An earlier name for Amon Dîn (WR/232). The meaning of its second element is unclear; Roman Rausch suggested several possible interpretions (EE/3.22), the most likely of which seems to be thoron “eagle”.
Noldorin
annon porennin diragas·venwed
annon porennin diragas·venwed
Variations
- Annon porennin diragas·venwed ✧ RS/451
Element in
angband
place name. Iron Prison, Hells of Iron
Variations
- Ang(a)band ✧ EtyAC/MBAD (
Ang(a)band)Cognates
Elements
Word Gloss ang “iron” bann “duress, prison”
aur
noun. day, morning
Derivations
- ᴹ√AR “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹
Cognates
- ᴹQ. ára “dawn, day” ✧ Ety/AR¹
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√AR¹ > aur [āra] > [ǭra] > [oura] > [aura] > [aur] ✧ Ety/AR¹
diragas
?. [unglossed]
Variations
- diragath ✧ RS/451
Element in
- N. annon porennin diragas·venwed ✧ RS/451
- N. diragath·telwen porannin nithrad ✧ RS/451
balannor
place name. land of the Gods in the West
Changes
- Balannor → Dor-Rodyn ✧ MR/200
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Valinor “Land of the Valar” ✧ Ety/BAL
Element in
- N. Inias Valannor “Annals of Valinor” ✧ MR/200
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. Balandor > Balannor [balandor] > [balannor] ✧ Ety/BAL
baug
adjective. tyrannous, cruel, oppressive
Derivations
- ᴹ√MBAW “compel, force, subject, oppress” ✧ Ety/MBAW
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√MBAW > baug [mbawka] > [mbauka] > [mbǭka] > [bǭka] > [bouka] > [bauka] > [bauk] > [baug] ✧ Ety/MBAW
athrada-
verb. to cross, traverse
Elements
Word Gloss ath- “on both sides, across” rada- “to make a way, find a way” Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source ath-rado infinitive “to cross, traverse” ✧ Ety/RAT
balrog
proper name. *Torment Demon
Variations
- Balrog/Bolrog ✧ Ety/ÑGWAL
Derivations
- ᴹ✶ñgwalaraukō ✧ Ety/RUK
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Malarauko “Balrog” ✧ Ety/RUK; LRI/Balrog
Elements
Word Gloss baul “torment” rhaug “demon” Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶ñgwalaraukō > Balrog [ŋgwalaraukō] > [mbalaraukō] > [mbalarauko] > [balarauko] > [balarauk] > [balaraug] > [balraug] > [balrog] ✧ Ety/RUK
bess
noun. woman; †wife
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. vesse “wife” ✧ Ety/BES
Element in
- N. herves “wife” ✧ Ety/BES
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. besse > bess [besse] > [bess] ✧ Ety/BES
anórien
place name. Anórien
Variations
- Anarion ✧ TI/310
Changes
- Anarion → Anórien ✧ TI/310
Elements
Word Gloss Anor “Sun” -ian(d) “-land”
aronoded
adjective. innumerable, countless, endless
Variations
- Aronoded ✧ Ety/NAY
Element in
- N. Nírnaeth Aronoded ✧ Ety/NAY
Elements
Word Gloss ar- “outside, beside; without” gonod- “to count (up)”
ar vanwe
proper name. Day of Manwe, first day of the Valian week
Variations
- Arvanwe ✧ Ety/AR¹
- Ar Vanwa ✧ Ety/LEP
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Are Manwen “Day of Manwe, first day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/LEP
Elements
Word Gloss ar- “day” Manwe
brenia-
verb. to endure
Variations
- bronio ✧ EtyAC/BORÓN
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. bronie > brenio [bronia-] > [brœnia-] > [brenia-] ✧ Ety/BORÓN Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source brenio infinitive “endure” ✧ Ety/BORÓN
bronwe
noun. endurance
Variations
- Bronwe ✧ SD/062
Derivations
- ᴹ√BOR(ON) “endure”
Element in
- N. Bronwe athan Harthad “Endurance beyond Hope” ✧ SD/062
athelas
noun. a healing plant
Variations
- Athelas ✧ RSI/Athelas; TII/Athelas
Cognates
- ᴹQ. asea aranaite “*kingsfoil” ✧ WR/394
adleg-
verb. *to release
Derivations
- ᴹ√LEK “loose, let loose, release” ✧ Ety/LEK
Elements
Word Gloss ad- “back, again, re-” LEK “loose, let loose, release” Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√LEK > adlegi [leki] > [legi] ✧ Ety/LEK Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source †adlegi infinitive - ✧ EtyAC/LEK †adlenc past - ✧ EtyAC/LEK
adleitha-
verb. *to release
Element in
- N. adleithian “*release, freeing” ✧ EtyAC/LEK
Elements
Word Gloss ad- “back, again, re-” lheithia- “to release, set free” Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source Adleitho infinitive - ✧ EtyAC/LEK
amon thorn
place name. Amon Thorn
Changes
- Amon Thorn → Amon Dîn ✧ WR/233
- Amon Thorn → Amon Dîn ✧ WRI/Amon Dîn
Elements
Word Gloss amon “hill” thoron “eagle”
aran dinnu
proper name. King of Twilight
The Noldorin equivalent of Thingol’s title Ilk. Tor Tinduma, a combination of aran “king” and the lenited form of tinnu “twilight” (Ety/THIN, TIN).
Cognates
- Ilk. Tor Tinduma “King of Twilight” ✧ Ety/TIN
Elements
Word Gloss aran “king, lord (of a specific region)” tinnu “(starry) twilight, dusk, early night (without moon)”
ar fennuir
proper name. Day of the Fanturi, fourth day of the Valian week
The Noldorin name for the 4th day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and the plural of Fannor, the common title of Lórien and Mandos (Ety/LEP).
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Are Fanturion “Day of the Fanturi, fourth day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/LEP
Elements
Word Gloss ar- “day” Fannor “Cloud-lord”
ar vedhwen
proper name. Day of the Spouses, third day of the Valian week
The Noldorin name for the 3rd day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and the lenited form of Bedhwen “Spouses”, a term referring to Aule and Yavanna (Ety/LEP).
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Are Veruen “Day of the Spouses, third day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/LEP
Elements
Word Gloss ar- “day” Bedhwen “of the Spouses”
caras
noun. a city (built above ground)
Derivations
- ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct” ✧ Ety/KAR
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√KAR > caras [karassa] > [karass] > [karas] ✧ Ety/KAR
annerchi(o)n
place name. Goblin Gate
A Noldorin name for the “Goblin Gate” appearing only in the Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, as both Annerchin and Annerchion (RS/416, TI/114). It seems to a combination of a shorter form of annon “gate” with a plural form of orch “Orc”, hence more literally “Gate of Goblins”. The function of the suffix -i(o)n* is unclear; Roman Rausch suggested it might be a plural or genitive plural suffix (EE/1.8, 2.6).
Variations
- Annerchin ✧ RS/416; RSI/Annerchin
- Annerchion ✧ TI/114; TII/Annerchion
Elements
Word Gloss annon “great gate, door” orch “goblin” ?
bronadui
adjective. enduring, lasting
Cognates
- ᴹQ. voronwa “enduring, long-lasting” ✧ Ety/BORÓN
Elements
Word Gloss brona- “to last, survive” -ui “adjective suffix”
anrand
noun. cycle, age, (lit.) long cycle
Variations
- andrand ✧ PE22/041
Cognates
- ᴹQ. randa “cycle, age (100 Valian Years)” ✧ Ety/RAD
anw
noun/adjective. male (person or animal)
A word appearing as N. anw in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from ON. anu under the root ᴹ√ƷAN “male”, where its positioning makes it appear as if it was a cognate of ᴹQ. hanu “a male (man or animal)” (Ety/ƷAN). In the original version of this entry, it was simply glossed “male”, and was initially given as (deleted) {ganw} (EtyAC/ƷAN).
Conceptual Development: Precursors to this word include G. an “person” and G. anos “man” from the Gnomish Lexicon (GL/19).
Neo-Sindarin: Most Neo-Sindarin writers adapt this word as ᴺS. anu to better fit Sindarin’s phonology. In HSD (HSD), Didier Willis suggested (as originally proposed by David Salo) that this word is most likely an adjective, the cognate of adjective ᴹQ. hanwa “male” rather than the noun ᴹQ. hanu “a male (man or animal)”. This is because it is generally believed that final -u (as in ✶ʒanu) vanishes in Noldorin/Sindarin, while the final -wa (as in ✶ʒanwa) would have developed into -u (Noldorin -w). However, I think the evidence of the loss of final -u in Noldorin is ambiguous and in fact N. anw might be a counterexample, especially since the Old Noldorin form was anu; see the entry on how [[s|final [i], [u] generally vanished]] for further discussion.
In any case, I think anu “male” can be used as a both a noun and an adjective for purposes of Neo-Sindarin.
Variations
- ganw ✧ EtyAC/ƷAN (
ganw)Changes
ganw→ anw ✧ EtyAC/ƷANDerivations
Cognates
Element in
- ᴺS. anwas “manhood, *manliness, masculinity”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. anu > anw [anu] ✧ Ety/ƷAN
ar neleduir
proper name. Day of the three kings, fifth day of the Valian week
The Noldorin name for the 5th day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and the term Neleduir “Three Kings” collectively referring to Osse, Orome and Tulkas (Ety/LEP).
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Neldion “Day of the Three, fifth day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/LEP
Elements
Word Gloss ar- “day” Neleduir “Three Kings”
ada
noun. father (hypocoristic), father (hypocoristic), [G.] daddy
A hypocoristic (affectionate) word for “father” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, hence roughly equivalent to English “daddy”, derived from the root ᴹ√ATA “father” (Ety/ATA).
Conceptual Development: A similar set of affection words appeared the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s: G. ada or nada, adi or nadi (GL/17, 59).
Derivations
- ᴹ√ATA “father” ✧ Ety/ATA
Cognates
- ᴹQ. atto “father (hypocoristic)” ✧ Ety/ATA
angwedh
noun. chain, fetter, (lit.) iron-bond
Variations
- angweð ✧ Ety/WED
- ang-weð ✧ PE22/032
Cognates
- ᴺQ. angwenda “chain”
brethilian(d)
place name. Forest of Brethil
A variant name for the forest Brethil appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, a combination of brethil “beech” and the suffix -ian(d) “land” (Ety/BERÉTH).
Variations
- Brethiliand/Brethilian ✧ Ety/BERÉTH
Elements
Word Gloss brethil “beech” -ian(d) “-land”
blab-
verb. to flap, beat (wings etc.)
Derivations
- ᴹ√PALAP “*beat” ✧ Ety/PALAP
Cognates
- ᴹQ. palpa- “to beat, batter” ✧ Ety/PALAP
Element in
- ᴺS. blabed “flapping, beating (especially of wings)”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√PALAP > plebi > blebi [palápi-] > [plapi-] > [plapi-] > [plebi-] > [blebi-] ✧ Ety/PALAP Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source blebi infinitive “flap, beat (wings etc.)” ✧ Ety/PALAP blâb present - ✧ Ety/PALAP
dadben
adverb/adjective. downhill, inclined, prone, downhill, inclined, prone; [ᴱN.] (figuratively) easy-going, easy, not arduous
Variations
- dadðenn/dadhenn ✧ Ety/DEN (
dadðenn/dadhenn)- dadbenn ✧ Ety/PEN; EtyAC/DAT
- daddhenn ✧ EtyAC/DAT (
daddhenn)- dadvenn ✧ EtyAC/DAT (
dadvenn)- dadðenn ✧ EtyAC/DEN (
dadðenn)Changes
daddhenn→ dadbenn ✧ EtyAC/DATdadvenn→ daddhenn ✧ EtyAC/DATElements
Word Gloss dad “down” penn “declivity”
afarch
adjective. arid, very dry
Derivations
Elements
Word Gloss a- “intensive prefix” parch “dry” Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. appharkha > afarch [aɸɸarxa] > [affarxa] > [affarx] > [afarx] ✧ EtyAC/A
airandir
masculine name. Sea-wanderer
Changes
- Airandir → Aerandir ✧ WJI/Aerandir
amon hen
place name. Amon Hen
Variations
- Amon Henn ✧ WR/128; WRI/Amon Hen
Changes
- Amon Hen → Amon Henn ✧ WR/128
Elements
Word Gloss amon “hill” hên “eye”
anfauglin
masculine name. Jaws of Thirst
Changes
- Anfauglin → Anfauglir “Jaws of Thirst” ✧ SMI/Anfauglin
Elements
Word Gloss anc “jaw, row of teeth” faug “thirsty” ?
arnediad
adjective. without reckoning, numberless, innumerable, countless, endless
Variations
- Arnediad ✧ Ety/NAY
Derivations
- N. arnœdiad “innumerable, countless, endless” ✧ Ety/NOT
Cognates
- ᴹQ. avanóte “without number, numberless” ✧ Ety/AR²
Element in
- N. Nirnaith Arnediad “Unnumbered Tears” ✧ Ety/NAY
Elements
Word Gloss ar- “outside, beside; without” nœdia- “to count” Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources N. arnœdiad > arnediad [arnœdiad] > [arnediad] ✧ Ety/NOT
belt
adjective. strong in body
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹT. belda “strong” ✧ Ety/BEL
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. belda > belt [belde] > [belðe] > [belð] > [belt] ✧ Ety/BEL
breitha-
verb. to break out suddenly
Variations
- breitha ✧ EtyAC/MERÉK (
breitha)Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶b’rekta > breitho [brekta-] > [brektʰa-] > [brexθa-] > [breiθa-] ✧ Ety/BERÉK ᴹ√MERÉK > breitha [mrekta-] > [brekta-] > [brektʰa-] > [brexθa-] > [breiθa-] ✧ EtyAC/MERÉK Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source breitho infinitive “break out suddenly” ✧ Ety/BERÉK
bâd
noun. beaten track, pathway, beaten track, pathway, [ᴱN.] way, [G.] path
Variations
- bád ✧ Ety/BAT
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴺQ. vata “beaten track, pathway”
Element in
- ᴺS. talvad “footpath”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. bata > bád [bata] > [bat] > [bad] > [bād] ✧ Ety/BAT
aclod
adjective. sloping, tilted
An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s given as {tlaud >>} N. atlaud > aclod “sloping, tilted”, a derivative of the root ᴹ√TALAT “to slope, lean, tip” (Ety/TALÁT). In The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road it was given as atland, but this was corrected to atlaud > aclod by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne (EtyAC/TALÁT). The change tl > cl was normal in the Noldorin period, but it is not clear why the consonant did not undergo mutation to gl, such as with ON. etlenna > N. eglenn (Ety/LED). The unaugmented form tlaud “sloping” < ON. tlāta appeared in the first version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ1), also from the 1930s (PE18/38).
Neo-Sindarin: If you use this word for Neo-Sindarin, it would probably be best to reform it to ᴺS. adlod.
