ✧ Ety/BES
  • ᴹ✶besnō “husband” ✧ Ety/BES
  • ᴹ√BES “wed” ✧ Ety/BER; Ety/BES
• ᴹ√BES “wed” ✧ Ety/DER

Cognates

• ᴹQ. venno “husband” ✧ Ety/BES

Element in

• N. herven “husband” ✧ Ety/BES

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. benno > benn	[benno] > [benn]	✧ Ety/BES

oegas

noun. mountain peak

The noun N. oegas “mountain peak” appeared in The Etymologies as a noun form of oeg “sharp, pointed, piercing” (Ety/AYAK). In Noldorin, often ancient ai became oe, whereas in Sindarin ai fairly consistently became ae. Thus if adapting this word to Sindarin, its form would likely be ᴺS. aegas, as suggested in Hiswelókë’s Sindarin Dictionary (HSD/aegas).

Cognates

• ᴹQ. aikasse “mountain peak” ✧ Ety/AYAK

Element in

• N. Oeges Engrin “Peaks of Iron” ✧ Ety/AYAK

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
Oeges	plural	“Peaks”	✧ Ety/AYAK

-dis

suffix. female agent

Element in

• ᴺS. curunis “witch”
• N. meldis “friend (f.)”

Elements

Word	Gloss
dîs	“bride”

amon gwareth

place name. Hill of Watch

Changes

• Amon Gwareth → Amon Thoros ✧ LR/056

Elements

Word	Gloss
amon	“hill”
gwareth	“watch, guard, ward; vigilance”

ar(a)-

prefix. noble, royal

Element in

• N. Pelargir

calf

noun. water-vessel

Derivations

• ᴹ√KALPA “water-vessel” ✧ Ety/KALPA

Cognates

• ᴹQ. kalpa “water-vessel, bucket” ✧ Ety/KALPA

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KALPA > calf	[kalpa] > [kalpʰa] > [kalɸa] > [kalfa] > [kalf]	✧ Ety/KALPA

amben

adjective. uphill, uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome

An adjective (and adverb?) for “uphill” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, a combination of am “up” and N. penn “declivity, slope” (Ety/PEN). It was contrasted with N. dadben* “downhill, inclined, prone” (Ety/AM², PEN).

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies it first appeared as N. amdenn, a derivative of ᴹ√DEN “hillside, slope”, but the meaning of this root was change to ᴹ√DEN “hole; gap, passage” (Ety/DEN), after which the form amben < ᴹ√PEN(ED) given above was introduced. The earliest appearance of this word was in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s as ᴱN. amvenn “uphill; arduous, difficult, tiresome” explicitly marked as both an adjective and adverb, along with a noun variant ᴱN. amvinn “slope, incline, hillside” (PE13/139, 159-160). This early Noldorin form was a combination of ᴱN. am “up” and ᴱN. benn “sloping”.

Neo-Sindarin: Given its Early Noldorin use for “arduous, difficult, tiresome”, it is possible amben can be used colloquially in Neo-Sindarin with a similar sense of something difficult.

Variations

• am-bend ✧ Ety/AM²
• amdenn ✧ Ety/DEN (amdenn)
• ambenn ✧ Ety/PEN

Cognates

• ᴹQ. am(ba)penda “uphill, uphill, *sloping up; [ᴱQ.] arduous, difficult, tiresome” ✧ Ety/AM²
• ᴹQ. ampende “upward slope” ✧ Ety/PEN

Elements

Word	Gloss
am	“up”
penn	“declivity”

amlug

noun. dragon

Cognates

• ᴹQ. angulóke “dragon” ✧ Ety/LOK

Elements

Word	Gloss
am-	“snake”
lhûg	“dragon”

andram

place name. Long Wall

Elements

Word	Gloss
ann	“long”
rham	“wall”

angren

adjective. of iron

Variations

• Angren ✧ SD/033

Cognates

• ᴹQ. angaina “of iron” ✧ Ety/ANGĀ

Element in

• N. Ang(ren)ost “Isengard”
• N. Carach Angren “Jaws of Iron” ✧ SD/033
• N. Ered-engrin “Iron Mountains”
• N. Oeges Engrin “Peaks of Iron” ✧ Ety/AYAK

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
engrin	plural	-	✧ Ety/ANGĀ; Ety/AYAK

bennas

noun. angle

Variations

• Bennas ✧ TI/238; TII/Bennas

Cognates

• ᴺQ. vennassë “angle”

breged

noun. violence, suddenness

Derivations

• ᴹ√BEREK “*sudden, fierce” ✧ Ety/BERÉK
• ᴹ√MEREK ✧ EtyAC/MERÉK

Element in

• N. bregedur “wild fire” ✧ EtyAC/MERÉK (bregedúr)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√BERÉK > breged	[berékete] > [brékete] > [breket] > [breked] > [breged]	✧ Ety/BERÉK
ᴹ√MERÉK > breged	[merékete] > [mrekete] > [brekete] > [breket] > [breked] > [breged]	✧ EtyAC/MERÉK

bár

noun. home; earth

Variations

• băr ✧ PE22/036 (băr)
• bār ✧ PE22/036

Derivations

• ᴹ√MBAR “dwell, inhabit” ✧ Ety/GAWA; Ety/MBAR; Ety/TAN
  • ᴹ√BAR “raise; uplift, save, rescue(?)” ✧ Ety/BAR
• On. mbar “home” ✧ EtyAC/MBAR
  • ᴹ√MBAR “dwell, inhabit” ✧ Ety/MBAR
  • ᴹ√BAR “raise; uplift, save, rescue(?)” ✧ Ety/BAR

Cognates

• Ilk. bar “home”
• ᴹQ. mar “home, dwelling, house, habitation; earth”

