-carya

suffix. -doing

An archaic pseudo-participle now used only as an adjective formation suffix -carya “-doing”, as in saucarya “evil-doing”.

-carë

suffix. action, doing, making

An element meaning “action, doing, making” attested in words like lacarë “not-doing, inaction” (PE22/154), loicarë “mistaken action” (PE17/151), and saucarë “doing or making a thing very badly” (PE17/183), clearly based on √KAR “do, make”. It seems to be the infinitival form of the corresponding verb car-, but Tolkien stated in notes from the late 1960s that such a form was not infinitival when combined with other prefixes (PE22/154).

Conceptual Development: The English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s had the similar form ᴱQ. karo “act, action, deed” (PE15/68, 71), also mentioned in the Early Qenya Grammar with the gloss “deed” (PE14/45, 75).

Neo-Quenya: In theory the independent form carë could also be a noun meaning “action”, but more likely it is just the infinitive “to do, to make”, and the proper independent noun is carda “deed, ✱action”.

-ccë

suffix. you (dual)

-cca

your

[-cca ("k") ?"your", apparently an abandoned 2nd person plural or dual possessive (VT49:49). Compare -lca.]

-cca

suffix. your (dual)

carma

helm

carma (2) noun "helm" (helmet) in Carma-cundo ("k") "Helm-guardian" (PM:260). Notice that in PE17:114, Tolkien indicated that he rather wanted carma to mean "tool" or "weapon", leaving the status of carma "helmet" uncertain. Possibly shortened to -car in the names Eldacar (Elfhelm?), Hallacar (Tall-helm?) Cf. also cassa in Etym.

falma

(crested/foaming) wave

falma noun "(crested/foaming) wave" (PHAL/PHÁLAS), "a wave-crest, wave" (VT42:15), "foam wave" (PE17:127), "a breaker" (PE17:62), partitive pl. falmali "many waves" (PE17:73), allative falmalinnar "on the foaming waves" in Namárië(Nam, RGEO:67); the phrase an i falmalī _(PE17:74) seems to be a paraphrase of this with an independent preposition instead of the allative ending -nna (see an #1). Compounded in Falmari, a name of the Teleri, and Mar-nu-Falmar, "Home/Land under Waves", a name of Númenor after the Downfall. (SA:falas) Falmari "wave-folk", a name of the Teleri (PM:386). In earlier "Qenya", falma was glossed "foam" (LT1:253, cf. MC:213). Compare also the early "Qenya" words falmar "wave as it breaks" (LT1:253), pl. falmari "waves" (MC:216)_

camba

noun. (cupped) hand, hollow of the hand

A word for “hand” in notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s, based on the root √KAB “hold, contain, retain” (VT47/7-8). Tolkien said that it “referred to the whole hand, but as flexed, with fingers more or less closed, cupped, in the attitude of receiving or holding”, so it thus referred more specifically to a “cupped hand”. In drafts of these notes Tolkien gave it the glosses “closed or hollowed hand (facing up) for receiving or offering” or simply “hollow of the hand” (VT47/20 note #16). In these drafts he also considered changing the form of the root to √KAM, but that seems to have been a transient idea; see the entry on that root for discussion.

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien instead had ᴹQ. kambe {“closed hand” >>} “hollow (of hand)” with final -e instead of -a, although with the same root ᴹ√KAB “hollow” (Ety/KAB; EtyAC/KAB). In notes from 1968, Tolkien had Q. kambeya “his hand” (VT49/17), indicate final e was still a possibility in his later writings. For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d stick to the better documented camba with the sense “(cupped) hand, hollow of the hand”.

falma

noun. (crested or foaming) wave, breaker, (crested or foaming) wave, breaker; [ᴱQ.] foam

The basic Quenya word for “wave”, in particular a foaming or cresting wave, or a breaker. It was a derivative of the root √PHAL “foam, splash” (PE17/62, 73; Ety/PHAL).