Variations
- atland ✧ EtyAC/TALÁT
- claud ✧ EtyAC/TALÁT (
claud)- tlaud ✧ PE18/038
Changes
claud→ aclod ✧ Ety/TALÁTDerivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. talta “sloping, tilted, leaning, inclined” ✧ Ety/TALÁT
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√TALÁT > atlaud > aclod [atlāta] > [atlǭta] > [atlouta] > [atlauta] > [atlaut] > [atlaud] > [atlod] > [aklod] ✧ Ety/TALÁT ᴹ√TALÁT > tlaud > claud [tlāta] > [tlǭta] > [tlouta] > [tlauta] > [tlaut] > [tlaud] > [klaud] ✧ Ety/TALÁT
alfobas
place name. *Swan-harbourage
A Noldorin name for ᴹQ. Alqalonde appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/KHOP). It appears to be a combination of alf “swan” and hobas “harbourage”, and possibly replaced the earlier form Alflon.
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Alqalonde “Swan-haven” ✧ Ety/KHOP; TII/Alqualondë
Elements
Word Gloss alf “swan” hobas “harbourage”
aderthad
noun. reuniting
Variations
- Aderthad ✧ Ety/MBER
Element in
- N. Mereth Aderthad “Feast of (Games and) Reuniting” ✧ Ety/MBER
aearendel
masculine name. Aearendel
Variations
- aearendel ✧ PE22/041
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Earendel ✧ PE22/041
amon ereb
place name. Lonely Hill
Variations
- Amon Thoros ✧ LR/056
Changes
- Amon Thoros → Amon Ereb ✧ LR/056
Elements
Word Gloss amon “hill” ereb “isolated”
amon lhaw
place name. Amon Lhaw
Elements
Word Gloss amon “hill” lheweg “ear”
oelinuial
place name. Pools of Twilight
Earlier name of S. Aelin-uial in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/AY) appearing along with variants Elinuial (Ety/KHIS, MBOTH, MUY) and Lhîn Uial (Ety/MUY). All these names contain uial “twilight” as well as a word for “pools”, either the plural of oel or (plural?) lhîn. In the narratives of this period, however, the name already appeared in its later form Aelin-uial (LR/262).
Variations
- Elinuial ✧ Ety/KHIS; Ety/MBOTH; Ety/MUY
- Lhîn Uial ✧ Ety/MUY
- Eilinuial ✧ EtyAC/KHIS; EtyAC/MUY
- Lhîn Uigâl ✧ EtyAC/MUY (
Lhîn Uigâl)- Aelin-uial ✧ LR/262; LRI/Aelin-uial
- Aelinuial ✧ TII/Aelinuial
Changes
Lhîn Uigâl→ Lhîn Uial ✧ Ety/MUYElements
Word Gloss oel “pool, lake” uial “twilight”
ar nethwelein
proper name. Day of the younger Gods, fifth day of the Valian week
Another name for Ar Neleduir, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and the term Nethwelein “Younger Gods” collectively referring to Osse, Orome and Tulkas (Ety/LEP).
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Nessaron “*Day of the Younger Gods” ✧ Ety/LEP
Elements
Word Gloss ar- “day” Nethwelein “Younger Gods”
brûn
adjective. old (has long endured)
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. brūna > brûn [brūna] > [brūn] ✧ Ety/BORÓN
dir avos-eithen miriel
dir avos-eithen miriel
Variations
- {dir >>} lír avos-eithen míriel ✧ WR/218
- hír avas-eithen míriel ✧ WR/218
Changes
- {dir >>} lír avos-eithen míriel → hír avas-eithen míriel ✧ WR/218
Element in
ad-
prefix. back, again, re-
Variations
- ad ✧ EtyAC/AT(AT)
Derivations
- ᴹ√AT “back, again, twice; two” ✧ Ety/AT(AT)
Cognates
- ᴹQ. at(a)- “back, again, re-” ✧ Ety/AT(AT)
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√AT(AT) > ad- [at-] > [ad-] ✧ Ety/AT(AT)
angol
noun. deep lore, magic
Variations
- angol ✧ Ety/ÑGOL (angol)
Derivations
- ᴹ√ÑGOL “wise, wisdom, be wise” ✧ Ety/ÑGOL
Cognates
- ᴹQ. ingole “deep lore, magic” ✧ Ety/ÑGOL
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√ÑGOL > angol [ŋ̣gole] > [aŋgole] > [aŋgol] ✧ Ety/ÑGOL
annon
noun. great gate, door
Variations
- Annon ✧ RS/451
Derivations
- ᴹ√AD “entrance, gate” ✧ Ety/AD
Cognates
- ᴹQ. andon “great gate, great gate, [ᴱQ.] door, gate” ✧ Ety/AD
Element in
- N. Annerchi(o)n “Goblin Gate”
- N. annon porennin diragas·venwed ✧ RS/451
- N. Ennyn Durin Aran Vória “the Doors of Durin Lord of Moria” ✧ TI/182
- N. Forannest “North Entrance [?In]”
- N. lheben teil brann i annon ar neledh neledhi gar godrebh “five foot high the door and three may walk abreast” ✧ TAI/150
- N. Morannon “Black Gate”
- N. Mornennyn “Gates of Mordor” ✧ WR/113
- N.
Ennyn Dûr“Gates of Mordor” ✧ WR/113 (Ennyn Dûr)- N. Sirannon “Gate-stream”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√AD > annon [andondo] > [andond] > [andonn] > [annonn] > [annon] ✧ Ety/AD ᴹ√AD > ennyn [andondi] > [andundi] > [endyndi] > [endynd] > [endynn] > [ennynn] > [ennyn] ✧ Ety/AD Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source ennyn plural - ✧ Ety/AD Ennyn plural “doors” ✧ TI/182; WR/113
sern ubed
place name. [Stones of] Denial
Earlier name for the Argonath appearing in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (WR/132), a combination of the plural of sarn “stone” and ubed “denial”.
Variations
- Sarnel Ubed ✧ WR/132 (
Sarnel Ubed); WRI/Sern Ubed (Sarnel Ubed)- Sairn Ubed ✧ WR/132; WRI/Sern Ubed
Elements
Word Gloss sarn “stone as a material” ubed “denial”
alflon
place name. *Swan-haven
A Noldorin name for ᴹQ. Alqalonde appearing on the earliest Silmarillion maps (SM/250-1, 261). It appears to be a combination of alf “swan” and the lenited form of lhonn “haven”.
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Alqalonde “Swan-haven” ✧ SMI/Alflon
Elements
Word Gloss alf “swan” lhonn “(narrow) path, strait, pass”
amon carab
place name. Hill of the Hat
An earlier name of Amon Rûdh that appeared in various forms, one of which (Amon Carab) was translated “Hill of the Hat” (WJ/187). It seems to be a combination of amon “hill” and carab “hat”, the second of which is not otherwise attested.
Variations
- Carabel ✧ WJI/Amon Carab; WJI/Carabel
- Amon Garabel ✧ WJI/Amon Garabel; WJI/Carabel
Elements
Word Gloss amon “hill” carab “hat”
amon uilos
place name. Amon Uilos
Variations
- Amon Uilas ✧ LR/210
- Amon-Uilas ✧ SM/081; SMI/Amon-Uilas
- Amon-Uilos ✧ SMI/Amon-Uilas
Changes
- Amon Uilas → Amon Uilos ✧ LR/210
- Amon-Uilas → Amon-Uilos ✧ SMI/Amon-Uilas
Cognates
Elements
Word Gloss amon “hill” Uilos “Everlasting Snow”
anfalas
place name. Langstrand
Elements
Word Gloss ann “long” falas “beach, shore”
ar velegol
proper name. Day of Aule, alternate name of the third day of the Valian week
Another name for Ar Vedhwen, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and the lenited form of Belegol “Aule” (Ety/LEP).
Conceptual Development: The alternate name was first written as (rejected) Ar Ifan containing Ifan “Yavanna” (EtyAC/LEP).
Elements
Word Gloss ar- “day” Belegol “Great Aule”
awartha-
verb. to forsake
Variations
- awartha ✧ Ety/WAR
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴺQ. avarta- “to abandon”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. awarta > awartha [awarta-] > [awartʰa-] > [awarθa-] ✧ Ety/WAR
baugla-
verb. to oppress
Variations
- bauglo ✧ EtyAC/MBAW
Changes
baugla-→ bauglo- ✧ Ety/MBAWDerivations
- ᴹ√MBAW “compel, force, subject, oppress” ✧ Ety/MBAW
Cognates
- ᴹQ. mauya- “to compel” ✧ Ety/MBAW
Element in
- N. bauglir “tyrant, oppressor” ✧ Ety/MBAW
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√MBAW > bauglo- [mbawkla-] > [mbaukla-] > [baukla-] > [baugla-] ✧ Ety/MBAW Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source bauglo- infinitive “to oppress” ✧ Ety/MBAW
bel daurion sel aurinon
bel daurion sel aurinon
Element in
bregol
adjective. violent, sudden, *fierce
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. verka “wild” ✧ Ety/BERÉK
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶berékā > bregol [berékāla] > [brekāla] > [brekǭla] > [brekoula] > [brekaula] > [brekaul] > [bregaul] > [bregol] ✧ Ety/BERÉK ᴹ√MERÉK > bregol [merékāla] > [mrekāla] > [brekāla] > [brekǭla] > [brekoula] > [brekaula] > [brekaul] > [bregaul] > [bregol] ✧ Ety/MERÉK
oeglir
noun. range of mountain peaks
Elements
Word Gloss oeg “sharp, pointed, piercing” lhîr “row”
breth
noun. mast, *forest nuts
Derivations
- ᴹ√BERETH “beech” ✧ Ety/NEL
Cognates
- Ilk. breth “(beech) mast, *beech nut”
Element in
- N. Brethorn “Forest of Brethil” ✧ EtyAC/NEL
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√BERÉTH > breth [berétʰā] > [bretʰā] > [bretʰa] > [breθa] > [breθ] ✧ Ety/NEL
bunn
noun. snout, nose, cape
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. mundo “snout, nose; cape [of land]” ✧ Ety/MBUD
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶mbundu > bund > bunn [mbundu] > [mbundo] > [bundo] > [bund] > [bunn] ✧ Ety/MBUD
ang(ren)ost
place name. Isengard
Variations
- Angrenost ✧ TI/420; TII/Angrenost; WR/072; WRI/Angrenost
- Angost ✧ WR/072; WRI/Angrenost
Changes
- Angrenost → Angost “Isengard” ✧ WR/072
Elements
Word Gloss angren “of iron” ost “city, town (with wall round)”
awarth
noun. abandonment
Derivations
- ᴹ√WAR “give way, yield, not endure, let down, betray” ✧ Ety/WAR
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√WAR > awarth [awarta] > [awartʰa] > [awarθa] > [awarθ] ✧ Ety/WAR
bannos
masculine name. Mandos, Dread Imprisoner
Noldorin name of Mandos appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s as a combination of the roots ᴹ√MBAD and ᴹ√GOS (Ety/MBAD). His name was glossed as “Dread Imprisoner” (Ety/MBAD) and as rejected “Dread Doom” (EtyAC/MBAD). It might be considered a combination of bann “prison” and the lenited form of gost “terror”.
Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, his name was G. Bannoth or Bandoth (GL/18, 21).
Cognates
Elements
Word Gloss bann “duress, prison” gost “dread, terror”
cair andros
place name. Cair Andros
Variations
- Andros ✧ WR/340; WRI/Cair Andros
Changes
- Andros → Cair Andros ✧ WR/340
- Andros → Cair Andros ✧ WRI/Cair Andros
Elements
Word Gloss ceir “ship” ann “long” rhoss “rain”
dúlin(n)
noun. nightingale
Variations
- dūlinn ✧ Ety/LIN²
- dúlin ✧ Ety/TIN
- dúlinn ✧ EtyAC/LIN²
- duilin ✧ SD/302
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. lómelinde “nightingale” ✧ Ety/DOƷ; Ety/LIN²; Ety/TIN; SD/302
Elements
Word Gloss dû “night, night-fall, late evening” lhinn “air, tune” Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√DOƷ/DÔ > dúlind > dúlin(n) [dōlindē] > [dūlindē] > [dūlinde] > [dūlind] > [dūlinn] > [dūlin] ✧ Ety/DOƷ ᴹ√DOM > dúlind > dúlin [dūvlinde] > [dūvlind] > [dūlind] > [dūlinn] > [dūlin] ✧ Ety/TIN ᴹ✶dōmilindē > duilin [dōmilindē] > [dūmilindē] > [dūmilinde] > [dūmilind] > [dūvilind] > [duilind] > [duilinn] > [duilin] ✧ SD/302
oeg
adjective. sharp, pointed, piercing
Derivations
- ᴹ√AYAK “sharp, pointed” ✧ Ety/AYAK
Cognates
- ᴹQ. aika “sharp” ✧ Ety/AYAK
Element in
- N. oegas “mountain peak” ✧ Ety/AYAK
- N. oeglir “range of mountain peaks” ✧ Ety/AYAK
- N. Crisaegrim
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√AYAK > oeg [ajka] > [aika] > [aik] > [aig] > [oeg] ✧ Ety/AYAK
sern aranath
place name. King Stones
Earlier name for the Argonath appearing in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/366), a combination of the plural of sarn “stone” and the class-plural of aran “king”. It also appeared with the ordinary plural Sern Erain, and the singular form Sarn Aran (WR/98).
Variations
- Sern Erain ✧ WR/098; WRI/Sarn Aran
- Sarn Aran ✧ WR/098; WRI/Sarn Aran
Changes
- Sern Aranath → Argonath ✧ TI/366
- Sern Erain → Sarn Aran “King Stones” ✧ WR/098
Elements
Word Gloss sarn “stone as a material” aran “king, lord (of a specific region)”
amrûn
noun. uprising, sunrise, Orient, east
Variations
- am-rún ✧ Ety/AM²
- am-rûn ✧ EtyAC/AM²
- amrún ✧ PE22/035
- Amrūn ✧ PE22/041
Cognates
Elements
Word Gloss am “up” rhûn “east, eastern; †rising”
benn
noun. man, male, †husband
A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “man” or “male” but originally with the sense “†husband”, derived from primitive ᴹ✶besnō under the root ᴹ√BES “wed” (Ety/BES, DER). The scenario in The Etymologies was that word for “husband” became N. herven while the original word for “man”, N. dîr, fell out of use except as an element in names and as an agental suffix.
Conceptual Development: G. {bend >>} †benn was a word for “husband” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, but it was marked archaic and was replaced by bedhron; these Gnomish words were derived from the early root ᴱ√Bedh- [VEÐE] (GL/22).
Neo-Sindarin: The root for “marry” words was altered in Tolkien’s later writings to √BER, so many Neo-Sindarin writers prefer to use S. dîr as the normal word for “man”; see that entry for discussion. I am of the opinion that both dîr and benn are acceptable, since I prefer to retain ᴹ√BES for “marry, wed”.
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. venno “husband” ✧ Ety/BES
Element in
- N. herven “husband” ✧ Ety/BES
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. benno > benn [benno] > [benn] ✧ Ety/BES
oegas
noun. mountain peak
The noun N. oegas “mountain peak” appeared in The Etymologies as a noun form of oeg “sharp, pointed, piercing” (Ety/AYAK). In Noldorin, often ancient ai became oe, whereas in Sindarin ai fairly consistently became ae. Thus if adapting this word to Sindarin, its form would likely be ᴺS. aegas, as suggested in Hiswelókë’s Sindarin Dictionary (HSD/aegas).