Element in

• N. Marthanc “Hamfast”
• N. Barthan “Earth-smith, Earthbuilder” ✧ Ety/GAWA; Ety/MBAR; Ety/TAN
• N. Bair Nestad “Houses of Healing” ✧ WR/380
• N. Findobar ✧ Ety/MBAR
• N. Gondothrimbar
• N. Siriombar “Sirion’s Haven”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. mbar > bár	[mbar] > [bar] > [bār]	✧ EtyAC/MBAR

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
bar	prefix	-	✧ Ety/GAWA; Ety/MBAR; Ety/TAN
bar	suffix	-	✧ Ety/MBAR; Ety/MBAR
i·mmeir	nasal-mutation plural	-	✧ PE22/035
†bĕı̯r	plural	-	✧ PE22/036
be͡ır	plural	-	✧ PE22/036
Bair	plural	“houses”	✧ WR/380

iarwath

masculine name. Blood-stained

Variations

• Iarvael ✧ EtyAC/YAR (Iarvael)
• iârvael ✧ PE22/067
• Iarwaeth ✧ WJ/083 (S. Iarwaeth); WJI/Iarwaeth (S. Iarwaeth)

Changes

• Iarvael → Iarwath ✧ Ety/YAR
• Iarwaeth → Agarwaen ✧ WJI/Iarwaeth

Elements

Word	Gloss
iâr	“blood”
gwath	“stain”

adel

preposition. behind, in rear (of)

Derivations

• ᴹ√TELES “hindmost, tarrier” ✧ Ety/TELES

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√TELES > adel	[ateles] > [atele] > [atel] > [adel]	✧ Ety/TELES

a tiro’men gilthoniel

*oh watch us, Gilthoniel

Variations

• tiro men ✧ EtyAC/NDI

Element in

• N. Elbereth Gilthoniel (draft)

Elements

Word	Gloss
tir-	“to watch”
men	“*us”

caer

noun. flat isle on a river

Variations

• caer ✧ PE22/126

Derivations

• ᴹ✶kaire “flat isle on a river” ✧ PE22/126
  • ᴹ√KAY “lie (down)” ✧ PE22/126

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶kaire > caer	[kaire] > [kair] > [kaer]	✧ PE22/126

elbereth gilthoniel (draft)

Elbereth Gilthoniel (draft)

The draft version of S. A Elbereth Gilthoniel, appearing on RS/394. The version here includes the draft of Sam’s invocation of Elbereth (WR/218), whose first three lines are nearly identical to the lines appearing on RS/394, and whose 4th line resembles that of 4th line of the later version of the invocation. It has no translation, and is sufficiently different from the later version of the poem that it is quite difficult to analyze.

Elements

Word	Gloss
Elbereth Gilthoniel
sir evrin pennar oriel
dir avos-eithen miriel
bel daurion sel aurinon
pennáros evrin ériol
a tiro’men Gilthoniel	“*oh watch us, Gilthoniel”

basgorn

noun. loaf, loaf, [G.] loaf of bread, [ᴱN.] round loaf, cake

Derivations

• ᴹ√M(B)AS “knead” ✧ Ety/MBAS

Cognates

• Ilk. basgorn “round bread”
• ᴺQ. mastacornë “loaf”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MBAS > basgorn	[bastgorn] > [basgorn]	✧ Ety/MBAS

airlond

place name. (?sea-stead)

A name appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s with an unclear gloss, possibly “?swanstead” (EtyAC/LOD). According to Hostetter and Wynne, it seems to replace a rejected form oerlond, possibly glossed “?sea-stead”. It appears to be a combination of oer “sea” and the lenited form of lhonn “haven”. If the gloss “swanstead” is correct, it may be a variant form of Alflon and Alfobas.

Variations

• airlond ✧ EtyAC/LOD
• oerlond ✧ EtyAC/LOD (oerlond)

Changes

• oerlond → airlond “(?sea-stead)” ✧ EtyAC/LOD

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Alqalonde “Swan-haven” ✧ Ety/LOD

Elements

Word	Gloss
oer	“sea”
lhonn	“(narrow) path, strait, pass”

andrath

place name. Andrath

Variations

• Amrath ✧ TI/079; TI/298; TII/Andrath

Changes

• Amrath → Andrath ✧ TI/079
• Amrath → Andrath ✧ TI/298
• Amrath → Andrath ✧ TII/Andrath

Elements

Word	Gloss
ann	“long”
rath	“course, river-bed”

anna-

verb. to give

Derivations

• ᴹ√NĀ/ANA “to, towards” ✧ Ety/ANA¹

Cognates

• ᴹQ. anta- “to give” ✧ Ety/ANA¹

Element in

• ᴺS. dananna- “to give back, return [something]”
• ᴺS. istanna- “to teach, lecture, explain, (lit.) give knowledge”
• S. oneth “*giving”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ANA¹ > anno	[anta-] > [antʰa-] > [anθa-] > [anna-]	✧ Ety/ANA¹

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
anno	infinitive	“to give”	✧ Ety/ANA¹

annabon

noun. elephant

A noun for “elephant” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, a combination of N. ann “long” and N. bonn “snouted”, from primitive ᴹ✶andambundā (Ety/MBUD). Its historical development would have produced **annammonn, but Tolkien said it was with “with dissimal[itive] alter[ation] of medial mb” (EtyAC/MBUD). The similar forms {Andabund >>} Andrabonn for “elephant” appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts of the 1940s.

Conceptual Development: In the Quenya Lexicon of the 1910s, Tolkien gave G. funt as the equivalent of ᴱQ. hunto “elephant” (QL/41).