Conceptual Development: Its earliest precursor seems to be ᴱQ. falmo “foam” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from the root ᴱ√FALA (QL/37). It appeared as ᴱQ. falma “foam” in the Oilima Markirya poem of 1931 (MC/213). Other poems from this period use another word ᴱQ. falmar for “wave” (MC/216, 220), and falmar appeared in Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as well with the gloss “wave as it breaks” (QL/37). In the Declension of Nouns from the 1930s, it appeared as ᴹQ. falma “wave” (PE22/22, 50), and in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹQ. falma “(crested) wave” from the root ᴹ√PHAL “foam” (Ety/PHAL). It was mentioned numerous times in later writings, generally as a foaming or breaking wave.

pé

noun. (closed) mouth; lip, (closed) mouth; the two lips [as dual], lip

A word for the (closed) mouth (PE21/70; PE17/126) which Tolkien sometimes used as “lip” (VT39/9; VT47/12); see below. Its dual form peu referred to “the two lips, the mouth-opening” (VT39/9), as opposed to a single lip which seems to be Q. pempë (PE17/126).

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where Tolkien gave ᴱQ. pē “the two lips, the (closed) mouth” from primitive ᴱ√PĒ (QL/72). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, ᴱQ. pê was simply glossed “mouth” and was connected to G. beg “chin” (GL/22), indicating that the early root might actually have been ✱ᴱ√BĒ since primitive initial voiced stops were unvoiced in Early Qenya.

ᴱQ. pē “mouth” reappeared in a list of body parts from the 1920s (PE14/117), and ᴹQ. pé “mouth” appeared again in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s as an example of vocalic monosyllabic noun from primitive ✶pē (PE21/38); at the beginning of this document the primitive form was glossed “mouth, lips” (PE21/1). In The Etymologies of the 1930s it was ᴹQ. pé “mouth” derived from the root ᴹ√PEG (Ety/PEG); this entry had a difficult-to-read word inserted before its gloss, possibly “outer”, so perhaps the meaning was revised to “outer mouth” (EtyAC/PEG).

In the 1950s and 60s, the word pé was generally derived from √PEÑ (PE19/102; PE21/70; VT39/11). In notes associated with the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60, Q. pē was glossed “lip” and its dual peu referred to “the two lips, the mouth-opening” (VT39/9). In 1964 notes on parts of the mouth Tolkien glossed pē as “the closed mouth” (PE17/126), but in notes from 1968 it was again glossed “lip” (VT47/12). In notes on monosyllabic nouns from this period Tolkien said ✶pē “lip” was a primitive monosyllabic vocalic noun, but that it was reduplicated to ✶pē̆pe (VT47/35). In green-ink revision to Outline of Phonology from around 1970, Tolkien again affirmed the original primitive form was pe(ñ), though the ñ was lost very early (PE19/102 note #102).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use pé as a word meaning “mouth”, more specifically for “closed mouth” as opposed to the general word for mouth: Q. anto. For a single “lip” I would use pempë, but I would use peu as a dual form indicating both lips, whether open or closed. All these words are in general use, but pé is also used as a technical term in linguistic discussions for the close mouth in formation of consonants such as voiced and voiceless stops.

av-

depart

#av- vb. "depart" (cited in the form avin "he departs", read "I depart" in LotR-style Quenya), pa.t. ambë (QL:33). The word may perhaps be used to translate "leave" with a direct object, since "depart" is at least vaguely transitive in English.

ovéa

(con)similar, alike

ovéa adj. "(con)similar, alike", also vávëa, q.v. (PE17:189)

vávëa

(con)similar, alike

vávëa adj. "(con)similar, alike", also ovéa (PE17:189)

-stë

suffix. you (dual)

< -zde < -dde

carma

noun. helm

nercë

noun. little man

A diminutive form of nér “man” given as {nerkĭ >>} nerke “little man” in notes from 1968 (VT47/33), with the addition of the diminutive suffix ✶-i(n)ki.

noroitë

adjective. (capable of) running

An adjective in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 illustrating the use of the suffix -itë with intransitive verbs (PE22/155).

náva

adjective. hollow

nótima

adjective. countable, limited in number (weight and measure); (colloquial) moderate in amount, some, few, several

ovéa

adjective. (con)similar, alike

@@@ ovéa and vávea may be stress marks rather than length markers

(cirya)talan

noun. deck (of a ship), main deck

A neologism coined by Parmandil posted on 2024-05-03 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of cirya “ship” and talan “platform”. The full form is ciryatalan, but it is possible to just use talan for “deck” if the context is clear.

ovëa Reconstructed

adjective. (con)similar, alike

-(i)llo

suffix. you (dual)

-ilco

suffix. you (dual)

-lca

your

[-lca ("k") ?"your", apparently an abandoned 2nd person plural possessive (VT49:49). Cf. -cca.]