Cognates
- ᴹQ. aikasse “mountain peak” ✧ Ety/AYAK
Element in
- N. Oeges Engrin “Peaks of Iron” ✧ Ety/AYAK
Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source Oeges plural “Peaks” ✧ Ety/AYAK
-dis
suffix. female agent
Element in
Elements
Word Gloss dîs “bride”
amon gwareth
place name. Hill of Watch
Changes
- Amon Gwareth → Amon Thoros ✧ LR/056
Elements
Word Gloss amon “hill” gwareth “watch, guard, ward; vigilance”
ar(a)-
prefix. noble, royal
Element in
- N. Pelargir
calf
noun. water-vessel
Derivations
- ᴹ√KALPA “water-vessel” ✧ Ety/KALPA
Cognates
- ᴹQ. kalpa “water-vessel, bucket” ✧ Ety/KALPA
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√KALPA > calf [kalpa] > [kalpʰa] > [kalɸa] > [kalfa] > [kalf] ✧ Ety/KALPA
amben
adjective. uphill, uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome
An adjective (and adverb?) for “uphill” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, a combination of am “up” and N. penn “declivity, slope” (Ety/PEN). It was contrasted with N. dadben* “downhill, inclined, prone” (Ety/AM², PEN).
Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies it first appeared as N. amdenn, a derivative of ᴹ√DEN “hillside, slope”, but the meaning of this root was change to ᴹ√DEN “hole; gap, passage” (Ety/DEN), after which the form amben < ᴹ√PEN(ED) given above was introduced. The earliest appearance of this word was in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s as ᴱN. amvenn “uphill; arduous, difficult, tiresome” explicitly marked as both an adjective and adverb, along with a noun variant ᴱN. amvinn “slope, incline, hillside” (PE13/139, 159-160). This early Noldorin form was a combination of ᴱN. am “up” and ᴱN. benn “sloping”.
Neo-Sindarin: Given its Early Noldorin use for “arduous, difficult, tiresome”, it is possible amben can be used colloquially in Neo-Sindarin with a similar sense of something difficult.
Variations
- am-bend ✧ Ety/AM²
- amdenn ✧ Ety/DEN (
amdenn)- ambenn ✧ Ety/PEN
Cognates
- ᴹQ. am(ba)penda “uphill, uphill, *sloping up; [ᴱQ.] arduous, difficult, tiresome” ✧ Ety/AM²
- ᴹQ. ampende “upward slope” ✧ Ety/PEN
Elements
Word Gloss am “up” penn “declivity”
amlug
noun. dragon
Cognates
- ᴹQ. angulóke “dragon” ✧ Ety/LOK
Elements
Word Gloss am- “snake” lhûg “dragon”
andram
place name. Long Wall
Elements
Word Gloss ann “long” rham “wall”
angren
adjective. of iron
Variations
- Angren ✧ SD/033
Cognates
- ᴹQ. angaina “of iron” ✧ Ety/ANGĀ
Element in
- N. Ang(ren)ost “Isengard”
- N. Carach Angren “Jaws of Iron” ✧ SD/033
- N. Ered-engrin “Iron Mountains”
- N. Oeges Engrin “Peaks of Iron” ✧ Ety/AYAK
Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source engrin plural - ✧ Ety/ANGĀ; Ety/AYAK
bennas
noun. angle
Variations
- Bennas ✧ TI/238; TII/Bennas
Cognates
- ᴺQ. vennassë “angle”
breged
noun. violence, suddenness
Derivations
Element in
- N. bregedur “wild fire” ✧ EtyAC/MERÉK (
bregedúr)Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√BERÉK > breged [berékete] > [brékete] > [breket] > [breked] > [breged] ✧ Ety/BERÉK ᴹ√MERÉK > breged [merékete] > [mrekete] > [brekete] > [breket] > [breked] > [breged] ✧ EtyAC/MERÉK
bár
noun. home; earth
Variations
- băr ✧ PE22/036 (băr)
- bār ✧ PE22/036
Derivations
Cognates
Element in
- N. Marthanc “Hamfast”
- N. Barthan “Earth-smith, Earthbuilder” ✧ Ety/GAWA; Ety/MBAR; Ety/TAN
- N. Bair Nestad “Houses of Healing” ✧ WR/380
- N. Findobar ✧ Ety/MBAR
- N. Gondothrimbar
- N. Siriombar “Sirion’s Haven”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. mbar > bár [mbar] > [bar] > [bār] ✧ EtyAC/MBAR Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source bar prefix - ✧ Ety/GAWA; Ety/MBAR; Ety/TAN bar suffix - ✧ Ety/MBAR; Ety/MBAR i·mmeir nasal-mutation plural - ✧ PE22/035 †bĕı̯r plural - ✧ PE22/036 be͡ır plural - ✧ PE22/036 Bair plural “houses” ✧ WR/380
iarwath
masculine name. Blood-stained
Variations
- Iarvael ✧ EtyAC/YAR (
Iarvael)- iârvael ✧ PE22/067
- Iarwaeth ✧ WJ/083 (S. Iarwaeth); WJI/Iarwaeth (S. Iarwaeth)
Changes
Iarvael→ Iarwath ✧ Ety/YAR- Iarwaeth → Agarwaen ✧ WJI/Iarwaeth
Elements
Word Gloss iâr “blood” gwath “stain”
adel
preposition. behind, in rear (of)
Derivations
- ᴹ√TELES “hindmost, tarrier” ✧ Ety/TELES
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√TELES > adel [ateles] > [atele] > [atel] > [adel] ✧ Ety/TELES
a tiro’men gilthoniel
*oh watch us, Gilthoniel
Variations
- tiro men ✧ EtyAC/NDI
Element in
Elements
Word Gloss tir- “to watch” men “*us”
caer
noun. flat isle on a river
Variations
- caer ✧ PE22/126
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶kaire > caer [kaire] > [kair] > [kaer] ✧ PE22/126
elbereth gilthoniel (draft)
Elbereth Gilthoniel (draft)
The draft version of S. A Elbereth Gilthoniel, appearing on RS/394. The version here includes the draft of Sam’s invocation of Elbereth (WR/218), whose first three lines are nearly identical to the lines appearing on RS/394, and whose 4th line resembles that of 4th line of the later version of the invocation. It has no translation, and is sufficiently different from the later version of the poem that it is quite difficult to analyze.
Elements
Word Gloss Elbereth Gilthoniel sir evrin pennar oriel dir avos-eithen miriel bel daurion sel aurinon pennáros evrin ériol a tiro’men Gilthoniel “*oh watch us, Gilthoniel”
basgorn
noun. loaf, loaf, [G.] loaf of bread, [ᴱN.] round loaf, cake
Derivations
- ᴹ√M(B)AS “knead” ✧ Ety/MBAS
Cognates
- Ilk. basgorn “round bread”
- ᴺQ. mastacornë “loaf”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√MBAS > basgorn [bastgorn] > [basgorn] ✧ Ety/MBAS
airlond
place name. (?sea-stead)
A name appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s with an unclear gloss, possibly “?swanstead” (EtyAC/LOD). According to Hostetter and Wynne, it seems to replace a rejected form oerlond, possibly glossed “?sea-stead”. It appears to be a combination of oer “sea” and the lenited form of lhonn “haven”. If the gloss “swanstead” is correct, it may be a variant form of Alflon and Alfobas.
Variations
- airlond ✧ EtyAC/LOD
- oerlond ✧ EtyAC/LOD (
oerlond)Changes
oerlond→ airlond “(?sea-stead)” ✧ EtyAC/LODCognates
- ᴹQ. Alqalonde “Swan-haven” ✧ Ety/LOD
Elements
Word Gloss oer “sea” lhonn “(narrow) path, strait, pass”
andrath
place name. Andrath
Variations
- Amrath ✧ TI/079; TI/298; TII/Andrath
Changes
- Amrath → Andrath ✧ TI/079
- Amrath → Andrath ✧ TI/298
- Amrath → Andrath ✧ TII/Andrath
Elements
Word Gloss ann “long” rath “course, river-bed”
anna-
verb. to give
Derivations
- ᴹ√NĀ/ANA “to, towards” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
Cognates
- ᴹQ. anta- “to give” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√ANA¹ > anno [anta-] > [antʰa-] > [anθa-] > [anna-] ✧ Ety/ANA¹ Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source anno infinitive “to give” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
annabon
noun. elephant
A noun for “elephant” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, a combination of N. ann “long” and N. bonn “snouted”, from primitive ᴹ✶andambundā (Ety/MBUD). Its historical development would have produced **annammonn, but Tolkien said it was with “with dissimal[itive] alter[ation] of medial mb” (EtyAC/MBUD). The similar forms {Andabund >>} Andrabonn for “elephant” appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts of the 1940s.
Conceptual Development: In the Quenya Lexicon of the 1910s, Tolkien gave G. funt as the equivalent of ᴱQ. hunto “elephant” (QL/41).
Variations
- Andabund ✧ WR/136; WRI/Andabund
- Andrabonn ✧ WR/136; WRI/Andabund
Changes
- Andabund → Andrabonn ✧ WR/136
- Andrabonn → Múmund ✧ WR/136
Derivations
- ᴹ✶andambundā “long-snouted” ✧ Ety/MBUD
Cognates
- ᴹQ. andamunda “elephant” ✧ Ety/MBUD
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶andambundā > andabon > annabon [andambundā] > [andambunda] > [andambonda] > [andambond] > [andabond] > [annabond] > [annabonn] > [annabon] ✧ Ety/MBUD
arafain
masculine name. ?White King
A transient name for Keleborn appearing in the Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/256). Roman Rausch suggested it might be a combination of aran “king” and a variant form of fein “white” (EE/2.34).
Elements
Word Gloss aran “king, lord (of a specific region)” fein “white, radiant”
ar uiar
proper name. Day of Ulmo, second day of the Valian week
The Noldorin name for the 2nd day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and Uiar, the Noldorin name of Ulmo (Ety/LEP).
Variations
- Ar Waiar ✧ EtyAC/LEP (
Ar Waiar)Changes
Ar Waiar→ Ar Uiar ✧ Ety/LEPCognates
- ᴹQ. Ar Ulmon “Day of Ulmo, second day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/LEP
Elements
Word Gloss ar- “day” Uiar “Ulmo”
ath-
prefix. on both sides, across
Derivations
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√AT(AT) > ath- [att-] > [attʰ-] > [aθθ-] > [aθ-] ✧ Ety/RAT
bach
noun. article (for exchange), ware, thing
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴺQ. macca “article (for exchange), ware, thing”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶mbakhā > bach [mbakʰā] > [mbakʰa] > [mbaxa] > [baxa] > [bax] ✧ Ety/MBAKH
bedhwen
proper name. of the Spouses
The Noldorin adjectival formation meaning “of the Spouses” appearing in the name Ar Vedhwen “Day of the Spouses”, appearing only in its lenited form Vedhwen (Ety/LEP). It developed from ancient Bedū+ina; see that entry for further discussion.
Derivations
- ᴹ✶Bedūina “*of Spouses” ✧ Ety/LEP
Cognates
- ᴹQ. veru “husband and wife, married pair” ✧ Ety/LEP
Element in
- N. Ar Vedhwen “Day of the Spouses, third day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/LEP
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶Bedū+ina > Vedhwen [bedū+ina] > [bedwina] > [beðwina] > [beðwena] > [beðwen] ✧ Ety/LEP Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source Vedhwen soft-mutation “of the Spouses” ✧ Ety/LEP
bertha-
verb. to dare
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. verya- “to dare” ✧ Ety/BER
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. bértha- > bertho [berθa-] ✧ Ety/BER Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source bertho infinitive “dare” ✧ Ety/BER
boldog
masculine name. Torment-slayer
Elements
Word Gloss baul “torment” daug “warrior, soldier (chiefly used of orcs), warrior, soldier [with evil connotations]”
brennil
noun. lady
Element in
- N. Gilbrennil “Varda”
bruinen
place name. Loudwater
Elements
Word Gloss brui “loud” nen “water”
faragon
masculine name. Faragon
Earliest name for Vorondil in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (WR/281). Roman Rausch suggested that this name might be a combination of fara- “hunt” and the suffix -gon “lord”, since he was known for hunting wild oxen (EE/3.26).
Changes
- Faragon → Orondil ✧ WR/288
- Faragon → Orondil ✧ WRI/Faragon
Elements
Word Gloss fara- “to hunt” -gon “valour”
huor
masculine name. heart-vigour, courage
Derivations
- ᴹ✶Khōgore “heart-vigour, courage” ✧ Ety/GOR; Ety/KHŌ-N
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Huore “heart-vigour, courage” ✧ Ety/KHŌ-N
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶Khōgore > Huor [kʰōgore] > [kʰūgore] > [xūgore] > [xūɣore] > [xūɣor] > [xuor] > [huor] ✧ Ety/GOR
borthandos
masculine name. *Steadfast-intelligence
Changes
- Borthandos → Borthand ✧ WJI/Borthand
Elements
Word Gloss bôr “steadfast; trusty man, faithful vassal” hannas “understanding, intelligence”
cael
noun. lying in bed, sickness
Derivations
- ᴹ√KAY “lie (down)” ✧ Ety/KAY
Cognates
Element in
- N. caeleb “bedridden, sick” ✧ Ety/KAY
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√KAY > cael [kajla] > [kaila] > [kail] > [kael] ✧ Ety/KAY
bellas
noun. bodily strength
Cognates
- ᴹT. belle “(physical) strength” ✧ Ety/BEL
aglarond
place name. Caves of Splendour
Changes
- Aglarond → Aglarond “Caves of Splendour” ✧ WR/077
Elements
Word Gloss aglar “glory, splendour” rhonn “roof, cave”
alchorin
proper name. Not-of-Kôr
Noldorin term for the Elves “Not of Kôr”, equivalent to ᴹQ. Ilkorin, appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/AR², LA). It also appeared in its plural form Elcheryn. This term appears to be a combination of the negative prefix al-, a mutated form of N. Caur (= ᴹQ. Kôr) and a variant of the adjective suffix -en. In some rejected notes from The Etymologies, Tolkien indicated it was derived from OQ. ḷkor- (EtyAC/LA), so perhaps it was an adaptation of the Quenya term rather than an original Noldorin word.
Conceptual Development: In Early Noldorin word lists from the 1920s, rejected cognate of ᴱQ. Ilkorin was Uchor (PE13/155).
Variations
- Alchoron ✧ Ety/AR²; EtyAC/ALA (
Alchoron); EtyAC/AR²; EtyAC/LA (Alchoron)Cognates
Elements
Word Gloss al- “no, not” Caur “Kôr” -en “adjective suffix” Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source Elcheryn plural - ✧ Ety/LA; LRI/Ilkorindi -Elcheryn plural - ✧ EtyAC/LA
angolonn
place name. Land of the Gnomes
Noldorin equivalent of ᴹQ. Ingolonde “Land of the Gnomes” appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/ÑGOLOD). It seems to be an example of how [[on|initial syllabic [m], [n], [ŋ] became [am], [an], [aŋ]]] in Old Noldorin.