Variations

• Andabund ✧ WR/136; WRI/Andabund
• Andrabonn ✧ WR/136; WRI/Andabund

Changes

• Andabund → Andrabonn ✧ WR/136
• Andrabonn → Múmund ✧ WR/136

Derivations

• ᴹ✶andambundā “long-snouted” ✧ Ety/MBUD

Cognates

• ᴹQ. andamunda “elephant” ✧ Ety/MBUD

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶andambundā > andabon > annabon	[andambundā] > [andambunda] > [andambonda] > [andambond] > [andabond] > [annabond] > [annabonn] > [annabon]	✧ Ety/MBUD

arafain

masculine name. ?White King

A transient name for Keleborn appearing in the Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/256). Roman Rausch suggested it might be a combination of aran “king” and a variant form of fein “white” (EE/2.34).

Elements

Word	Gloss
aran	“king, lord (of a specific region)”
fein	“white, radiant”

ar uiar

proper name. Day of Ulmo, second day of the Valian week

The Noldorin name for the 2nd day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and Uiar, the Noldorin name of Ulmo (Ety/LEP).

Variations

• Ar Waiar ✧ EtyAC/LEP (Ar Waiar)

Changes

• Ar Waiar → Ar Uiar ✧ Ety/LEP

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Ar Ulmon “Day of Ulmo, second day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/LEP

Elements

Word	Gloss
ar-	“day”
Uiar	“Ulmo”

ath-

prefix. on both sides, across

Derivations

• ᴹ√ATTA “two” ✧ Ety/AT(AT)
• ᴹ√AT “back, again, twice; two” ✧ Ety/RAT

Element in

• N. athan “beyond”
• N. athrad “ford, crossing” ✧ Ety/AT(AT)
• N. athrada- “to cross, traverse” ✧ Ety/RAT
• S. Ethring “*Across Cold”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AT(AT) > ath-	[att-] > [attʰ-] > [aθθ-] > [aθ-]	✧ Ety/RAT

bach

noun. article (for exchange), ware, thing

Derivations

• ᴹ✶mbakhā “article (for exchange), ware, thing” ✧ Ety/MBAKH
  • ᴹ√MBAKH “exchange” ✧ Ety/MBAKH

Cognates

• ᴺQ. macca “article (for exchange), ware, thing”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶mbakhā > bach	[mbakʰā] > [mbakʰa] > [mbaxa] > [baxa] > [bax]	✧ Ety/MBAKH

bedhwen

proper name. of the Spouses

The Noldorin adjectival formation meaning “of the Spouses” appearing in the name Ar Vedhwen “Day of the Spouses”, appearing only in its lenited form Vedhwen (Ety/LEP). It developed from ancient Bedū+ina; see that entry for further discussion.

Derivations

• ᴹ✶Bedūina “*of Spouses” ✧ Ety/LEP

Cognates

• ᴹQ. veru “husband and wife, married pair” ✧ Ety/LEP

Element in

• N. Ar Vedhwen “Day of the Spouses, third day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/LEP

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶Bedū+ina > Vedhwen	[bedū+ina] > [bedwina] > [beðwina] > [beðwena] > [beðwen]	✧ Ety/LEP

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
Vedhwen	soft-mutation	“of the Spouses”	✧ Ety/LEP

bertha-

verb. to dare

Derivations

• On. bertha- “to be bold” ✧ Ety/BER
  • ᴹ√BER “valiant” ✧ Ety/BER

Cognates

• ᴹQ. verya- “to dare” ✧ Ety/BER

Element in

• ᴺS. berthas “adventure, bold undertaking”
• ᴺS. berthian “challenge; daring, audacity”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. bértha- > bertho	[berθa-]	✧ Ety/BER

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
bertho	infinitive	“dare”	✧ Ety/BER

boldog

masculine name. Torment-slayer

Elements

Word	Gloss
baul	“torment”
daug	“warrior, soldier (chiefly used of orcs), warrior, soldier [with evil connotations]”

brennil

noun. lady

Element in

• N. Gilbrennil “Varda”

bruinen

place name. Loudwater

Elements

Word	Gloss
brui	“loud”
nen	“water”

faragon

masculine name. Faragon

Earliest name for Vorondil in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (WR/281). Roman Rausch suggested that this name might be a combination of fara- “hunt” and the suffix -gon “lord”, since he was known for hunting wild oxen (EE/3.26).

Changes

• Faragon → Orondil ✧ WR/288
• Faragon → Orondil ✧ WRI/Faragon

Elements

Word	Gloss
fara-	“to hunt”
-gon	“valour”

huor

masculine name. heart-vigour, courage

Derivations

• ᴹ✶Khōgore “heart-vigour, courage” ✧ Ety/GOR; Ety/KHŌ-N

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Huore “heart-vigour, courage” ✧ Ety/KHŌ-N

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶Khōgore > Huor	[kʰōgore] > [kʰūgore] > [xūgore] > [xūɣore] > [xūɣor] > [xuor] > [huor]	✧ Ety/GOR

borthandos

masculine name. *Steadfast-intelligence

Changes

• Borthandos → Borthand ✧ WJI/Borthand

Elements

Word	Gloss
bôr	“steadfast; trusty man, faithful vassal”
hannas	“understanding, intelligence”

cael

noun. lying in bed, sickness

Derivations

• ᴹ√KAY “lie (down)” ✧ Ety/KAY

Cognates

• ᴹQ. kaila “lying in bed, bedridden; sickness” ✧ Ety/KAY
• ᴹQ. kaimasse “lying in bed, sickness” ✧ Ety/KAY

Element in

• N. caeleb “bedridden, sick” ✧ Ety/KAY

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KAY > cael	[kajla] > [kaila] > [kail] > [kael]	✧ Ety/KAY

bellas

noun. bodily strength

Cognates

• ᴹT. belle “(physical) strength” ✧ Ety/BEL

aglarond

place name. Caves of Splendour

Changes

• Aglarond → Aglarond “Caves of Splendour” ✧ WR/077

Elements

Word	Gloss
aglar	“glory, splendour”
rhonn	“roof, cave”

alchorin

proper name. Not-of-Kôr

Noldorin term for the Elves “Not of Kôr”, equivalent to ᴹQ. Ilkorin, appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/AR², LA). It also appeared in its plural form Elcheryn. This term appears to be a combination of the negative prefix al-, a mutated form of N. Caur (= ᴹQ. Kôr) and a variant of the adjective suffix -en. In some rejected notes from The Etymologies, Tolkien indicated it was derived from OQ. ḷkor- (EtyAC/LA), so perhaps it was an adaptation of the Quenya term rather than an original Noldorin word.