-lda

your

-lda (1) "your", 2nd person pl. possessive suffix (VT49:16). Onnalda *"your child" (VT49:42). In an earlier manuscript, this ending was used for singular "you" instead, attested in the phrase Arwen vanimalda "Arwen your beauty", sc. "O beautiful Arwen", and in meletyalda "your majesty" (WJ:369) Arwen vanimalda was however changed to Arwen vanimelda in the second edition of LotR, Tolkien reinterpreting the last word (see vanimalda). The ending for singular "your" appears as -lya elsewhere. (LotR1:II ch. 6)

-lda

suffix. your (dual)

-lla

suffix. your (dual)

-sta

your

-sta (1) "your", dual 2nd person possessive pronominal ending: "of you two" (VT49:45, 16), cf. -stë (q.v.) Genitive -sto in veryanwesto "of your wedding" (VT49:45) and tengwiesto "of your reading" (VT49:47), allative -stanna in parmastanna "on your book" (VT49:47). An archaic ending of similar form could also be the third person dual "of the two of them" (but according to VT49:51, the corresponding subject ending was changed to -ttë, and then the ending for "their" would presumably become -tta)

-sta

suffix. your (dual)

-tya,

your, thy

-tya, pronominal ending, 2nd person sg. intimate/familiar "your, thy" (VT49:16, 38, 48); compare -tyë

-xa

suffix. your (dual)

-xë

suffix. you (dual)

canta

shape

canta (2) _("k") noun"shape" (PE17:175), also used as adj._ "shaped", also as quasi-suffix -canta ("k") "-shaped" (KAT)

carila

participle. doing

cat-

verb. shape

shape, fashion

cirissë

slash, gash

cirissë ("k")noun "slash, gash" (KIRIS; the glosses "cleft" and maybe ?"crevasse" occurred in deleted material, VT45:23)

eques

saying, dictum, a quotation from someone's uttered words, a current or proverbial dictum

eques (equess-, as in pl. equessi) noun "a saying, dictum, a quotation from someone's uttered words, a current or proverbial dictum" (WJ:392); I Equessi Rúmilo "the Sayings of Rúmil" (WJ:398)

eques

noun. saying, (current or proverbial) dictum, quotation from someone’s uttered words, saying, (current or proverbial) dictum, quotation from someone’s uttered words, *quote, statement

@@@ gloss “statement” suggested by Sami Paldanius

hamma

chair

hamma noun "chair" (VT45:20)

handa

chair

[?handa] (2) noun "chair"; the reading is uncertain and the word was in any case deleted (VT45:20). In the Etymologies, Tolkien likewise abandoned the root KHAD from which this word was derived, but he may seem to have restored this root later (see har-).

har

near

har, harë adj.? adv.? "near" (LT1:253)

nercë

little man

nercë ("k")noun "little man", a diminutive of nér (VT47:33). VT48:18 seems to hint that -cë is to be derived from older -ki; if so, nercë should have the stem-form nerci-. Compare wenci.

noroite

adjective. (capable of) running

nótima

countable

nótima adj. "countable" (PE17:68, 172), negated únótima "uncountable", q.v.

pempë

lip

#pempë noun "lip" (attested only in pl. pempi, PE17:126); cf. pé.

pempë

noun. lip

A word for “lip” appearing only in its plural form pempi in 1964 notes on the parts of the mouth, where it was related to Q. pé “the closed mouth” (PE17/126). In 1968 notes on monosyllabic nouns, Tolkien said the primitive ✶pē “lip” was reduplicated to ✶pē̆pe; this is likely connected to an irregular plural form péti in the (untranslated) phrase et i péti “✱out of the mouth/lips”, with dissimilation of the second p to t as suggested by Patrick Wynne (VT47/35): ✱pēpi > péti. The 1964 form pempe is probably also the result of reduplication, likely ✱peñ-peñ > pempe(ñ), since √PEÑ was the usual root for “lip” (PE21/70; PE19/102).

Conceptual Development: The earliest “lip” word was ᴱQ. kilme from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√KILI “edge” (QL/46), a form also appearing in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/46). A similar form ᴱQ. kilma “lip” appeared in a list of body parts from the 1920s, along with an alternate word ᴱQ. kaile “lip” (PE14/117). There are no signs of these early lip-words after that point.