Derivations
- ᴹ√ÑGOLOD “one of the wise folk, Gnome” ✧ Ety/ÑGOLOD
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Ingolonde “Land of the Gnomes” ✧ Ety/ÑGOLOD
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√ÑGÓLOD > Angolonn [ŋ̣golonde] > [aŋgolonde] > [aŋgolond] > [aŋgolonn] ✧ Ety/ÑGOLOD
arthoren
place name. Fenced Realm
A Noldorin translation of Ilk. Garthurian “Fenced Realm, Hidden Realm” appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s along with numerous variations (Ety/ƷAR|GARAT, THUR). It seems to be a combination of ardh “realm” and thoren “fenced”, as indicated by the variant forms Ardh-thoren or Ar(ð)thoren. A third variation, Arthurien is said to be a half translation or Noldorization of Ilk. Garthurian. A fourth variation, Ardholen seems to have a different meaning: “Hidden Realm” (Ety/GAT(H)).
Variations
- Ardh-thoren ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT
- Arthurien ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT; Ety/THUR; EtyAC/ƷARA (
Arthurien)- Ar(ð)thoren ✧ Ety/THUR
- Arthóren ✧ EtyAC/ƷARA (
Arthóren)Changes
Arthóren→ Arthoren ✧ EtyAC/ƷARACognates
- Ilk. Garthurian “Fenced Realm, Hidden Realm” ✧ Ety/ƷAR
Elements
Word Gloss ardh “realm” thoren “*fenced”
badh-
verb. to judge
Variations
- bað- ✧ Ety/BAD (bað-)
Derivations
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶bad- > bað- [bad-] > [bað-] ✧ Ety/BAD
banga-
verb. to trade, to trade, *sell
Variations
- banga ✧ Ety/MBAKH
- bactha- ✧ EtyAC/MBAKH (
bactha-)Changes
bactha-→ banga ✧ Ety/MBAKHDerivations
- ᴹ√MBAKH “exchange” ✧ Ety/MBAKH
Cognates
- ᴹQ. manka- “to trade” ✧ Ety/MBAKH
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√MBAKH > banga [mbaŋkʰa-] > [mbaŋxa-] > [baŋxa-] > [baŋga-] ✧ Ety/MBAKH Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source banc past - ✧ Ety/MBAKH -bacthad gerund - ✧ EtyAC/MBAKH
bregalad
masculine name. Quickbeam
Elements
Word Gloss bregol “violent, sudden, *fierce” galadh “tree”
bregedur
noun. wild fire
A noun appearing as N. {bregedúr >>} bregedur “wild fire” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, a combination of N. breged “suddenness” and N. ûr “fire”, from ᴹ√BEREK and ᴹ√UR “be hot” respectively (Ety/BERÉK, UR; EtyAC/MERÉK). It was also an element in the name N. Dagor Vregedúr “Battle of Sudden Fire” (Ety/BERÉK; LR/280) which in later writings became S. Dagor Bragollach “Battle of Sudden Flame” (S/151; WJ/52).
Neo-Sindarin: Despite this name change, I think bregedur “wild fire” might still be valid, given other late names like S. Bregalad “Quickbeam” and the continued use of the root √UR. In fact, I prefer this over using bragollach “sudden flame”, since bragol “sudden” has no other similar forms on Tolkien’s writings: it is breg- everywhere else.
Variations
- bregedúr ✧ EtyAC/MERÉK (
bregedúr)Element in
- N. Dagor Vregedúr “Battle of Sudden Fire” ✧ Ety/BERÉK; Ety/UR (
Dagor Vreged-úr); EtyAC/MERÉK (Dagor Vregedúr)Elements
Word Gloss breged “violence, suddenness” ûr “fire” Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source -Vreged-úr soft-mutation “Sudden Fire” ✧ Ety/UR
bregolas
noun. fierceness, fierceness, *ferocity
Variations
- Bregolas ✧ Ety/BERÉK; EtyAC/MERÉK (
Bregolas)Element in
Elements
Word Gloss bregol “violent, sudden, *fierce” -as “abstract noun”
bregolas
masculine name. Fierceness
Elements
Word Gloss bregolas “fierceness, fierceness, *ferocity”
calenhad
place name. Calenhad
Elements
Word Gloss calen “green, (orig.) bright-coloured” sad “*place”
calenhir
place name. *Green River
A river in the early maps of Gondor (TI/312, WR/436), removed by the time The Lord of the Rings was published. It is a compound of calen “green” and -hir, the lenited form of sîr “river”.
Elements
Word Gloss calen “green, (orig.) bright-coloured” sîr “river”
rimbedir
masculine name. Trotter
Earliest Elvish name in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s for the character that would become Aragorn (RS/198). Its etymology is unclear.
Changes
Rimbedir→ Padathir “Trotter” ✧ RS/198
adleithian
noun. *release, freeing
Variations
- Adleithian ✧ EtyAC/LEK
aglar
noun. glory, splendour
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. alkar(e) “radiance, brilliance” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; PE18/036
Element in
- N. aglareb “glorious” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; Ety/KAL
- N. aglar anann “*glory for long” ✧ SD/046
- N. Aglarond “Caves of Splendour”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√AKLA-R > aglar [aklar] > [aglar] ✧ Ety/AKLA-R
brona-
verb. to last, survive
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴺQ. vor- “to endure, survive”
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. bronie > brono [brona-] ✧ Ety/BORÓN Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source brono infinitive “last, survive” ✧ Ety/BORÓN
dolt
noun. round knob, boss
Variations
- dolt ✧ Ety/NDOL
Derivations
- ᴹ√NDOL “*head” ✧ Ety/NDOL
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√NDOL > dolt [ndolto] > [ndoltʰo] > [ndolθo] > [dolθo] > [dolθ] > [dolt] ✧ Ety/NDOL ᴹ√NDOL > dylt [ndoltī] > [ndolti] > [ndoltʰi] > [ndolθi] > [dolθi] > [dulθi] > [dylθi] > [dylθ] > [dylt] ✧ Ety/NDOL Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source dylt plural - ✧ Ety/NDOL
arnœdiad
adjective. innumerable, countless, endless
Variations
- arnoediad ✧ EtyAC/NOT
Derivatives
- N. arnediad “without reckoning, numberless, innumerable, countless, endless” ✧ Ety/NOT
an(d)fang
proper name. Longbeard
Variations
- Andfang/Anfang ✧ Ety/ÁNAD
Elements
Word Gloss ann “long” fang “beard” Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source Enfeng plural - ✧ Ety/ÁNAD; Ety/SPÁNAG; LR/274; LRI/Enfeng
ancalagon
masculine name. Biting-Storm
Variations
- Anc-alagon ✧ Ety/ÁLAK; Ety/ÁNAK; Ety/NAK
Elements
Word Gloss anc “jaw, row of teeth” alagos “storm (of wind)”
belegoer
place name. Great Sea
Variations
- Belegar ✧ LR/014; LR/019; LRI/Belegar; SMI/Belegar
- Belegaer ✧ LR/019; LRI/Belegar
Changes
- Belegar → Belegaer ✧ LR/019
- Belegar → Belegaer “Great Sea” ✧ SMI/Belegar
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Alataire “Great Sea” ✧ Ety/ÁLAT; Ety/AY
Elements
Word Gloss beleg “great, large” oer “sea”
bladorion
place name. Bladorion
Variations
- Bladorian ✧ MRI/Bladorian; WJI/Bladorian
Changes
- Bladorion → Ardgalen ✧ WJ/113
- Bladorian → Ardgalen ✧ WJI/Bladorian
borth
?. [unglossed]
Variations
- Borth ✧ Ety/BOR
Derivations
- ᴹ√BOR(ON) “endure” ✧ Ety/BOR
Element in
- N. Borthandos “*Steadfast-intelligence” ✧ Ety/BOR
kalenarda
place name. Kalenarda
Earlier name of Calenardhon in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (WR/155), perhaps a mix-language combination of N. calen “green” and ᴹQ. arda “realm”. It also appeared as Kalinarda (WR/156), which might be the pure Quenya form of the name as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/§3.17).
Variations
- Kalen(arda) ✧ WR/155
- Kalinarda ✧ WR/156; WRI/Calenardhon
Elements
Word Gloss calen “green, (orig.) bright-coloured” arda “realm, region”
tol varad
place name. Defended Isle
Earliest name for Cair Andros (WR/326), a combination of N. toll “isle” and the lenited form of barad “fort” or perhaps an adjective form (?baradh) equivalent to ᴹQ. varna, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/3.33).
Changes
- Tol Varad → Men Falros “Defended Isle” ✧ WR/326
- Tol Varad → Men Falros ✧ WRI/Cair Andros
torfirion
place name. Westermanton
Earlier name for Annúminas appearing in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s with the gloss “Westermanton” (TI/144, 304). It may be a combination of Torfir “High-man” and the suffix -ion used in the names of lands, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/2.19).
Changes
- Torfirion → Annúminas “Westermanton” ✧ TI/145
- Torfirion → Annúminas “Westermanton” ✧ TI/304
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Tarkilmar “Westermanton” ✧ TI/144
Elements
Word Gloss Torfir “High-man” -ion “-region, -land”
balan
noun. Power, God
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Vala “Power, God” ✧ Ety/BAL; Ety/BAL
Element in
- N. Cerch iMbelain “Sickle of the Gods” ✧ Ety/KIRIK
- N. Nethwelein “Younger Gods” ✧ Ety/LEP
- N. Arvelain “*Day of the Valar”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. Bala > Balan [Bala] > [Balan] ✧ Ety/BAL On. Bala > Belein > Belen [balani] > [beleni] > [belein] > [belen] ✧ Ety/BAL Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source Belen plural - ✧ Ety/BAL Mbelain nasal-mutation plural “Gods” ✧ Ety/KIRIK welein soft-mutation plural - ✧ Ety/LEP
batha-
verb. to trample
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. batthṓ > batho [baθθa-] > [baθa-] ✧ Ety/BAT Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source batho infinitive “trample” ✧ Ety/BAT
belegol
masculine name. Great Aule
A more elaborate Noldorin name for ᴹQ. Aule appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, a combination of beleg “great” and his ordinary Noldorin name Gaul (Ety/BEL, GAWA).
Variations
- Beleg-ol ✧ Ety/BEL
Element in
- N. Ar Velegol “Day of Aule, alternate name of the third day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/LEP
Elements
Word Gloss beleg “great, large” Gaul “Aule” Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source Velegol soft-mutation “Aule” ✧ Ety/LEP
beria-
verb. to protect
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. varya- “to protect” ✧ Ety/BAR
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶baryā́- > berio [barja-] > [baria-] > [beria-] ✧ Ety/BAR Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source berio infinitive “to protect” ✧ Ety/BAR
men falros
place name. *Place of Splashing Foam
Earlier name for Cair Andros (WR/326), apparently a combination of N. men “place”, some form of the root ᴹ√PHAL “foam” and the suffixal form of -ros of rhoss “rain”, perhaps meaning “Place of Splashing Foam” as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/3.33).
Changes
- Men Falros → Cairros ✧ WRI/Cair Andros
Elements
Word Gloss men “*place” PHAL “foam” rhoss “rain”
oel
noun. pool, lake
Derivations
- ᴹ✶ailin “pool, lake” ✧ Ety/AY
Cognates
- ᴹQ. ailin “pool, lake” ✧ Ety/AY
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶ai-lin- > oel [ailin] > [aili] > [ail] > [oel] ✧ Ety/AY Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source oelin plural - ✧ Ety/AY
anduin
place name. Great River
Variations
- Andon ✧ TI/298; TII/Anduin
Changes
- Andon → Anduin ✧ TI/298
Element in
- N. Ethir-anduin
Elements
Word Gloss ann “long” duin “water, river”
beleghir
place name. Great River
Precursor to the river name Anduin appearing in the Lord of the Rings from the 1940s (RS/410), a combination of beleg “great” and the lenited form of sîr “river”.
Changes
- Beleghir → Anduin “Great River” ✧ RS/410
Elements
Word Gloss beleg “great, large” sîr “river”
calenardhon
place name. Calenardhon
Variations
- Calenardan ✧ WR/168; WRI/Calenardhon
- Calenard(h)on ✧ WRI/Calenardhon
Changes
- Calenardan → Calenardhon ✧ WR/168
Elements
Word Gloss calen “green, (orig.) bright-coloured” ardh “realm” ?