Conceptual Development: In Early Noldorin word lists from the 1920s, rejected cognate of ᴱQ. Ilkorin was Uchor (PE13/155).

Variations

• Alchoron ✧ Ety/AR²; EtyAC/ALA (Alchoron); EtyAC/AR²; EtyAC/LA (Alchoron)

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Ilkorin “Not of Kôr” ✧ Ety/AR²; Ety/LA; EtyAC/LA; LRI/Ilkorindi; LRI/Ilkorindi
• ᴹQ. Alkorin ✧ EtyAC/ALA

Elements

Word	Gloss
al-	“no, not”
Caur	“Kôr”
-en	“adjective suffix”

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
Elcheryn	plural	-	✧ Ety/LA; LRI/Ilkorindi
-Elcheryn	plural	-	✧ EtyAC/LA

angolonn

place name. Land of the Gnomes

Noldorin equivalent of ᴹQ. Ingolonde “Land of the Gnomes” appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/ÑGOLOD). It seems to be an example of how [[on|initial syllabic [m], [n], [ŋ] became [am], [an], [aŋ]]] in Old Noldorin.

Derivations

• ᴹ√ÑGOLOD “one of the wise folk, Gnome” ✧ Ety/ÑGOLOD

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Ingolonde “Land of the Gnomes” ✧ Ety/ÑGOLOD

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ÑGÓLOD > Angolonn	[ŋ̣golonde] > [aŋgolonde] > [aŋgolond] > [aŋgolonn]	✧ Ety/ÑGOLOD

arthoren

place name. Fenced Realm

A Noldorin translation of Ilk. Garthurian “Fenced Realm, Hidden Realm” appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s along with numerous variations (Ety/ƷAR|GARAT, THUR). It seems to be a combination of ardh “realm” and thoren “fenced”, as indicated by the variant forms Ardh-thoren or Ar(ð)thoren. A third variation, Arthurien is said to be a half translation or Noldorization of Ilk. Garthurian. A fourth variation, Ardholen seems to have a different meaning: “Hidden Realm” (Ety/GAT(H)).

Variations

• Ardh-thoren ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT
• Arthurien ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT; Ety/THUR; EtyAC/ƷARA (Arthurien)
• Ar(ð)thoren ✧ Ety/THUR
• Arthóren ✧ EtyAC/ƷARA (Arthóren)

Changes

• Arthóren → Arthoren ✧ EtyAC/ƷARA

Cognates

• Ilk. Garthurian “Fenced Realm, Hidden Realm” ✧ Ety/ƷAR

Elements

Word	Gloss
ardh	“realm”
thoren	“*fenced”

badh-

verb. to judge

Variations

• bað- ✧ Ety/BAD (bað-)

Derivations

• ᴹ✶bad- “to judge” ✧ Ety/BAD
  • ᴹ√(M)BAD “duress, prison, doom, hell; *judge” ✧ Ety/BAD

Element in

• N. badhron “judge” ✧ Ety/BAD
• ᴺS. bedhril “judge (f.)”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶bad- > bað-	[bad-] > [bað-]	✧ Ety/BAD

banga-

verb. to trade, to trade, *sell

Variations

• banga ✧ Ety/MBAKH
• bactha- ✧ EtyAC/MBAKH (bactha-)

Changes

• bactha- → banga ✧ Ety/MBAKH

Derivations

• ᴹ√MBAKH “exchange” ✧ Ety/MBAKH

Cognates

• ᴹQ. manka- “to trade” ✧ Ety/MBAKH

Element in

• ᴺS. bangad “trade, trading”
• ᴺS. bangath “market”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MBAKH > banga	[mbaŋkʰa-] > [mbaŋxa-] > [baŋxa-] > [baŋga-]	✧ Ety/MBAKH

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
banc	past	-	✧ Ety/MBAKH
-bacthad	gerund	-	✧ EtyAC/MBAKH

bregalad

masculine name. Quickbeam

Elements

Word	Gloss
bregol	“violent, sudden, *fierce”
galadh	“tree”

bregedur

noun. wild fire

A noun appearing as N. {bregedúr >>} bregedur “wild fire” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, a combination of N. breged “suddenness” and N. ûr “fire”, from ᴹ√BEREK and ᴹ√UR “be hot” respectively (Ety/BERÉK, UR; EtyAC/MERÉK). It was also an element in the name N. Dagor Vregedúr “Battle of Sudden Fire” (Ety/BERÉK; LR/280) which in later writings became S. Dagor Bragollach “Battle of Sudden Flame” (S/151; WJ/52).

Neo-Sindarin: Despite this name change, I think bregedur “wild fire” might still be valid, given other late names like S. Bregalad “Quickbeam” and the continued use of the root √UR. In fact, I prefer this over using bragollach “sudden flame”, since bragol “sudden” has no other similar forms on Tolkien’s writings: it is breg- everywhere else.

