-ima

suffix. -able, possibility, -able, [ᴹQ.] -ible, able to be done, [ᴱQ.] possible; [with short base vowel] *having a (strong) nature of

An adjective suffix. When used with verbs, it functions like the English suffix “-able, -ible”: cénima “visible”, mátima “edible”, nótima “countable”. When used in this way, the base vowel of the verb is also lengthened, as opposed to when -ima is used as an ordinary adjective suffix without lengthening:

> Only the adjs. in -ima found with long stem vowel were adjs. of possibility. -ima was frequently used with stems (verbal, adj[ectival] or nominal) with a short vowel, and the sense possessing to a high degree (at all times and by nature) the property mention[ed]. So kalima “luminous (by nature always)”, vanima “beautiful”, norima “running, swiftly a course[?]”, kelima “fluent”, istima “wise (in sense of knowing much), knowledgeable, very well informed”, melima “loving, very affectionate” - but lamélima “unlovable” (PE22/156).

In most cases these two functions for the suffix -ima can be distinguished by the presense or absence of a long vowel, meaning “-able” (long vowel) or “having a [strong] nature of” (short vowel) respectively. But with many weak verbs (especially ta-causatives), lengthening was not possible and the a was retained, as with tultaima “✱fetchable, summonable” (PE22/156).

When used with intransitive verbs, the sense “-able” was not appropriate, so the suffix had its other meaning “having a (strong) nature of”:

> When formed from intransitive stems as kalima “luminous” [from the verb cal- “shine”] they differed from the [active] verbal participles in -ila (a) as being more intensive, (b) as being always aorist[?] and without special reference to a present or particular occasion (PE22/155).

Based on the example calima “luminous”, there was no vowel lengthening when the suffix was used with intransitive verbs.

Conceptual Development: As a general adjective suffix, ᴱQ. -ima dates all the way back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, but its first clear mention as a verbal suffix of possibility is in Qenya Verb Forms written in the 1920s where it was glossed “-able, possible”, including an example indicating it was associated with vowel-lengthening: tūlima (PE14/33).

In the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of 1948 the suffix could use consonant-doubling as an alternate method of strengthening the stem: ᴹQ. mattima “edible” or ᴹQ. qettima “utterable” (PE22/111). In QVS it took the form -alima with weak verbs: ᴹQ. istalima “knowable” or ᴹQ. ortalima “able to be raised” (PE22/111). In Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) of the early 1950s Tolkien said it sometimes took the form -tima, as in mastima < ✶matˢtimā (PE22/137). But elsewhere it was only used with vowel lengthening when functioning as a suffix of possibility.

Tolkien also discussed the -ima suffix at length in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) written in 1969 (PE22/155-156), and the system in the main entry for using -ima is largely based on these 1969 notes. Based on the examples tultaima and lakaltaima from LVS, I believe weak verbs in Tolkien’s later system simply appended -ima to the verb stem. There is a somewhat confusing note in the margin of LVS that might contradict this:

> not ima, which when add[ed] to pre[sent?] stem had [?none] as in nútaila, nútaite, but nútima (PE22/156 and note #64).

This note might mean Tolkien changed his mind, and that -ima replaced the final vowel a in ta-causative núta- “lower”. However, the marginal note appears near a section on intransitive ta/ya-formative verbs, and I believe Tolkien temporarily confused himself, thinking núta- was ta-formative rather than ta-causative. Hat-tip to Lokyt who discussed this issue with me in Discord on 2024-06-01.

This does imply ta/ya-formatives like nahta- “slay” would replace their final a when combined with -ima, such as ✱nahtima “able to be slain”. However, since most such verbs are intransitive, they would rarely use the suffix -ima “able”.

-ima

suffix. -able, ible