dú(w)ath
noun. night-shade
Variations
- Dú(w)ath ✧ Ety/DOƷ
Element in
- N. Hebel Dúath “Mountains of Shadow”
- N. Duath
Elements
Word Gloss dû “night, night-fall, late evening” gwath “shade”
eith
noun. spear-point
Variations
- aith ✧ Ety/EK
Changes
- aith → eith “spear-point” ✧ EtyAC/EK
Derivations
- ᴹ√EK “spear, (sharp) point, thorn” ✧ Ety/EK
Cognates
- ᴹQ. ehte “spear” ✧ Ety/EK
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√EK > aith [ektē] > [ekte] > [ektʰe] > [exθe] > [eiθe] > [eiθ] > [aiθ] ✧ Ety/EK ᴹ√EK > eith [ektē] > [ekte] > [ektʰe] > [exθe] > [eiθe] > [eiθ] ✧ Ety/EK
caew
noun. lair, resting-place
Derivations
- ᴹ√KAY “lie (down)” ✧ Ety/KAY
Cognates
- ᴹQ. kaima “bed, bed, [ᴱQ.] couch” ✧ Ety/KAY
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√KAY > caew [kajma] > [kaima] > [kaem] > [kaev] > [kaew] ✧ Ety/KAY
asgar
adjective. violent, rushing, impetuous
@@@ ascar may be alternate form
Derivations
Cognates
- Ilk. ascar “violent, rushing, impetuous” ✧ Ety/SKAR
Element in
- S. Ascar “rushing, impetuous”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶askarā > ascar > asgar [askarā] > [askara] > [askar] > [asgar] ✧ Ety/SKAR
aew
noun. (small) bird
Derivations
- ᴹ√AIWĒ “(small) bird” ✧ Ety/AIWĒ
Cognates
- ᴹQ. aiwe “(small) bird” ✧ Ety/AIWĒ
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√AIWĒ > aew [aiwē] > [aiwe] > [aiw] > [aew] ✧ Ety/AIWĒ
angrist
proper name. Iron-cleaver
Elements
Word Gloss ang “iron” crist “cleaver, sword”
anor
noun. Sun
Variations
- Anar ✧ Ety/NAR¹
- ánar ✧ EtyAC/NAR¹ (ánar)
- Anaur ✧ SDI2/Anar (Anaur)
Changes
- ánar → Anar ✧ Ety/NAR¹
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Anar “Sun” ✧ Ety/ANÁR; Ety/NAR¹; LR/041; LRI/Anar; SD/306; SDI2/Anar
Element in
- N. Anórien
- N. elanor “sun-star”
- N. Minas Anor “Tower of the Sun”
- N. Aranor “*Sun-day”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶anār- > Anor [anārǝ] > [anār] > [anǭr] > [anour] > [anaur] > [anor] ✧ Ety/ANÁR ᴹ✶Anār > Anaur > Anor [anār] > [anǭr] > [anour] > [anaur] > [anor] ✧ SD/302 ᴹ✶Anār > Anaur > Anor [anār] > [anǭr] > [anour] > [anaur] > [anor] ✧ SD/306
arad
noun. daytime, a day
since later S. aur was derived from √UR "heat", this word most likely is no longer valid @@@
Derivations
- ᴹ√AR “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹
Cognates
- ᴹQ. arya “day (twelve hours)” ✧ Ety/AR¹
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√AR¹ > arad [arata] > [arat] > [arad] ✧ Ety/AR¹
aran
noun. king, lord (of a specific region)
Variations
- âr ✧ Ety/TĀ
- Aran ✧ Ety/THIN; TI/182
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. haran “king, chieftain, lord or king of a specified region” ✧ Ety/TĀ
Element in
- N. Arafain “?White King”
- N. Aran Chithlum “King of Hithlum” ✧ Ety/TĀ; PE22/033
- N. Aran Dinnu “King of Twilight” ✧ Ety/THIN
- N. Aramir
- N. Sern Aranath “King Stones” ✧ WR/098
- N. Galdaran
- N. Ennyn Durin Aran Vória “the Doors of Durin Lord of Moria” ✧ TI/182
- N. ernil “prince”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√ƷAR > aran [ɣaran] > [aran] ✧ Ety/ƷAR ᴹ√ƷAR > erain [ɣarani] > [arani] > [ereni] > [erein] > [erain] ✧ Ety/ƷAR Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source erain plural - ✧ Ety/ƷAR -erain plural - ✧ EtyAC/ƷARA Erain plural - ✧ WR/098
araw
masculine name. Orome
Variations
- Áraw ✧ PE22/037
- Ramr ✧ WR/292 (
Ramr)Changes
Ramr→ Araw ✧ WR/292Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Orome ✧ Ety/ORÓM; Ety/ROM; PE22/037; WRI/Oromë
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. Araume > Araw [araume] > [araum] > [arauv] > [arau] ✧ Ety/ORÓM On. Araume > Aráw > Ara͠uƀ > Aróu̯mh > Áraw [araume] > [araum] > [arauv] > [arau] ✧ PE22/037
ardholen
place name. Hidden Realm
A Noldorin equivalent of Ilk. Garthurian “Fenced Realm, Hidden Realm” appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/GAT(H)). It seems to be a combination of ardh “realm” and the lenited form of dolen “hidden”. The related name Arthoren has a different meaning: “Fenced Realm”
Cognates
- Ilk. Garthurian “Fenced Realm, Hidden Realm” ✧ Ety/GAT(H)
Elements
Word Gloss ardh “realm” dolen “hidden, secret”
bara
adjective. fiery, eager
Derivations
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. baraha > bara [baraha] > [barah] > [bara] ✧ Ety/BARAS
baur
noun. need
Derivations
- ᴹ√MBAW “compel, force, subject, oppress” ✧ Ety/MBAW
Cognates
- ᴹQ. maure “need” ✧ Ety/MBAW
Element in
- ᴺS. baura- “to need, require”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√MBAW > baur [mbawre] > [mbaure] > [baure] > [baur] ✧ Ety/MBAW
beleg
adjective. great, large
Derivations
Cognates
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. beleka > beleg [beleka] > [belek] > [beleg] ✧ Ety/BEL Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source feleg soft-mutation “large” ✧ PE22/031
beleriandren
proper name. Beleriandic
A Noldorin term for the Beleriandric language (PE22/36), a combination of Beleriand with the adjectival suffix -ren.
Variations
- Belerian(d)ren ✧ PE22/036
Elements
Word Gloss Beleriand -ren “adjective suffix” Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source feleriandren soft-mutation - ✧ PE22/034
fauglith
place name. Thirsty Sand
Changes
- Fauglith → Anfauglith ✧ LR/301
Element in
- N. Dor-na-Fauglith “Land of (Gasping) Thirst” ✧ Ety/PHAU
Elements
Word Gloss faug “thirsty” lith “sand”
bauglir
masculine name. Constrainer, Terrible
Elements
Word Gloss bauglir “tyrant, oppressor”
airin
feminine name. Airin
Changes
- Airin → Aerin ✧ WJI/Aerin
angos
noun. horror
Variations
- ãngos ✧ EtyAC/GOS (
ãngos)Derivations
- ᴹ✶angosse “horror” ✧ EtyAC/GOS; EtyAC/GOS
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶añgoss- > angos [aŋgossǝ] > [aŋgoss] > [aŋgos] ✧ EtyAC/GOS
arnen
noun. ?royal
Variations
- Arnen ✧ WR/363
Element in
- N. Emyn Arnen ✧ WR/363
- N. Lonnath-Ernin ✧ WR/370
Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source ernin plural - ✧ WR/370
barad
noun. fort, tower, fortress
Variations
- barad ✧ Ety/BARAT; EtyAC/BARAT
Derivations
Element in
- N. Barad-dûr “Dark Tower”
- N. Bered Ondrath “*Towers of the Stone Road” ✧ WR/340
- N. Tol Varad “Defended Isle” ✧ WR/326
- N. Barad Amroth “Castle Amroth”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√BARAT > barad [barata] > [barat] > [barad] ✧ Ety/BARAT Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source Varad soft-mutation “defended” ✧ WR/326 Bered plural - ✧ WR/340
barad
adjective. doomed, *fated
Variations
- barad ✧ Ety/MBARAT
Derivations
- ᴹ√MBARAT “fate” ✧ Ety/MBARAT
Cognates
- ᴹQ. marta “fated, fey; fate” ✧ Ety/MBARAT
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√MBARAT > barad [mbarata] > [barata] > [barat] > [barad] ✧ Ety/MBARAT
baran
adjective. brown, swart, dark brown
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. varne “brown, swart, dark brown” ✧ Ety/BARÁN
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. barane > baran [barane] > [baran] ✧ Ety/BARÁN
bast
noun. bread
Derivations
- ᴹ√M(B)AS “knead” ✧ Ety/KOR; Ety/MBAS
Cognates
- ᴹQ. masta “bread” ✧ Ety/MBAS
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√MBAS > bast [mbasta] > [basta] > [bast] ✧ Ety/MBAS
breig
adjective. wild, fierce
Variations
braig✧ Ety/MERÉK (braig)brerg✧ EtyAC/MERÉK (brerg)Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ.
merka“wild, untamed” ✧ Ety/MERÉKPhonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶mrekjā > breig > braig [mrekjā] > [brekjā] > [brekja] > [brekia] > [breki] > [breik] > [breig] > [braig] ✧ EtyAC/MERÉK
athrad
noun. ford, crossing
Element in
- N. Sarn Athrad “Stony Ford, Ford of Stones” ✧ Ety/RAT
Elements
Word Gloss ath- “on both sides, across” râd “path, track”
iathrad
noun. crossing, ford
Elements
Word Gloss iath “across” râd “path, track”
tuor
masculine name. strength-vigor
Derivations
- ᴹ✶Tūgore “strength-vigor” ✧ Ety/GOR; Ety/TUG
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶Tūgore > Tuor [tūgore] > [tūɣore] > [tūɣor] > [tuor] ✧ Ety/GOR ᴹ✶tūghor > Tuor [tūgore] > [tūɣore] > [tūɣor] > [tuor] ✧ Ety/TUG
aglon
place name. defile, pass between high walls
Variations
- Aglond/Aglon ✧ Ety/AK
Elements
Word Gloss agor “narrow” lhonn “(narrow) path, strait, pass”
alagos
noun. storm (of wind)
A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “storm of wind”, an elaboration of N. alag “rushing” so perhaps “(lit.) rushing (of winds)” (Ety/ÁLAK). A similar (masculinized?) form appeared in the name N. Ancalagon* “Biting-Storm” (Ety/NAK). Tolkien continued to use this name in later writings, but it was untranslated.
Variations
- alagon ✧ Ety/ÁNAK; Ety/NAK
Derivations
- ᴹ√(A)LAK “swift, rushing” ✧ Ety/ÁNAK; Ety/NAK
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√ÁLAK > alagon [alakosse] > [alakoss] > [alagoss] > [alagos] ✧ Ety/NAK
angbor
masculine name. Angbor
Elements
Word Gloss ang “iron” paur “fist”
angmar
place name. Angmar
Elements
Word Gloss ang “iron” mar “home, dwelling, house, habitation; earth”
angrod
masculine name. Angrod
Elements
Word Gloss ang “iron” rhaud “metal”
banwen
feminine name. Vana
Noldorin name of Vana appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s as derivative of the Old Noldorin form ON. Bana-wende (Ety/BAN). Her name might be considered a combination of bein “beautiful” and the lenited form of gwenn “maiden”.
Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, her name was G. Gwann or Gwannuin along with a number of variations (GL/18, 31, 44, 47).
Derivations
- On. Bana-wende ✧ Ety/BAN
Elements
Word Gloss bein “fair, beautiful” gwenn “maiden” Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. Bana-wende > Banwend > Banwen [banawende] > [banawend] > [banwend] > [banwenn] > [banwen] ✧ Ety/BAN
baradh
adjective. steep
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. barada > baradh [barada] > [baraða] > [barað] ✧ Ety/BARÁD
borlas
masculine name. Borlas
Changes
- Borlas → Borlad ✧ PMI/Borlas
- Borlas → Borlad ✧ WJI/Borlad
Elements
Word Gloss bôr “steadfast; trusty man, faithful vassal” glass “joy, *happiness”
brith
noun. gravel
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources Ilk. brith > brith [brith] ✧ Ety/BIRÍT
bronwe
masculine name. Bronwe
Variations
- Bronweg ✧ LRI/Bronweg; WJ/137
- Bronwë ✧ SM/146; SMI/Bronweg; WJ/137
Changes
- Bronweg → Bronwë ✧ WJ/137
Derivations
- On. Bronwega ✧ Ety/BORÓN; Ety/WEG
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Voronwe “Steadfast, Faithful” ✧ Ety/BORÓN; SMI/Bronweg
Elements
Word Gloss BOR(ON) “endure” -we “masculine suffix” Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. Bronwega > Bronwe [bronwega] > [bronweɣa] > [bronweɣ] > [bronwe] ✧ Ety/BORÓN
adab
noun. building, house
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. ataqe “construction, building” ✧ Ety/TAK
Element in
- N.
Edeb na Nestad“Houses of Healing” ✧ WR/380 (Edeb na Nestad)Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶atakwē > adab [atakwē] > [atapē] > [atape] > [atap] > [atab] > [adab] ✧ Ety/TAK ᴹ✶atakwē > edeb [atakwī] > [atapī] > [atapi] > [etepi] > [eteip] > [eteib] > [edeib] > [edeb] ✧ Ety/TAK Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source edeb plural - ✧ Ety/TAK -Edeb plural “houses” ✧ WR/380
belthil
proper name. Divine Radiance
Derivations
- On. Balthil “White Tree of Valinor” ✧ Ety/BAL
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Silpion “White Tree of Valinor” ✧ Ety/BAL
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. Balthil > Belthil [baltʰil] > [balθil] > [belθil] ✧ Ety/BAL
agaldor
masculine name. Agaldor
Perhaps the earliest name for Q. Elendil, immediately revised to Amroth, appearing in the earliest version of the tale of the Fall of Númenor (LR/12, 31). The language and the meaning of the name are unclear, but it appears to be Noldorin.
Changes
Agaldor→ Amroth ✧ LR/012
aglareb
adjective. glorious
Cognates
- ᴹQ. alkarinqa “radiant, glorious” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R
Element in
- N. Dagor Aglareb “Glorious Battle”
al-
prefix. no, not
@@@ the phrase “the only place in Noldorin where the primitive prefix is preserved” was deleted (EtyAC/AR²)
Variations
- al ✧ Ety/LA
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. il- “no, not” ✧ Ety/LA
Element in
- N. Alchorin “Not-of-Kôr” ✧ Ety/LA
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶la- > al [la-] > [al-] ✧ Ety/LA
ammalas
masculine name. Ammalas
Earliest form of the name of Amroth, first changed to Amaldor and then Amroth (TI/223). The meaning of these name are unclear, but Roman Rausch suggested they both contain the element am “up” appearing in his later name, and possibly end with the lenited forms of lhass “leaf” (or possibly glass “joy”) and Galdor (EE/2.26).
Variations
- Amaldor ✧ TI/223; TII/Amroth
Changes
- Ammalas → Amaldor ✧ TI/223
- Amaldor → Amroth ✧ TI/223
Elements
Word Gloss am “up” lhass “leaf”
andeith
noun. long-mark
Derivations
- On. andatektha “long-mark” ✧ Ety/TEK
Cognates
- ᴹQ. andatehta “long mark” ✧ Ety/TEK
Elements
Word Gloss ann “long” teith “mark, stroke” Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. andatektha > andeith [andatexθa] > [andateiθa] > [andateiθ] > [andadeiθ] > [andeiθ] ✧ Ety/TEK
annûn
noun. west
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. númen “west” ✧ Ety/NDŪ
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶ṇdūnē > annûn [ṇdūnē] > [andūnē] > [andūne] > [andūn] > [annūn] ✧ Ety/NDŪ
arannur
place name. Arannur
@@@
Derivations
Cognates
- Ilk. Ariador “Land Outside”
baranor
masculine name. Baranor
Variations
- Turgon ✧ WR/282
Elements
Word Gloss bara “fiery, eager” naur “flame”
baul
noun. torment
Derivations
- ᴹ√(Ñ)GWAL “(suffer) torment, agony” ✧ Ety/ÑGWAL
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√ÑGWAL > baul [ŋgwāla] > [mbāla] > [mbǭla] > [bǭla] > [boula] > [baula] > [baul] ✧ Ety/ÑGWAL
bonn
adjective. snouted
Derivations
Element in
- N. annabon “elephant” ✧ Ety/MBUD
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶mbundā > bon [mbundā] > [mbunda] > [bunda] > [bonda] > [bond] > [bonn] ✧ Ety/MBUD Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source #bon soft-mutation - ✧ Ety/MBUD
boromir
masculine name. Boromir
Earlier name of Borlach (LR/134). In The Etymologies, it was given as a derivative of ON. Boronmīro (Ety/BOR). The medial [m] developed from [mm] < [n+m], which is why it did not become [v]. This is a distinct etymology of the later name of S. Boromir of Gondor, where the medial [m] was explained by the fact that it was a mixture of Sindarin and Quenya elements.
Changes
- Boromir → Borlach ✧ WJI/Boromir¹
Derivations
- On. Boronmīro ✧ Ety/BOR
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. Boronmíro/Borommíro > Boromir [boronmiro] > [borommiro] > [borommir] > [borommir] > [boromir] ✧ Ety/BOR
bredhil
feminine name. Varda
A Noldorin name for Varda appearing in the earliest Silmarillion drafts from the late 1920s, replacing older G. Bridhil (SM/43). It also appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s as a derivative of ON. Bradil (Ety/BARÁD), but these names were rejected and possibly replaced by N. Berethil or N. Elbereth (Ety/BARATH).