Variations

• bregedúr ✧ EtyAC/MERÉK (bregedúr)

Element in

• N. Dagor Vregedúr “Battle of Sudden Fire” ✧ Ety/BERÉK; Ety/UR (Dagor Vreged-úr); EtyAC/MERÉK (Dagor Vregedúr)

Elements

Word	Gloss
breged	“violence, suddenness”
ûr	“fire”

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
-Vreged-úr	soft-mutation	“Sudden Fire”	✧ Ety/UR

bregolas

noun. fierceness, fierceness, *ferocity

Variations

• Bregolas ✧ Ety/BERÉK; EtyAC/MERÉK (Bregolas)

Element in

• S. Bregolas “*Fierceness”
• N. Bregolas “Fierceness” ✧ Ety/BERÉK; EtyAC/MERÉK (Bregolas)

Elements

Word	Gloss
bregol	“violent, sudden, *fierce”
-as	“abstract noun”

bregolas

masculine name. Fierceness

Elements

Word	Gloss
bregolas	“fierceness, fierceness, *ferocity”

calenhad

place name. Calenhad

Elements

Word	Gloss
calen	“green, (orig.) bright-coloured”
sad	“*place”

calenhir

place name. *Green River

A river in the early maps of Gondor (TI/312, WR/436), removed by the time The Lord of the Rings was published. It is a compound of calen “green” and -hir, the lenited form of sîr “river”.

Elements

Word	Gloss
calen	“green, (orig.) bright-coloured”
sîr	“river”

rimbedir

masculine name. Trotter

Earliest Elvish name in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s for the character that would become Aragorn (RS/198). Its etymology is unclear.

Changes

• Rimbedir → Padathir “Trotter” ✧ RS/198

adleithian

noun. *release, freeing

Variations

• Adleithian ✧ EtyAC/LEK

aglar

noun. glory, splendour

Derivations

• ᴹ√AKLA(R) “radiance, splendour” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; Ety/KAL; PE18/036
  • ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; Ety/KAL
  • ᴹ√KALAR “be radiant” ✧ PE18/036; PE18/062
  • ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL; PE18/036

Cognates

• ᴹQ. alkar(e) “radiance, brilliance” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; PE18/036

Element in

• N. aglareb “glorious” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; Ety/KAL
• N. aglar anann “*glory for long” ✧ SD/046
• N. Aglarond “Caves of Splendour”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AKLA-R > aglar	[aklar] > [aglar]	✧ Ety/AKLA-R

brona-

verb. to last, survive

Derivations

• On. bron- “to last, endure, survive” ✧ Ety/BORÓN
  • ᴹ√BOR(ON) “endure” ✧ Ety/BORÓN

Cognates

• ᴺQ. vor- “to endure, survive”

Element in

• ᴺS. bronad “survival”
• N. bronadui “enduring, lasting” ✧ Ety/BORÓN

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. bronie > brono	[brona-]	✧ Ety/BORÓN

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
brono	infinitive	“last, survive”	✧ Ety/BORÓN

dolt

noun. round knob, boss

Variations

• dolt ✧ Ety/NDOL

Derivations

• ᴹ√NDOL “*head” ✧ Ety/NDOL

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√NDOL > dolt	[ndolto] > [ndoltʰo] > [ndolθo] > [dolθo] > [dolθ] > [dolt]	✧ Ety/NDOL
ᴹ√NDOL > dylt	[ndoltī] > [ndolti] > [ndoltʰi] > [ndolθi] > [dolθi] > [dulθi] > [dylθi] > [dylθ] > [dylt]	✧ Ety/NDOL

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
dylt	plural	-	✧ Ety/NDOL

arnœdiad

adjective. innumerable, countless, endless

Variations

• arnoediad ✧ EtyAC/NOT

Derivatives

• N. arnediad “without reckoning, numberless, innumerable, countless, endless” ✧ Ety/NOT

an(d)fang

proper name. Longbeard

Variations

• Andfang/Anfang ✧ Ety/ÁNAD

Elements

Word	Gloss
ann	“long”
fang	“beard”

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
Enfeng	plural	-	✧ Ety/ÁNAD; Ety/SPÁNAG; LR/274; LRI/Enfeng

ancalagon

masculine name. Biting-Storm

Variations

• Anc-alagon ✧ Ety/ÁLAK; Ety/ÁNAK; Ety/NAK

Elements

Word	Gloss
anc	“jaw, row of teeth”
alagos	“storm (of wind)”

belegoer

place name. Great Sea

Variations

• Belegar ✧ LR/014; LR/019; LRI/Belegar; SMI/Belegar
• Belegaer ✧ LR/019; LRI/Belegar

Changes

• Belegar → Belegaer ✧ LR/019
• Belegar → Belegaer “Great Sea” ✧ SMI/Belegar

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Alataire “Great Sea” ✧ Ety/ÁLAT; Ety/AY

Elements

Word	Gloss
beleg	“great, large”
oer	“sea”

bladorion

place name. Bladorion

Variations

• Bladorian ✧ MRI/Bladorian; WJI/Bladorian

Changes

• Bladorion → Ardgalen ✧ WJ/113
• Bladorian → Ardgalen ✧ WJI/Bladorian

borth

?. [unglossed]

Variations

• Borth ✧ Ety/BOR

Derivations

• ᴹ√BOR(ON) “endure” ✧ Ety/BOR

Element in

• N. Borthandos “*Steadfast-intelligence” ✧ Ety/BOR

kalenarda

place name. Kalenarda

Earlier name of Calenardhon in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (WR/155), perhaps a mix-language combination of N. calen “green” and ᴹQ. arda “realm”. It also appeared as Kalinarda (WR/156), which might be the pure Quenya form of the name as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/§3.17).

Variations

• Kalen(arda) ✧ WR/155
• Kalinarda ✧ WR/156; WRI/Calenardhon

Elements

Word	Gloss
calen	“green, (orig.) bright-coloured”
arda	“realm, region”

tol varad

place name. Defended Isle

Earliest name for Cair Andros (WR/326), a combination of N. toll “isle” and the lenited form of barad “fort” or perhaps an adjective form (?baradh) equivalent to ᴹQ. varna, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/3.33).

Changes

• Tol Varad → Men Falros “Defended Isle” ✧ WR/326
• Tol Varad → Men Falros ✧ WRI/Cair Andros

torfirion

place name. Westermanton

Earlier name for Annúminas appearing in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s with the gloss “Westermanton” (TI/144, 304). It may be a combination of Torfir “High-man” and the suffix -ion used in the names of lands, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/2.19).

