ara prep.(and adv.?) "outside, beside, besides" (AR2, VT49:57). According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë "he is out", VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ar(a), see ar #1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ar(a) combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni > arni "beside me", astyë "beside you" (informal), allë "besides you" (formal), arsë "beside him/her", plural anwë > armë "beside us" (exclusive), arwë "beside us" (inclusive), astë > ardë "beside you" (plural), astë > artë "beside them"; dual anwet > armet "beside us (two)". (Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-.) The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence "beside the" (VT49:24-25)
Quenya
allë
beside you
allë
adverb. in no way
ara
outside, beside, besides
ar(a)
preposition. beside, next [to]; out, beside, next [to], *by; out, [ᴹQ.] outside
A word that, as a preposition, generally means “beside, next [to]” (PE17/71; VT49/25), which became the basis for the conjunction ar “and” (see that entry for discussion).
Conceptual Development: The preposition ar(a) had a long history in Tolkien’s writings. ᴱQ. ar (as-) “to, against, next, on (wall)” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√ASA (QL/33). The Etymologies of the 1930s has ᴹQ. ara under the root ᴹ√AR “beside, outside” (Ety/AR²). This ara at first had the glosses “without, outside, beside”, and then “without” and “out” were struck through, with a hard-to-read modification written above “out”, perhaps “hard by” according to the editors, so that the final gloss might have been “hard by side, beside” (EtyAC/AR²).
The preposition ar “beside, next” appeared in notes from 1957 as a derivative of √ADA “beside, alongside, by”, where Tolkien said ar “and” was a related adverb (PE17/145). The preposition ar appeared in the first version of the Löa Yucainen from 1958 in the phrase Yénion yukainen nunn’ ar anduine lútie “Years ten and ten have down the Long River floated”, but its exact function is unclear (CPT/1296).
In notes on comparison from around 1964, Tolkien used ar as an alternative to epë “before” in comparative phrases. For example A anamelda na ep’ ilya “A is [dearer] than all others” could also be written A anamelda na ar ilyan (PE17/57); this could be “A is very-bright beside all”, or it could be a variant of superlative ar(i)-. In the same set of notes Tolkien described √ADA as the basis for ar “and”, saying:
> This was in origin a preposition from the √ADA meaning “alongside, by the side of”. In Quenya the simple form ad(ă), ad had ceased to be used as a preposition with this full (physical) sense, except as a prefix (equivalent more or less to English “by-”), as in Arvernien “(the land) beside the Verna” (PE17/71).
Despite the claim that it has “ceased to be used as a preposition”, ara appeared in notes associated with the Ambidexters Sentence from 1969, again derived from ✶ad(a) “beside(s)” (VT49/25). It was part of a prepositional paradigm giving its combination with various pronouns, including arni “✱beside me” and arse “✱beside him”. In a note from 1968, arse appeared in the sentence: (qui)quie menin coaryanna / arse “whenever I arrive at his house/come to/get to, he is out” (VT49/23). This sense “out” might be connected to its gloss “outside” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, or it might be in a privative sense “✱without him” as suggested by Patrick Wynne (VT49/35-36 note #34).
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would assume ar(a) as a preposition means “beside, ✱by”, as opposed to conjunctional ar “and”, for example: i atan ar i elda tarne ar i nauco “the man and the elf stood beside the dwarf”. Where the two uses are ambiguous, the longer form ara “beside” can be used. I would not use ara for “outside” except in the limited sense “just outside = next to”; see the prefix ar- for more discussion.
amya-
verb. [unglossed]
ar-
outside
ar- (1) prefix "outside" (AR2), element meaning "beside" (VT42:17), "by" (PE17:169; in the same source the glosses "near, by, beside" were rejected). Cf. ara.
ardë
beside you
ardë prep. with pron. suffix *"beside you" (pl), changed from astë (VT49:25). See ara.
arra
adjective. [unglossed]
astyë
beside you
astyë prep. with pron. suffix *"beside you" (informal) (VT49:25); see ara
astë
beside you
astë prep. with pron. suffix (1) "beside you", in this sense changed to ardë; (2) "beside them", in this sense changed to artë (VT49:25). See ara.
ava
outside, beyond
ava (1) adv.? noun? prep.? "outside, beyond" (AWA, VT45:6)
cairë
?. [unglossed]
conta-
verb. [unglossed]
cúma
noun. [unglossed]
etsë
outside, exterior
etsë noun "outside, exterior", glosses changed from ?"issuing" and ?"spring" (VT45:13)
ettë
outside
ettë noun(and/or adv.?) "outside" (ET)
felca
adjective. [unglossed]
felehta-
verb. [unglossed], *to excavate, tunnel, mine
An untranslated form appearing in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 derived from the root √PHELEG/PHELEK (PE17/118), possibly a verb derived from ✱phelektā- or ✱phelegtā-. The derivatives of this root had to do with mines and tunnels, so perhaps this verb meant “✱to excavate, tunnel, mine”.
finca
noun. [unglossed]
hendas
?. [unglossed]
hindo
noun. [unglossed]
hindë
noun. [unglossed]
holdë
noun. [unglossed]
hríva
place name. [unglossed]
háro
?. [unglossed]
lingi-
verb. [unglossed]
lá-
verb. to not be
maitya
?. [unglossed]
malsa
?. [unglossed]
melya-
verb. [unglossed], *to be in love
máriel
feminine name. [unglossed]
naue
?. [unglossed]
níva
?. [unglossed]
sal-
verb. [unglossed]
sélo
?. [unglossed]
sóla
?. [unglossed]
thar- Archaic
verb. [unglossed]
tomba
noun. [unglossed]
tompë
noun. [unglossed]
um(ba)-
prefix. [unglossed]
umbacarin
noun. [unglossed]
éna
?. [unglossed]
úpa-
verb. [unglossed]
þúna Archaic
?. [unglossed]
allë prep. with pron. suffix *"beside you" (formal) (VT49:25); see ara