Variations
- Breðil ✧ Ety/BARÁD (
Breðil)- -breðil ✧ Ety/TIN
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Varda “Lofty, Sublime” ✧ Ety/BARÁD
Element in
- N. Timbredhil ✧ Ety/TIN
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. Bradil > Breðil [bradil] > [braðil] > [breðil] ✧ Ety/BARÁD
caerost
place name. ?-town
Early name for the town S. Calembel in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (WR/437). Its final element appears to be ost “city, town”, but the meaning of its initial element is unclear. Roman Rausch suggested that it might be caer “ten” or some derivative of ᴹ√KAY “lie down” (EE/3.45). It might also be caer “flat isle” appearing in linguistic notes around the same period (PE22/126).
Changes
- Caerost → Calembel ✧ WR/437
Elements
Word Gloss ? ost “city, town (with wall round)”
cairros
place name. *Ship-foam
Precursor to Cair Andros (WR/340), apparently a combination of a later form cair of N. ceir “ship” and the lenited form -ros of rhoss “rain” or (later) “foam”.
Changes
- Cairros → Andros ✧ WR/340
- Cairros → Andros ✧ WRI/Cair Andros
Elements
Word Gloss ceir “ship” rhoss “rain”
díriel
masculine name. Díriel
Earlier name for Amras appearing in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (SM/15, LR/223). The form Diriel (with a short i) appeared in The Etymologies as a derivative of ON. Dirghel (Ety/DER, GYEL), perhaps meaning “*Man-joy”.
Variations
- Diriel ✧ Ety/DER; Ety/GYEL; WJI/Díriel
- Diriol ✧ WJI/Díriel
Changes
- Díriel → Amras ✧ LT2/251
- Díriel → Amras ✧ LT2I/Amras
- Díriel → Amras ✧ MRI/Amrod
- Díriel → Amras ✧ SMI/Amras
- Díriel → Amras ✧ SMI/Díriel
- Díriel → Amras ✧ WJ/197
Derivations
- On. Dirghel ✧ Ety/DER
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. Dirghel > Diriel [dirgel] > [dirɣel] > [diriel] ✧ Ety/DER
falborn
masculine name. Falborn
Variations
- Falborn ✧ WR/169; WRI/Falborn
Changes
- Falborn → Anborn ✧ WR/169
- Falborn → Anborn ✧ WRI/Falborn
a-
prefix. intensive prefix
Variations
- a ✧ EtyAC/N
Derivations
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶a- > a [a] ✧ EtyAC/N
angrobel
place name. Irongarth
Earliest form of the name of Angrenost, translated “Irongarth” (TI/71). It seems to be a combination of a form of ang “iron” and gobel “village”, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/2.4).
Changes
- Angrobel → Angrenost “Irongarth” ✧ TII/Angrenost
Elements
Word Gloss ang “iron” gobel “walled house or village, town”
ar-
prefix. outside, beside; without
Variations
- ar- ✧ Ety/AR²; Ety/AWA; Ety/NOT (ar-); Ety/NOT (ar-)
- ar ✧ EtyAC/AWA
Derivations
- ᴹ√AR “beside, outside” ✧ Ety/AR²; Ety/AWA
Cognates
- ᴹQ. ar- “outside, beside” ✧ Ety/AR²
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√AR² > ar- [ar-] ✧ Ety/AR²
atlanna-
verb. to slope, slant
Variations
- tlanno ✧ EtyAC/TALÁT (
tlanno)Changes
tlanno→ atlanno ✧ Ety/TALÁTDerivations
- ᴹ√TALAT “to slip or slide down, incline, slope, lean, tip, topple over” ✧ Ety/TALÁT
Cognates
- ᴹQ. talta- “to slip (down), fall, slide down, slope” ✧ Ety/TALÁT
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√TALÁT > atlanno [atlanta-] > [atlantʰa-] > [atlanθa-] > [atlanna-] ✧ Ety/TALÁT Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source atlanno infinitive “to slope, slant” ✧ Ety/TALÁT
belegast
place name. Void
Noldorin term for the “Void” appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, a combination of beleg “great” and Gast “void” (Ety/KUM), also appearing as a variant Belego containing gaw “void” (Ety/GAS).
Variations
- Belego ✧ Ety/GAS
Elements
Word Gloss beleg “great, large” Gast “Void”
belegund
masculine name. Belegund
Elements
Word Gloss beleg “great, large” cunn “prince”
belfalas
place name. Belfalas
Changes
- Belfalas → Anfalas ✧ TI/310
branduin
place name. Branduin
Variations
- Baranduin ✧ Ety/BARÁN; LRI/Baranduin; TI/066; TII/Baranduin
- Baranduinen ✧ TII/Baranduin
Changes
- Branduin → Baranduin ✧ TI/066
- Baranduin → Malevarn ✧ TI/066
Elements
Word Gloss baran “brown, swart, dark brown” duin “water, river”
brann
adjective. lofty, noble, fine; high
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹT. branda “lofty, noble, fine” ✧ Ety/BARÁD
Element in
- N. Brandir “*Noble-man” ✧ Ety/BARÁD
- N. brannon “lord” ✧ Ety/BARÁD
- N. brennil “lady” ✧ Ety/BARÁD
- N. lheben teil brann i annon ar neledh neledhi gar godrebh “five foot high the door and three may walk abreast” ✧ TAI/150
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. branda > brand > brann [branda] > [brand] > [brann] ✧ Ety/BARÁD
caleledh
proper name. *Light Elf
Noldorin form that appeared in a marginal note in The Etymologies from the 1930s along side a variant Celion and an unclear form Celelidh, possibly its plural (EtyAC/KAL). It appears to be a singular Noldorin equivalent to ᴹQ. Kalaqendi “Light Elves”, a combination of ᴹ√KAL “shine” and Eledh* “Elf”.
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Kalaqendi “*Light Elves”
Elements
Word Gloss KAL “shine” Eledh “Star-folk, Elf” Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source ?Celelidh plural - ✧ EtyAC/KAL
padathir
masculine name. Trotter
An early Elvish name in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s for the character that would become Aragorn (RS/198). It is glossed “Trotter” and seems to be a combination of pad- "walk" and the agental suffix dîr “man”, perhaps dissimilated to -thir (as suggested by Roman Rausch, EE/1.3).
Element in
- N. Ai, Padathir, Padathir “Hail, Trotter, Trotter” ✧ RS/198
tindobel
place name. Twilit City, Starlit City
Earliest name of Barad Nimras in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (SM/331; LR/129, 265). It appeared in The Etymologies with the gloss “Twilit City, Starlit City”, a combination of tinnu “twilight” and the lenited form of gobel “town” (Ety/PEL(ES), TIN).
Variations
- Tindubel ✧ Ety/TIN; EtyAC/TIN
- Tindabel ✧ LR/270; LRI/Tindobel; WJI/Tindobel
Changes
- Tindabel → Tindobel ✧ LR/270
- Tindobel → Ingildon ✧ WJI/Ingildon
Elements
Word Gloss tinnu “(starry) twilight, dusk, early night (without moon)” gobel “walled house or village, town”
alag
adjective. rushing, impetuous
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. alako “rush, rushing flight, wild wind” ✧ Ety/ÁLAK
Element in
- N. alagos “storm (of wind)” ✧ EtyAC/ÁLAK
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶álākō > alag [alākō] > [alakō] > [alako] > [alak] > [alag] ✧ Ety/ÁLAK
damrod
masculine name. hammerer of copper
Changes
- Damrod → Amrod ✧ LT2/251
- Damrod → Amrod ✧ LT2I/Amrod
- Damrod → Amrod ✧ MRI/Amrod
- Damrod → Amrod ✧ SMI/Amrod
- Damrod → Amrod ✧ SMI/Damrod
- Damrod → Amrod ✧ WJ/197
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Nambarauto “Hammerer of Copper” ✧ Ety/NDAM; Ety/RAUTĀ
Elements
Word Gloss dam “hammer” rhaud “metal”
arad dain
place name. ?High Pass
An alternate name of Annerchi(o)n “Goblin Gate” appearing in the Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, preceded by a rejected word Tar (RS/432). The meaning of the name is unclear, Roman Rausch suggested it might mean “High Pass” based on the rejected element Tar. He further suggested the initial element Arad may be derived from the root √ARA “noble” (= “high”) and the second element Dain is a variant form of dîn “pass”, though he also considered the possibility the meaning of the elements was reversed. See EE/2.6 for further discussion.
Variations
- Tar Dain ✧ RS/432 (
Tar Dain)Changes
Tar Dain→ Arad Dain ✧ RS/432Elements
Word Gloss ? dîn “opening, gap, pass in mountains”
baldor
proper name. *Vala-king
A rejected Noldorin equivalent of ᴹQ. Valatar “Vala-king” appearing along side (masculine and feminine?) variants Baldron and Benenil in The Etymologies from the 1930s (EtyAC/TĀ). It seems to be a combination of the root ᴹ√BAL and the suffix -dor “king”.
Variations
Baldor/Baldron/Benenil✧ EtyAC/TĀ (Baldor/Baldron/Benenil)Cognates
- ᴹQ. Valatar “Vala-king” ✧ EtyAC/TĀ; EtyAC/TĀ
Elements
Word Gloss BAL “*power” -dor “*king, lord”
dunhirion
place name. ?West Lord Land
Earlier name for Annúminas appearing in the drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices (PM/167). It may be a combination of dûn “west”, hîr “lord” and the suffix -ion used in the names of lands.
Changes
- Dunhirion → Annúminas ✧ PMI/Annúminas
Cognates
- ᴹQ.
Tarkilion✧ PMI/DunhirionElements
Word Gloss dûn “west” hîr “master, lord” -ion “-region, -land”
buia-
verb. to serve, hold allegiance to
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹT. búa- “to serve” ✧ Ety/BEW
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. buióbe > buio [buia-] ✧ Ety/BEW Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source buio infinitive “serve, hold allegiance to” ✧ Ety/BEW
elbereth gilthoniel
Elbereth Gilthoniel
Variations
- O Elbereth Gilthoniel ✧ SD/112; WR/218; WR/218
- Gilthoniel O Elbereth ✧ SD/112
Element in
ammarth
noun. fate, doom
should be amarth because [[n|[mm] shortened]] @@@
Variations
- marth ✧ EtyAC/MBARAT (
marth); EtyAC/SIL (marth)- barth ✧ EtyAC/MBARAT; EtyAC/SIL
Changes
marth→ barth “fate” ✧ EtyAC/MBARATmarth→ barth “fate” ✧ EtyAC/SILDerivations
- ᴹ√MBARAT “fate” ✧ Ety/MBARAT; EtyAC/MBARAT; EtyAC/SIL
Cognates
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√MBARAT > ammarth [ambarta] > [ambartʰa] > [ambarθa] > [ambarθ] > [ambarθ] > [ammarθ] ✧ Ety/MBARAT
barad-dûr
place name. Dark Tower
Variations
- Baraddur ✧ SD/024; WRI/Barad-dûr
Cognates
- Bs. Lugbúrz “Dark Tower” ✧ SD/024
Elements
Word Gloss barad “fort, tower, fortress” dûr “dark”
calen
adjective. green, (orig.) bright-coloured
Derivations
- ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL
Cognates
- ᴹQ. kalina “light” ✧ Ety/KAL
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√KAL > calen [kalinā] > [kalina] > [kalena] > [kalen] ✧ Ety/KAL Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source galen soft-mutation “green” ✧ LR/305
dolamarth
place name. Mount Doom
Early name of S. Amon Amarth from Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, also appearing as Amarthon (TI/343). It is a combination of dôl “head, hill” and ammarth “doom”, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/2.57).
Variations
- Amarthon ✧ TI/343; TII/Amon Amarth
Elements
Word Gloss dôl “head, hill” ammarth “fate, doom”
du-finnion
masculine name. Du-finnion
An early Elvish name in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s for the character that would become Aragorn (RS/361). Its meaning is unclear.
Element in
- N. Ai, Du-finnion ✧ RS/361
dor-tathrin
place name. Dor-tathrin
Variations
- Dor Tathrin ✧ SMI/Nan Tathrin
afor
proper name. Refuser, an Elf who did not journey to Aman
Variations
- Avor/avaron ✧ EtyAC/AB (
Avor/avaron)Changes
Avor/avaron→ Afor ✧ Ety/ABDerivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Avar(o) “Refuser, One who does not go forth” ✧ Ety/AB; Ety/AB
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. abōro > Afor [abǭro] > [abouro] > [avouro] > [avauro] > [avaur] > [avor] ✧ Ety/AB Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source Efuir/Efyr plural “Elves who never left Middle-earth or began the march” ✧ Ety/AB -eveir/everuin plural - ✧ EtyAC/AB
-as
suffix. abstract noun
Element in
- N. oegas “mountain peak” ✧ Ety/AYAK
- N. bellas “bodily strength” ✧ Ety/BEL
- N. bregolas “fierceness, fierceness, *ferocity”
- N. cevnas “earthenware” ✧ EtyAC/KEM
- N. gonathras “entanglement” ✧ Ety/NAT
- N. hannas “understanding, intelligence” ✧ Ety/KHAN
- N. hobas “harbourage”
- N. dannas “autumn”
- N. ínias “annals”
- N. Lhammas “Account of Tongues, Linguistic History”
- N. moeas “dough” ✧ Ety/MASAG
- N. maenas “craft, handicraft, art” ✧ Ety/MAƷ|MAG
- N. ovras “crowd, heap” ✧ Ety/UB
- N. panas “floor” ✧ Ety/PAN
- N. pennas “history”
- N. ram(m)as “*great wall”
- N. sarnas “cairn”
- N. thamas “great hall” ✧ Ety/STAB
- N. tharas “hassock, footstool” ✧ Ety/STAR
- N. thinnas “shortness, shortening”
- N. tobas “roofing, roof” ✧ Ety/TOP
-os
suffix. abstract noun
Element in
aran chithlum
proper name. King of Hithlum
The name of Fingolfin as the King of Hithlum appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/TĀ), a combination of aran “king” with the lenited form of the region’s name.