Changes

• Torfirion → Annúminas “Westermanton” ✧ TI/145
• Torfirion → Annúminas “Westermanton” ✧ TI/304

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Tarkilmar “Westermanton” ✧ TI/144

Elements

Word	Gloss
Torfir	“High-man”
-ion	“-region, -land”

balan

noun. Power, God

Derivations

• On. Bala “Power, God” ✧ Ety/BAL
  • ᴹ✶balā “powerful; Power, God” ✧ Ety/BAL
  • ᴹ√BAL “*power” ✧ Ety/BAL
• ᴹ√BAL “*power” ✧ Ety/KIRIK

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Vala “Power, God” ✧ Ety/BAL; Ety/BAL

Element in

• N. Cerch iMbelain “Sickle of the Gods” ✧ Ety/KIRIK
• N. Nethwelein “Younger Gods” ✧ Ety/LEP
• N. Arvelain “*Day of the Valar”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. Bala > Balan	[Bala] > [Balan]	✧ Ety/BAL
On. Bala > Belein > Belen	[balani] > [beleni] > [belein] > [belen]	✧ Ety/BAL

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
Belen	plural	-	✧ Ety/BAL
Mbelain	nasal-mutation plural	“Gods”	✧ Ety/KIRIK
welein	soft-mutation plural	-	✧ Ety/LEP

batha-

verb. to trample

Derivations

• On. battha- “to trample” ✧ Ety/BAT
  • ᴹ✶battā “trample” ✧ Ety/BAT
  • ᴹ√BAT “tread” ✧ Ety/BAT

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. batthṓ > batho	[baθθa-] > [baθa-]	✧ Ety/BAT

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
batho	infinitive	“trample”	✧ Ety/BAT

belegol

masculine name. Great Aule

A more elaborate Noldorin name for ᴹQ. Aule appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, a combination of beleg “great” and his ordinary Noldorin name Gaul (Ety/BEL, GAWA).

Variations

• Beleg-ol ✧ Ety/BEL

Element in

• N. Ar Velegol “Day of Aule, alternate name of the third day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/LEP

Elements

Word	Gloss
beleg	“great, large”
Gaul	“Aule”

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
Velegol	soft-mutation	“Aule”	✧ Ety/LEP

beria-

verb. to protect

Derivations

• ᴹ✶baryā- “to protect” ✧ Ety/BAR
  • ᴹ√BAR “raise; uplift, save, rescue(?)” ✧ Ety/BAR

Cognates

• ᴹQ. varya- “to protect” ✧ Ety/BAR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶baryā́- > berio	[barja-] > [baria-] > [beria-]	✧ Ety/BAR

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
berio	infinitive	“to protect”	✧ Ety/BAR

men falros

place name. *Place of Splashing Foam

Earlier name for Cair Andros (WR/326), apparently a combination of N. men “place”, some form of the root ᴹ√PHAL “foam” and the suffixal form of -ros of rhoss “rain”, perhaps meaning “Place of Splashing Foam” as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/3.33).

Changes

• Men Falros → Cairros ✧ WRI/Cair Andros

Elements

Word	Gloss
men	“*place”
PHAL	“foam”
rhoss	“rain”

oel

noun. pool, lake

Derivations

• ᴹ✶ailin “pool, lake” ✧ Ety/AY

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ailin “pool, lake” ✧ Ety/AY

Element in

• N. Oelinuial “Pools of Twilight” ✧ Ety/AY
• N. Elivorn “Lake-Black”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶ai-lin- > oel	[ailin] > [aili] > [ail] > [oel]	✧ Ety/AY

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
oelin	plural	-	✧ Ety/AY

anduin

place name. Great River

Variations

• Andon ✧ TI/298; TII/Anduin

Changes

• Andon → Anduin ✧ TI/298

Element in

• N. Ethir-anduin

Elements

Word	Gloss
ann	“long”
duin	“water, river”

beleghir

place name. Great River

Precursor to the river name Anduin appearing in the Lord of the Rings from the 1940s (RS/410), a combination of beleg “great” and the lenited form of sîr “river”.

Changes

• Beleghir → Anduin “Great River” ✧ RS/410

Elements

Word	Gloss
beleg	“great, large”
sîr	“river”

calenardhon

place name. Calenardhon

Variations

• Calenardan ✧ WR/168; WRI/Calenardhon
• Calenard(h)on ✧ WRI/Calenardhon

Changes

• Calenardan → Calenardhon ✧ WR/168

Elements

Word	Gloss
calen	“green, (orig.) bright-coloured”
ardh	“realm”
?

dú(w)ath

noun. night-shade

Variations

• Dú(w)ath ✧ Ety/DOƷ

Element in

• N. Hebel Dúath “Mountains of Shadow”
• N. Duath

Elements

Word	Gloss
dû	“night, night-fall, late evening”
gwath	“shade”

eith

noun. spear-point

Variations

• aith ✧ Ety/EK

Changes

• aith → eith “spear-point” ✧ EtyAC/EK

Derivations

• ᴹ√EK “spear, (sharp) point, thorn” ✧ Ety/EK

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ehte “spear” ✧ Ety/EK

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√EK > aith	[ektē] > [ekte] > [ektʰe] > [exθe] > [eiθe] > [eiθ] > [aiθ]	✧ Ety/EK
ᴹ√EK > eith	[ektē] > [ekte] > [ektʰe] > [exθe] > [eiθe] > [eiθ]	✧ Ety/EK

caew

noun. lair, resting-place

Derivations

• ᴹ√KAY “lie (down)” ✧ Ety/KAY

Cognates

• ᴹQ. kaima “bed, bed, [ᴱQ.] couch” ✧ Ety/KAY

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KAY > caew	[kajma] > [kaima] > [kaem] > [kaev] > [kaew]	✧ Ety/KAY