Variations
- aran Chithlum ✧ Ety/TĀ
- aran Ċhithlum ✧ PE22/033
Elements
Word Gloss aran “king, lord (of a specific region)” Hithlum “Land of Mist, (lit.) Mist-and-Dusk”
a
conjunction. and
Cognates
- ᴹQ. ar “and; but”
Element in
- N. pedo mellon a minno “speak, friend, and enter” ✧ TI/182
aes
noun. cooked food, meat
Derivations
- ᴹ√AP “?cook” ✧ Ety/AP
Cognates
- ᴹQ. apsa “meat, cooked food” ✧ Ety/AP
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√AP > aes [apsa] > [aɸsa] > [aisa] > [ais] > [aes] ✧ Ety/AP
ang
noun. iron
Derivations
- ᴹ√ANGA “iron” ✧ Ety/ANGĀ
Cognates
- ᴹQ. anga “iron” ✧ Ety/ANGĀ
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√ANGĀ > ang [aŋgā] > [aŋga] > [aŋg] > [aŋ] ✧ Ety/ANGĀ
ann
adjective. long
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. anda “long” ✧ Ety/ÁNAD
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶andā > and > ann [andā] > [anda] > [and] > [ann] ✧ Ety/ÁNAD ᴹ✶anda > anna- [anda-] > [anna-] ✧ Ety/MBUD Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source #anna- prefix - ✧ Ety/MBUD #an- prefix - ✧ Ety/RAD an- prefix “long” ✧ Ety/TEK
ar
conjunction. and
Derivations
- ᴹ√AR “beside, outside”
Element in
- N. lheben teil brann i annon ar neledh neledhi gar godrebh “five foot high the door and three may walk abreast” ✧ TAI/150
brass
noun. white heat, *extreme heat
Derivations
Element in
- N. brassen “white-hot, *very hot” ✧ Ety/BARAS
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. brasse > brass [brasse] > [brass] ✧ Ety/BARAS
ar ifan
proper name. *Day of Yavanna
Changes
Ar Ifan→ Ar Velegol ✧ Ety/LEPElements
Word Gloss ar- “day” Ivann “Fruit-giver”
bann
noun. duress, prison
Changes
bann→ bann “Hell” ✧ Ety/MBADDerivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. manda “prison, *duress” ✧ EtyAC/BAD²
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶mbanda > band > bann [mbanda] > [banda] > [band] > [bann] ✧ Ety/MBAD ᴹ√BAD² > band > bann [banda] > [band] > [bann] ✧ EtyAC/BAD²
barthan
masculine name. Earth-smith, Earthbuilder
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Martan(o) “Earth-smith, Earthbuilder” ✧ Ety/GAWA; Ety/MBAR; Ety/TAN
Elements
Word Gloss bár “home; earth” tân “builder, smith”
adar
noun. father
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. atar “father” ✧ Ety/ATA
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶atar > adar [atar] > [adar] ✧ Ety/ATA ᴹ✶atar > edeir > eder [atarī] > [atari] > [eteri] > [eteir] > [edeir] > [eder] ✧ Ety/ATA Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source eder plural - ✧ Ety/ATA
amon
noun. hill
Derivations
- ᴹ√AM “up” ✧ Ety/AM²
Cognates
- ᴹQ. ambo “hill” ✧ Ety/AM²
Element in
- N. Amon Thorn
- N. Amon Ereb “Lonely Hill”
- N. Amon Gwareth “Hill of Watch”
- N. Amon Hen
- N. Amon Lhaw
- N. Amon Carab “Hill of the Hat”
- N. Amon Uilos
- N. Emyn Arnen
- N. Haramon
- N. Emyn Rhain “Border Hills” ✧ TI/313
- N. Amon Dengin “Hill of Slain”
- N. Methen Amon
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√AM² > amon [ambon] > [ambon] > [ammon] > [amon] ✧ Ety/AM² ᴹ√AM² > emuin > emyn [amboni] > [ambuni] > [embyni] > [embyn] > [embyn] > [emmyn] > [emyn] ✧ Ety/AM² Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source emyn plural - ✧ Ety/AM² Emyn plural “hills” ✧ TI/313
anann
adverb. long
Element in
- N. aglar anann “*glory for long” ✧ SD/046
- N. cuio i Pheriain anann “long live the halflings” ✧ SD/046
Elements
Word Gloss an “of” ann “long”
bein
adjective. fair, beautiful
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. vanya “beautiful, fair” ✧ Ety/BAN
Element in
- N. Banwen “Vana”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶bányā > bein [banjā] > [banja] > [bania] > [benia] > [beni] > [bein] ✧ Ety/BAN ᴹ√GWEN > bein [gwenja] > [benja] > [benia] > [beni] > [bein] ✧ Ety/GWEN
bór
masculine name. Faithful
Variations
- Bor ✧ LR/147; LR/291; LRI/Bor; RSI/Bor; SMI/Bor
Changes
- Bor → Bór ✧ LR/147
- Bor → Bór ✧ LR/291
- Bor → Bór “Faithful” ✧ LRI/Bor
cadw
adjective. shaped, formed
Variations
- -gadu ✧ EtyAC/KAT
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. kanta “shape, frame; shaped” ✧ Ety/KAT
Element in
- N. cadwor “shapely” ✧ Ety/KAT
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. katwe > cadw [katwe] > [katw] > [kadw] > [kadu] ✧ Ety/KAT Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source -gadw soft-mutation - ✧ Ety/KAT
cam
noun. hand
Variations
- camm ✧ Ety/MAƷ
Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source kambaio old-genitive plural - ✧ PE21/60
ceir
noun. ship
Variations
- ceirda ✧ EtyAC/KIR (
ceirda)- cīr ✧ PE21/57
- cir ✧ PE21/57 (
cir)Changes
cir→ cīr “ship” ✧ PE21/57Derivations
- ᴹ√KIR “cleave” ✧ Ety/KIR
Cognates
Element in
- N. Cair Andros
- N. Cairros “*Ship-foam”
- N. cirban “haven” ✧ Ety/PAD
- N. cirdan “shipbuilder” ✧ Ety/KIR
- N. Pelargir
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√KIR > ceir [kirja] > [kerja] > [keria] > [keri] > [keir] ✧ Ety/KIR Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source #cir prefix “ship” ✧ Ety/KIR; Ety/PAD círiath class-plural “ships” ✧ PE21/57 -ciriath class-plural “ships” ✧ PE21/57
palw
noun. agony
Derivations
- ᴹ√KWAL “die (in pain)” ✧ Ety/KWAL
Cognates
- ᴹQ. qalme “(death) agony, (process of) death” ✧ Ety/KWAL
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√KWAL > palw [kwalme] > [palme] > [palm] > [palv] > [palu] ✧ Ety/KWAL
-ath
suffix. collective or group plural
Variations
- ath ✧ PE21/57
Derivations
- ᴹ✶-asta “collective plural” ✧ PE21/57; PE21/64
Cognates
- ᴹQ. -sta “close grouping” ✧ PE21/57
Element in
- N. siniath “news, tidings” ✧ Ety/SI
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶-atta > -ath [-attā] > [-atta] > [-attʰa] > [-aθθa] > [-aθθ] > [-aθ] ✧ PE21/57
belegost
place name. Great Fortress, Great City
Variations
- Beleg-ost ✧ Ety/OS
Cognates
- Kh. Gabilgathol “Great Fortress” ✧ LR/274; LRI/Gabilgathol
Elements
Word Gloss beleg “great, large” ost “city, town (with wall round)”
am-
prefix. snake
A prefix for “snake” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√ANGWA of the same meaning, most notably an element in N. amlug “dragon” (Ety/ANGWA).
Derivations
- ᴹ√ANGWA “snake” ✧ Ety/ANGWA
Element in
- N. amlug “dragon” ✧ Ety/ANGWA
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√ANGWA > am- [aŋgwa] > [amba] > [amb] > [amm] > [am] ✧ Ety/ANGWA
atlant
adjective. oblique, slanted
An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s given as {tlant >>} N. atlant “oblique, slanted”, a derivative of the root ᴹ√TALAT “to slope, lean, tip” (Ety/TALÁT). It is not clear why the consonant did not undergo mutation to dl or gl, such as with ON. etlenna > N. eglenn (Ety/LED).
Neo-Sindarin: If you use this word for Neo-Sindarin, it would probably be best to reform it to ᴺS. adlant, as originally suggested in Hiswelókë’s Sindarin Dictionary.
Variations
- tlant ✧ EtyAC/TALÁT (
tlant)Changes
tlant→ atlant ✧ Ety/TALÁTDerivations
- ᴹ√TALAT “to slip or slide down, incline, slope, lean, tip, topple over” ✧ Ety/TALÁT
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√TALÁT > atlant [atlanta] > [atlantʰa] > [atlanθa] > [atlanθ] > [atlant] ✧ Ety/TALÁT
badhor
noun. judge
Variations
- Badhor ✧ EtyAC/MBAD (
Badhor)Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶bad- > badhor [badro] > [baðro] > [baðr] > [baðor] ✧ Ety/BAD
badhron
noun. judge
Variations
- baðron ✧ Ety/BAD; EtyAC/MBAD (
baðron)Elements
Word Gloss badh- “to judge” -(r)on “agental suffix”
beor
noun. follower, vassal
phonetic development fits Ossiriandic (PE19/25) @@@
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹT. búro “vassal” ✧ Ety/BEW
Element in
- N. Beor ✧ Ety/BEW
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. bioro > bior > beor [bioro] > [bior] > [beor] ✧ Ety/BEW
beren
adjective. bold
Variations
- beren ✧ Ety/BER
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. verya “bold, bold, *brave” ✧ Ety/BER
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. berina > beren [berina] > [berena] > [beren] ✧ Ety/BER
bôr
noun/adjective. steadfast; trusty man, faithful vassal
Variations
- bór ✧ Ety/BOR
Derivations
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. boron > bór [boron] > [boro] > [bor] > [bōr] ✧ Ety/BOR Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source býr plural - ✧ Ety/BOR; Ety/BOR †beren plural - ✧ Ety/BOR
cabor
noun. frog
A noun for “frog” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, an agental form of the root ᴹ√KAP “leap” (Ety/KAP). This was initially glossed “a dog” (EtyAC/KAP).
Changes
cabor→ cabor “a dog” ✧ Ety/KAPDerivations
- ᴹ√KAP “leap, leap, [ᴱ√] spring” ✧ Ety/KAP
Cognates
- ᴺQ. carpo “frog”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√KAP > cabr > cabor [kapro] > [kapr] > [kabr] > [kabor] ✧ Ety/KAP
cad
adverb. *after
Variations
- Cad ✧ PM/136 (Cad)
Cognates
- ᴹQ. kata “after”
Element in
caint
place name. Caint
An unglossed name from a deleted entry in The Etymologies from the 1930s, derived from the deleted root ᴹ√KEN “spearhead, gore” (EtyAC/KEN). It might be a precursor to S. Naith “Gore, Triangle”.
Derivations
- ᴹ√
KEN“spearhead, gore” ✧ EtyAC/KENPhonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√KEN > Caint [kǣnt] > [kaint] ✧ EtyAC/KEN
calad
noun. light
Derivations
- ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√KAL > calad [kalata] > [kalat] > [kalad] ✧ Ety/KAL Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source galad soft-mutation “light” ✧ Ety/KIL
egnor
masculine name. Egnor
Variations
- Eg-nor ✧ Ety/EK
Changes
Egnor→ Aegnor ✧ MR/327- Egnor → Aegnor ✧ MRI/Aegnor
- Egnor → Aegnor ✧ WJI/Egnor
Elements
Word Gloss êg “thorn” naur “flame”
bauglir
noun. tyrant, oppressor
Changes
bauglir→ bauglir “force, duress, tyranny” ✧ Ety/MBAWElement in
- N. Bauglir “Constrainer, Terrible”
agor
adjective. narrow
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. arka “narrow” ✧ Ety/AK
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶akrā > agr > agor [akrā] > [akra] > [akr] > [agr] > [agor] ✧ Ety/AK
amath
noun. shield
Derivations
- ᴹ√
MBAT(H)“screen, shield” ✧ EtyAC/MBAT(H)Cognates
- ᴹQ.
umbas“shield” ✧ EtyAC/MBAT(H)Element in
- N. Orchelanath ✧ EtyAC/MBAT(H) (
Orchallamath)Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√MBAT(H) > ambath > amath [ṃbatʰ] > [ambatʰ] > [ambaθ] > [ambaθ] > [ammaθ] > [amaθ] ✧ EtyAC/MBAT(H)
aramir
masculine name. Aramir
The earliest name of Arathorn appearing in the Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/7), probably a combination of aran “king” and a variant form of mîr “jewel”.
Elements
Word Gloss aran “king, lord (of a specific region)” mîr “jewel, precious thing, treasure”
arthod
masculine name. Arthod
Changes
- Arthod → Arthad ✧ WJI/Arthad
athan
preposition. beyond
Element in
- N. Bronwe athan Harthad “Endurance beyond Hope” ✧ SD/062
Elements
Word Gloss ath- “on both sides, across”
bachor
noun. pedlar, pedlar, *trader, merchant
Variations
- bagor ✧ EtyAC/MBAKH (
bagor)Changes
bagor→ bachor ✧ Ety/MBAKHDerivations
- ᴹ√MBAKH “exchange” ✧ Ety/MBAKH
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√MBAKH > bachor [mbakʰro] > [mbaxro] > [baxro] > [baxr] > [baxor] ✧ Ety/MBAKH
bergil
masculine name. Bergil
Variations
- Gwinhir ✧ WRI/Gwinhir
- Ramloth ✧ WRI/Gwinhir
Changes
- Gwinhir → Bergil ✧ WRI/Gwinhir
- Ramloth → Gwinhir ✧ WRI/Gwinhir
bui
verb. I must
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶mauy- > bui [mbauj] > [mbǭj] > [mbǭi] > [mbui] > [bui] ✧ Ety/MBAW
cadwor
adjective. shapely
Variations
- cadwar ✧ Ety/KAT
Derivations
- ᴹ✶katwārā “shapely” ✧ Ety/KAT
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶katwārā > cadwor [katwārā] > [katwāra] > [katwǭra] > [katwoura] > [katwaura] > [katwaur] > [kadwaur] > [kadwor] ✧ Ety/KAT
caeleb
adjective. bedridden, sick
Cognates
- ᴹQ. kaimassea “bedridden, sick, bedridden, sick, [ᴱQ.] confined to bed, a-bed” ✧ Ety/KAY
callon
noun. hero
Derivations
- ᴹ✶kalrondō “hero” ✧ Ety/KAL
Cognates
- ᴹQ. kallo “noble man, hero” ✧ Ety/KAL
Elements
Word Gloss -(r)on “agental suffix” Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶kalrondō > callon [kalrondō] > [kallondō] > [kallondo] > [kallond] > [kallonn] > [kallon] ✧ Ety/KAL
eb
preposition. ?before
Variations
- Eb ✧ PM/136 (Eb)
Derivations
- ᴹ✶epe “after”
Element in
- N. Ebloer “June, ?Before-summer” ✧ PM/136
hundor
masculine name. Hundor
Variations
- Hûndor ✧ Ety/KHŌ-N
iath
preposition. across
Derivations
Element in
- N.