asgar

adjective. violent, rushing, impetuous

@@@ ascar may be alternate form

Derivations

• ᴹ✶askarā “tearing, hastening” ✧ Ety/SKAR
  • ᴹ√SKAR “tear, rend” ✧ Ety/SKAR

Cognates

• Ilk. ascar “violent, rushing, impetuous” ✧ Ety/SKAR

Element in

• S. Ascar “rushing, impetuous”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶askarā > ascar > asgar	[askarā] > [askara] > [askar] > [asgar]	✧ Ety/SKAR

aew

noun. (small) bird

Derivations

• ᴹ√AIWĒ “(small) bird” ✧ Ety/AIWĒ

Cognates

• ᴹQ. aiwe “(small) bird” ✧ Ety/AIWĒ

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AIWĒ > aew	[aiwē] > [aiwe] > [aiw] > [aew]	✧ Ety/AIWĒ

angrist

proper name. Iron-cleaver

Elements

Word	Gloss
ang	“iron”
crist	“cleaver, sword”

anor

noun. Sun

Variations

• Anar ✧ Ety/NAR¹
• ánar ✧ EtyAC/NAR¹ (ánar)
• Anaur ✧ SDI2/Anar (Anaur)

Changes

• ánar → Anar ✧ Ety/NAR¹

Derivations

• ᴹ✶Anār “Sun” ✧ Ety/ANÁR; SD/302; SD/306
  • ᴹ√NAR “flame, fire” ✧ Ety/ANÁR
• ᴹ√NAR “flame, fire” ✧ Ety/NAR¹

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Anar “Sun” ✧ Ety/ANÁR; Ety/NAR¹; LR/041; LRI/Anar; SD/306; SDI2/Anar

Element in

• N. Anórien
• N. elanor “sun-star”
• N. Minas Anor “Tower of the Sun”
• N. Aranor “*Sun-day”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶anār- > Anor	[anārǝ] > [anār] > [anǭr] > [anour] > [anaur] > [anor]	✧ Ety/ANÁR
ᴹ✶Anār > Anaur > Anor	[anār] > [anǭr] > [anour] > [anaur] > [anor]	✧ SD/302
ᴹ✶Anār > Anaur > Anor	[anār] > [anǭr] > [anour] > [anaur] > [anor]	✧ SD/306

arad

noun. daytime, a day

since later S. aur was derived from √UR "heat", this word most likely is no longer valid @@@

Derivations

• ᴹ√AR “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹

Cognates

• ᴹQ. arya “day (twelve hours)” ✧ Ety/AR¹

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AR¹ > arad	[arata] > [arat] > [arad]	✧ Ety/AR¹

aran

noun. king, lord (of a specific region)

Variations

• âr ✧ Ety/TĀ
• Aran ✧ Ety/THIN; TI/182

Derivations

• On. aran “king”
  • ᴹ√ƷAR “have, hold”
• ᴹ√ƷAR “have, hold” ✧ Ety/ƷAR; Ety/TĀ; EtyAC/ƷARA

Cognates

• ᴹQ. haran “king, chieftain, lord or king of a specified region” ✧ Ety/TĀ

Element in

• N. Arafain “?White King”
• N. Aran Chithlum “King of Hithlum” ✧ Ety/TĀ; PE22/033
• N. Aran Dinnu “King of Twilight” ✧ Ety/THIN
• N. Aramir
• N. Sern Aranath “King Stones” ✧ WR/098
• N. Galdaran
• N. Ennyn Durin Aran Vória “the Doors of Durin Lord of Moria” ✧ TI/182
• N. ernil “prince”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ƷAR > aran	[ɣaran] > [aran]	✧ Ety/ƷAR
ᴹ√ƷAR > erain	[ɣarani] > [arani] > [ereni] > [erein] > [erain]	✧ Ety/ƷAR

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
erain	plural	-	✧ Ety/ƷAR
-erain	plural	-	✧ EtyAC/ƷARA
Erain	plural	-	✧ WR/098

araw

masculine name. Orome

Variations

• Áraw ✧ PE22/037
• Ramr ✧ WR/292 (Ramr)

Changes

• Ramr → Araw ✧ WR/292

Derivations

• On. Araume “Orome” ✧ Ety/ORÓM; PE22/037; PE22/040
  • ᴹ✶Orǭmē ✧ Ety/ORÓM; PE22/037
  • ᴹ√(O)ROM “loud noise, horn blast” ✧ Ety/ORÓM
• ᴹ√(O)ROM “loud noise, horn blast” ✧ Ety/ROM

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Orome ✧ Ety/ORÓM; Ety/ROM; PE22/037; WRI/Oromë

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. Araume > Araw	[araume] > [araum] > [arauv] > [arau]	✧ Ety/ORÓM
On. Araume > Aráw > Ara͠uƀ > Aróu̯mh > Áraw	[araume] > [araum] > [arauv] > [arau]	✧ PE22/037

ardholen

place name. Hidden Realm

A Noldorin equivalent of Ilk. Garthurian “Fenced Realm, Hidden Realm” appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/GAT(H)). It seems to be a combination of ardh “realm” and the lenited form of dolen “hidden”. The related name Arthoren has a different meaning: “Fenced Realm”

Cognates

• Ilk. Garthurian “Fenced Realm, Hidden Realm” ✧ Ety/GAT(H)

Elements

Word	Gloss
ardh	“realm”
dolen	“hidden, secret”

bara

adjective. fiery, eager

Derivations

• On. baraha “hot, burning” ✧ Ety/BARAS
  • ᴹ✶barasā “hot, burning” ✧ Ety/BARAS
  • ᴹ√BARAS “*heat” ✧ Ety/BARAS

Element in

• S. Baragund “*Fiery-prince”
• N. Baragund “*Fiery-prince” ✧ Ety/BARAS
• S. Barahir “*Fiery-lord”
• N. Barahir ✧ Ety/BARAS
• S. Baranor “?Eager Fire”
• N. Baranor

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. baraha > bara	[baraha] > [barah] > [bara]	✧ Ety/BARAS

baur

noun. need

Derivations

• ᴹ√MBAW “compel, force, subject, oppress” ✧ Ety/MBAW

Cognates

• ᴹQ. maure “need” ✧ Ety/MBAW

Element in

• ᴺS. baura- “to need, require”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MBAW > baur	[mbawre] > [mbaure] > [baure] > [baur]	✧ Ety/MBAW

beleg

adjective. great, large

Derivations

• On. beleka “mighty, huge, great” ✧ Ety/BEL
  • ᴹ✶bélekā “mighty, huge, great” ✧ Ety/BEL
  • ᴹ√BEL “strong” ✧ Ety/BEL

Cognates

• Ilk. Beleg “Strong” ✧ Ety/BEL
• ᴹT. belka “excessive” ✧ Ety/BEL

Element in

• N. Beleghir “Great River”
• N. Belegoer “Great Sea” ✧ Ety/BEL
• N. Belegast “Void”
• N. Belegol “Great Aule” ✧ Ety/BEL
• N. Belegost “Great Fortress, Great City” ✧ Ety/BEL
• N. Belegund
• N. Carnbeleg “Ruddyhorn”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. beleka > beleg	[beleka] > [belek] > [beleg]	✧ Ety/BEL

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
feleg	soft-mutation	“large”	✧ PE22/031

beleriandren

proper name. Beleriandic

A Noldorin term for the Beleriandric language (PE22/36), a combination of Beleriand with the adjectival suffix -ren.

Variations

• Belerian(d)ren ✧ PE22/036

Elements

Word	Gloss
Beleriand
-ren	“adjective suffix”

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
feleriandren	soft-mutation	-	✧ PE22/034

fauglith

place name. Thirsty Sand

Changes

• Fauglith → Anfauglith ✧ LR/301

Element in

• N. Dor-na-Fauglith “Land of (Gasping) Thirst” ✧ Ety/PHAU

Elements

Word	Gloss
faug	“thirsty”
lith	“sand”

bauglir

masculine name. Constrainer, Terrible

Elements

Word	Gloss
bauglir	“tyrant, oppressor”

airin

feminine name. Airin

Changes

• Airin → Aerin ✧ WJI/Aerin

angos

noun. horror

Variations

• ãngos ✧ EtyAC/GOS (ãngos)

Derivations

• ᴹ✶angosse “horror” ✧ EtyAC/GOS; EtyAC/GOS

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶añgoss- > angos	[aŋgossǝ] > [aŋgoss] > [aŋgos]	✧ EtyAC/GOS

arnen

noun. ?royal

Variations

• Arnen ✧ WR/363

Element in

• N. Emyn Arnen ✧ WR/363
• N. Lonnath-Ernin ✧ WR/370

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
ernin	plural	-	✧ WR/370

barad

noun. fort, tower, fortress

Variations

• barad ✧ Ety/BARAT; EtyAC/BARAT

Derivations

• ᴹ√BARAT “*tower” ✧ Ety/BARAT
  • ᴹ√BAR “raise; uplift, save, rescue(?)”

Element in

• N. Barad-dûr “Dark Tower”
• N. Bered Ondrath “*Towers of the Stone Road” ✧ WR/340
• N. Tol Varad “Defended Isle” ✧ WR/326
• N. Barad Amroth “Castle Amroth”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√BARAT > barad	[barata] > [barat] > [barad]	✧ Ety/BARAT

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
Varad	soft-mutation	“defended”	✧ WR/326
Bered	plural	-	✧ WR/340

barad

adjective. doomed, *fated

Variations

• barad ✧ Ety/MBARAT

Derivations

• ᴹ√MBARAT “fate” ✧ Ety/MBARAT

Cognates

• ᴹQ. marta “fated, fey; fate” ✧ Ety/MBARAT

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MBARAT > barad	[mbarata] > [barata] > [barat] > [barad]	✧ Ety/MBARAT

baran

adjective. brown, swart, dark brown

Derivations

• On. barane “brown, swart, dark brown” ✧ Ety/BARÁN
  • ᴹ√BARAN “russet, brown” ✧ Ety/BARÁN

Cognates

• ᴹQ. varne “brown, swart, dark brown” ✧ Ety/BARÁN

Element in

• N. Branduin ✧ Ety/BARÁN
• N. Dolbaran ✧ Ety/BARÁN
• N. Malevarn “Golden Brown”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. barane > baran	[barane] > [baran]	✧ Ety/BARÁN

bast

noun. bread

Derivations

• ᴹ√M(B)AS “knead” ✧ Ety/KOR; Ety/MBAS

Cognates

• ᴹQ. masta “bread” ✧ Ety/MBAS

Element in

• Ilk. basgorn “round bread” ✧ Ety/KOR
• N. basgorn “loaf, loaf, [G.] loaf of bread, [ᴱN.] round loaf, cake” ✧ Ety/MBAS

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MBAS > bast	[mbasta] > [basta] > [bast]	✧ Ety/MBAS

breig

adjective. wild, fierce

Variations

• braig ✧ Ety/MERÉK (braig)
• brerg ✧ EtyAC/MERÉK (brerg)

Derivations

• ᴹ✶mrekjā “wild, fierce” ✧ EtyAC/MERÉK
  • ᴹ√MEREK ✧ EtyAC/MERÉK

Cognates

• ᴹQ. merka “wild, untamed” ✧ Ety/MERÉK

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶mrekjā > breig > braig	[mrekjā] > [brekjā] > [brekja] > [brekia] > [breki] > [breik] > [breig] > [braig]	✧ EtyAC/MERÉK