iathrad“crossing, ford” ✧ EtyAC/YAT (iathrad)Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶yatta > iath [jatta] > [jattʰa] > [jaθθa] > [jaθθ] > [jaθ] ✧ EtyAC/YAT
moeleg
masculine name. Moeleg
Variations
- Maeleg ✧ Ety/MIL-IK (
Maeleg); PE19/058- maelig ✧ EtyAC/MIL-IK (
maelig)Changes
Maeleg→ Moeleg ✧ Ety/MIL-IKmaelig→ Maeleg ✧ Ety/MIL-IKDerivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Melko ✧ Ety/MIL-IK; SMI/Moeleg; SM/079; SM/164
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶Mailikā > Maeleg [mailikā] > [mailika] > [maileka] > [mailek] > [maileg] > [maeleg] ✧ Ety/MIL-IK ᴹ✶Mailikā > Moeleg [mailikā] > [mailika] > [maileka] > [mailek] > [maileg] > [moeleg] ✧ Ety/MIL-IK
both
noun. puddle, small pool
Derivations
- ᴹ√MBOTH “*pool” ✧ Ety/MBOTH
Cognates
- ᴹQ. motto “blot” ✧ Ety/MBOTH
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√MBOTH > both [mbottʰō] > [mbottʰo] > [mboθθo] > [boθθo] > [boθθ] > [moθ] ✧ Ety/MBOTH
cadloer
noun. July, *After-summer
Changes
- Cadloer → Cadlaer “July” ✧ PM/136
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Nólairë “July, *After-summer” ✧ PM/135
Elements
Word Gloss ? loer “summer”
barahir
masculine name. Barahir
Variations
- Bara-chir ✧ Ety/KHER
Elements
Word Gloss bara “fiery, eager” hîr “master, lord”
bartha-
verb. to doom
Variations
- bartha ✧ EtyAC/MBARAT (
bartha)Changes
bartha→ bartho ✧ Ety/MBARATDerivations
- ᴹ√MBARAT “fate” ✧ Ety/MBARAT
Cognates
- ᴹQ. martya- “to destine” ✧ Ety/MBARAT
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√MBARAT > bartho [mbarta-] > [mbartʰa-] > [mbarθa-] > [barθa-] ✧ Ety/MBARAT Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source bartho infinitive “to doom” ✧ Ety/MBARAT
brethil
noun. beech
Variations
- brethel ✧ Ety/NEL
Changes
brethil→ brethel ✧ Ety/NELDerivations
- ᴹ√BERETH “beech” ✧ Ety/NEL; Ety/PHER
Cognates
- ᴹT. bredele “beech-tree” ✧ Ety/BERÉTH
Element in
- N. Brethil ✧ Ety/NEL
- N. Brethilian(d) “Forest of Brethil” ✧ Ety/BERÉTH
- N. Nimbrethil
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√BERÉTH > brethel [berétʰele] > [bretʰel] > [breθele] > [breθel] ✧ Ety/NEL ᴹ√BERÉTH > brethil [berétʰelī] > [bretʰelī] > [bretʰeli] > [breθeli] > [breθili] > [breθil] ✧ Ety/NEL Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source brethil plural - ✧ Ety/NEL
ellonel
feminine name. Ellonel
Variations
- Finduilas ✧ SD/066
- Amareth ✧ SD/066; SDI1/Amareth
- Emrahil ✧ SD/066; SDI1/Emrahil
Changes
- Ellonel → Finduilas ✧ SD/066
- Finduilas → Amareth ✧ SD/066
- Amareth → Emrahil ✧ SD/066
- Emrahil → Arwen ✧ SD/066
lhawhen
place name. Lhawhen
A variety of names for the hills Amon Lhaw and Amon Hen first consider by Tolkien in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/387). These names are all combinations of the elements lhaw “ears” or ᴹ√LAS “listen” with hên “eye” or ᴹ√TIR “watch”, as analyzed by Roman Rausch (EE/2.61).
Variations
- Amon Tirlaw ✧ TI/387 (
Amon Tirlaw)- Lhawdir ✧ TI/387 (
Lhawdir)- Lasthen ✧ TI/387 (
Lasthen)- Henlas ✧ TI/387 (
Henlas)- Hendlas ✧ TI/387
marthanc
masculine name. Hamfast
Changes
- Marthanc → Baravorn “Hamfast” ✧ SD/121
- Marthanc → Baravorn “Hamfast” ✧ SDI1/Marthanc
Elements
Word Gloss bár “home; earth” tanc “firm, firm; [ᴱN.] steady, steadfast; [G.] settled”
berethil
feminine name. Berethil
A Noldorin name for Varda appearing on in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/BARATH), possibly replacing older N. Bredhil and G. Bridhil and possibly replaced by N. Elbereth. It developed from ON. Barathi(l).
Derivations
- On. Barathi(l) ✧ Ety/BARATH
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Varda “Lofty, Sublime” ✧ Ety/BARATH
Elements
Word Gloss bereth “queen” -(r)il “feminine suffix” Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. Barathi(l) > Berethil [baraθil] > [bereθil] ✧ Ety/BARATH
kelegorn
masculine name. Kelegorn
Earlier name of Arathorn appearing in the Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/7), perhaps with the same meaning as Celegorn.
Changes
- Kelegorn → Arathorn ✧ TI/392
lalf
noun. elm-tree
Derivations
- ᴹ√(L)ALAM “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM
Cognates
- ᴹQ. alalme “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√ÁLAM > lalf [lalme] > [lalm] > [lalv] ✧ Ety/ÁLAM ᴹ√ÁLAM > lelf [lalmi] > [lelmi] > [lelm] > [lelv] ✧ Ety/ÁLAM Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source lelf plural - ✧ Ety/ÁLAM
ramathir
place name. Ramathir
Earliest name for S. Belfalas of unclear meaining.
Variations
Ramathor✧ TI/119 (Ramathor); TII/BelfalasChanges
Ramathor→ Ramathir ✧ TI/119Ramathir→ Belfalas ✧ TI/119
beleriand
place name. Beleriand
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Valariande “Beleriand” ✧ LR/202
Element in
- N. Beleriandren “Beleriandic”
- N. Inias Veleriand “Annals of Beleriand” ✧ LR/202
Elements
Word Gloss Balar -ian(d) “-land” Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source Veleriand soft-mutation - ✧ LR/202
celion
proper name. *Light Elf
Noldorin form that appeared in a marginal note in The Etymologies from the 1930s along side a variant Caleledh, replacing a deleted form Calion (EtyAC/KAL). It appears to be a singular Noldorin equivalent ᴹQ. Kalaqendi “Light Elves”, a combination of ᴹ√KAL “shine” and the masculine suffix -on (though why the i was added is unclear). This might be a precursor to later S. Calben*.
Variations
- Calion ✧ EtyAC/KAL (
Calion)Changes
Calion→ Celion ✧ EtyAC/KALElements
Word Gloss KAL “shine” -on “masculine suffix”
calardan
noun. lampwright
Element in
- N. Rath a Chelerdain “Street of the Lampwrights” ✧ WR/287; WR/388
Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source Chalardain nasal-mutation - ✧ WR/287 Chelerdain nasal-mutation plural - ✧ WR/388
ai
interjection. hail
Variations
- Ai ✧ RS/198; RS/361
Element in
- N. Ai, Du-finnion ✧ RS/361
- N. Ai, Padathir, Padathir “Hail, Trotter, Trotter” ✧ RS/198
an
preposition. of
Element in
- N. anann “long”
- N. Ernil a Pheriannath “Prince of the Halflings” ✧ WR/287
- N. Rath a Chelerdain “Street of the Lampwrights” ✧ WR/388
Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source a elided - ✧ WR/287; WR/388
anc
noun. jaw, row of teeth
Variations
- Anc ✧ Ety/ÁLAK
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. anka “jaw, row of teeth” ✧ Ety/ÁNAK; Ety/NAK
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶an-kā́ > anc [aŋkā] > [aŋka] > [aŋk] ✧ Ety/NAK
an-
prefix. with, by
Cognates
- ᴹQ. ana- “to, towards” ✧ Ety/N¹
ant
noun. gift
Variations
- ann ✧ EtyAC/ANA¹ (
ann)Changes
ann→ ant ✧ Ety/ANA¹Derivations
- ᴹ√NĀ/ANA “to, towards” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
Cognates
- ᴹQ. anna “gift” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√ANA¹ > ant [anta] > [antʰa] > [anθa] > [anθ] > [ant] ✧ Ety/ANA¹
ast
noun. dust
A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “dust” derived from the root ᴹ√ÁS-AT (Ety/ÁS-AT).
Derivations
- ᴹ√ASAT “*dust” ✧ Ety/ÁS-AT
Cognates
- ᴹQ. asto “dust” ✧ Ety/ÁS-AT
Element in
- ᴺS. athren “dusty”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√ÁS-AT > ast [asto] > [ast] ✧ Ety/ÁS-AT
coe
noun. earth
An indeclinable word given as {cíw >>} coe “earth” in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√KEM (Ety/KEM; EtyAC/KEM).
Possible Etymology: The primitive form of rejected cíw is given as ᴹ✶kēm and its derivation is clear: the long ē became ī and then the final m reduced to w after i as usual. The derivation of coe is more obscure, however. The likeliest explanation is that Tolkien imagined its ancient form with a slightly lowered vowel which he generally represented as ǣ in this period (in later writings as ę̄). According to the first version of the Tengwesta Qenderinwa and Comparative Vowel Tables from the 1930s (PE18/46; PE19/25), ǣ > ei > ai > ae, and in The Etymologies itself, it seems ai often became oe instead of ae.
Neo-Sindarin: Updating the derivation of hypothetical *kę̄m would produced ᴺS. cae in Sindarin phonology. But given the obscurity of its derivation, I recommend using 1950s S. ceven for “earth” instead.
Variations
- cíw ✧ EtyAC/KEM (
cíw)Changes
cíw→ coe ✧ Ety/KEMDerivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. kemen “soil, earth; Great Lands” ✧ Ety/KEM
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√KEM > coe [kǣm] > [kaim] > [kai] > [koe] ✧ Ety/KEM ᴹ✶kēm > cíw [kēm] > [kīm] > [kīv] > [kīw] ✧ EtyAC/KEM
alf
noun. swan
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. alqa “swan” ✧ Ety/ÁLAK
Element in
- N. Alfobas “*Swan-harbourage”
- N. Alflon “*Swan-haven”
- N. Hobas in Elf “*Harbourage of the Swans” ✧ Ety/KHOP
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. alpha > alf [alɸa] > [alfa] > [alf] ✧ Ety/ÁLAK On. alpha > Elf [alɸi] > [alfi] > [elfi] > [elf] ✧ Ety/ÁLAK Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source Elf plural - ✧ Ety/KHOP
amar
noun. Earth
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Ambar “Earth, World” ✧ Ety/MBAR
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√MBAR > ambar > amar [ambar] > [ambar] > [ammar] > [amar] ✧ Ety/MBAR
beor
masculine name. Beor
Variations
- Bëor ✧ Ety/BEW; LRI/Bëor; RSI/Bëor; SDI2/Bëor; TII/Bëor; WRI/Bëor
Elements
Word Gloss beor “follower, vassal”
brui
adjective. loud
Element in
- N. Bruinen “Loudwater”
brôg
noun. bear
A noun for “bear” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶morókō under the root ᴹ√MOROK (Ety/MORÓK), where the initial syllable reduced to m’rokō and then the initial mr became br.
Conceptual Development: A likely precursor to this word is ᴱN. gorch “bear” (also “fierce fighter”) from Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/145, 149).
Variations
- brog ✧ EtyAC/LIS
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. morko “bear” ✧ Ety/MORÓK
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶morókō > brôg [morókō] > [mrokō] > [brokō] > [broko] > [brok] > [brog] > [brōg] ✧ Ety/MORÓK
goru
masculine name. Goru
A rejected Noldorin name for ᴹQ. Orome appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, developed from the rejected primitive form ᴹ✶Górōmē (EtyAC/GÓROM).
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. Orome ✧ EtyAC/GÓROM
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶Górōmē > Goru [gorōmē] > [gorūmē] > [gorūme] > [gorūm] > [gorum] > [goruv] > [goru] ✧ EtyAC/GÓROM
balar
place name. Balar
Derivations
Element in
- N. Beleriand ✧ Ety/BAL; LR/404
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶bálāre > Balar [balāre] > [balare] > [balar] ✧ Ety/BAL
balch
adjective. cruel
Derivations
- ᴹ√(Ñ)GWAL “(suffer) torment, agony” ✧ Ety/ÑGWAL
Cognates
- ᴹQ. nwalka “cruel” ✧ Ety/ÑGWAL
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√ÑGWAL > balch [ŋgwalka] > [mbalka] > [mbalkʰa] > [mbalxa] > [balxa] > [balx] ✧ Ety/ÑGWAL
baudh
noun. judgement
Variations
- bauð ✧ Ety/BAD; EtyAC/MBAD (
bauð)Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶bād- > bauð [bāda] > [bǭda] > [bouda] > [bouða] > [bauða] > [bauð] ✧ Ety/BAD
bereth
noun. queen
Variations
- bereth ✧ Ety/BARATH; Ety/EL
Derivations
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√BARATH > bereth [baratʰi] > [baraθi] > [bereθi] > [bereiθ] > [bereθ] ✧ Ety/BARATH
isfin
feminine name. Isfin
Name of Aredhel in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (SM/15, LR/223). In The Etymologies, it was given as a combination of ist “knowledge” and ON. phinya “skill” (Ety/IS, PHIN).
Variations
- Isfin/Istfin ✧ Ety/IS
Changes
- Isfin → Írith ✧ MR/182
- Isfin → Íreth ✧ PMI/Isfin
- Isfin → Aredhel ✧ SMI/Aredhel
- Isfin → Areðel ✧ WJ/317
- Isfin → Rodwen ✧ WJI/Rodwen
Elements
Word Gloss ist “lore, knowledge, lore, knowledge; [G.] feeling, sensation; notion” phinya “skillful”
amroth
masculine name. Amroth
Changes
- Amroth → Elendil ✧ LR/031
Element in
- N. Cerin Amroth
- N. Dol Amroth
- N. Barad Amroth “Castle Amroth”
Elements
Word Gloss am “up” ?
haleth
masculine name. Haleth
Variations
- Halath ✧ EtyAC/SKEL (
Halath)
gethron
masculine name. Gethron
Changes
- Gethron → Gethron ✧ LR/151
berithil
masculine name. Berithil
Variations
- Beren ✧ WR/282
- Barathil ✧ WR/288; WRI/Berithil
- Barithil ✧ WR/288; WRI/Berithil
- Berethil ✧ WRI/Berithil
Changes
- Berithil → Beregond ✧ SD/059
- Berithil → Beregond ✧ SDI1/Berithil
- Barathil → Barithil ✧ WR/288
- Barithil → Berithil ✧ WR/288
- Berithil → Beregond ✧ WR/288
grithron
masculine name. Grithron
Changes
- Grithron → Grithnir ✧ LR/151
- Grithron → Grithnir ✧ LRI/Grithnir
auth
noun. war, battle
Derivations
Cognates
- ᴹQ. ohta “war” ✧ Ety/KOT; Ety/OKTĀ
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶oktā > auth [oktā] > [okta] > [oktʰa] > [oxθa] > [ouθa] > [auθa] > [auθ] ✧ Ety/KOT
am
adverb. up
Variations
- amb ✧ PE22/035 (amb)
Derivations
- ᴹ√AM “up” ✧ Ety/AM²
Cognates
- ᴹQ. amba “up(wards)” ✧ Ety/AM²
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√AM² > am [amba] > [amb] > [amb] > [amm] > [am] ✧ Ety/AM²
bad- Reconstructed
verb. *to tread, travel, *to tread, [G.] travel
Derivations
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. batie > vedi [bat-] > [vat-] > [vad-] ✧ Ety/BAT Inflections
Word Form Gloss Source #vedi infinitive - ✧ Ety/BAT
The Noldorin name for the 1st day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and the lenited form of Manwe (Ety/AR¹, LEP).