Neo-Quenya: Tolkien also sometimes used Q. pé for “lip”; see that entry for discussion. For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I recommend using Q. pé mainly for “closed mouth” and pempë for a single “lip”. However, the dual form peu of pé was used of “the two lips, the mouth-opening” (VT39/9), which I would use for “a pair of lips for one person (open or closed)”, functioning as an irregular dual of pempë.

pé

lip

pé noun "lip", dual peu "the two lips, the mouth-opening" (VT39:9; VT47:12, 35). In an earlier source, the Etymologies, pé was glossed "mouth" (PEG), whereas in PE17:126 it is more specifically "the closed mouth".

quárë

fist

quárë (also quár) noun "fist" _(SA:celeb, KWAR; in the Etymologies, Tolkien first wrote _quár pl. quari, and quár is also found in PM:318 and VT47:8, in the latter case changed from quárë, VT47:22. As usual, the spelling of the Etym forms shows q instead of qu_.) _According to PM:318 and VT47:8, the "chief use [of this word] was in reference to the tightly closed hand as in using an implement or a craft-tool rather than to the 'fist' as used in punching".

ronta

hollow

ronta adj.? noun? "hollow" (also rotwa) (LT2:347. In Tolkien's later Quenya, the preferred words for "hollow" are unqua adj. and unquë noun.)

rotwa

hollow

rotwa adj.? noun? "hollow" (also ronta) (LT2:347. In Tolkien's later Quenya, the preferred words for "hollow" are unqua adj. and unquë noun.)

unqua

hollow

unqua ("q")adj. "hollow" (UNUK)

venië

shape, cut

venië noun? "shape, cut" (LT1:254)

venwë

shape, cut

venwë noun? "shape, cut" (LT1:254)

vávëa

adjective. (con)similar, alike

lilíva-

verb. to (continuously) drip, drip-drop

A neologism coined by Röandil posted on 2022-03-05 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a frequentative form of the root ᴹ√LIB “drip”.

uruhta-

verb. to (cause to) smoke; to belch smoke

-ch

2nd du

2nd du. pron. suff. #you (two). Q. -llo.See paradigm PE17:132.

criss

slash

criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, cleft), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

criss

slash

(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, cleft), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

naw

hollow

(adj.) 1) *naw (attested in the form nov- as part of the name Novrod, Hollowbold), pl. noe. (WJ:414) Note: a homophone is the noun ”idea”. 2) coll (lenited goll; pl. cyll). (WJ:414) Note: homophones mean "red, scarlet" and also "cloak". 3) raudh (cavernous), pl. roedh

raudh

hollow

(cavernous), pl. roedh

thôl

helm

thôl (construct thol, pl. thŷl, coll. pl. ?tholath)

thôl

helm

(construct thol, pl. th**ŷ**l, coll. pl. ?tholath)

cam

noun. (cupped) hand, holding hand; handful

A common Sindarin word for “hand”, most notably an element in the names Camlost “Empty-handed” and Erchamion “One-handed”. In drafts of Tolkien’s 1968 notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals, he glossed this word as “handful, holding hand” (VT47/22 note #19). In the final version of these notes, Tolkien said that its Quenya equivalent camba “referred to the whole hand, but as flexed, with fingers more or less closed, cupped, in the attitude of receiving or holding” (VT47/7), and in the Silmarillion Appendix Christopher Tolkien indicated the same was true of the Sindarin word (SA/cam).

However, based on the 1950s phrase sí il chem en i Naugrim en ir Ellath thor den ammen “✱now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) to us” (VT50/5), I think the Sindarin word is more general in meaning, able to refer to a hand in any context, but most specifically an open hand or one holding an object loosely, as opposed to paur for a tightly closed hand. Based on the gloss “handful”, it seems it could also be used as a unit of measure for the contents of a hand (potential or actual): cam miriain “a hand[ful] of coins”.

Conceptual Development: A possible precursor to this word was G. gob “hollow of hand” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√kop- “keep, guard” (GL/40; QL/47). In The Etymologies of the 1930s the word was N. cam “hand” derived from the root ᴹ√KAB “hollow” (Ety/KAB), a form Tolkien retained thereafter. In later notes he usually derived this word from √KAB (VT47/7, 20), though in one place he considered deriving it from √KAM instead (VT47/20); this root change seems to have been a transient idea.

coll

adjective. hollow

dond

noun. fist

A word for “fist” appearing as dond or donn only in draft notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s derived from primitive ✶dond(a) (VT47/23 note #25). A more usual word for “fist” is S. paur.

naw

adjective. hollow

tewch

noun. (?chip), chip

A word appearing in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 as tewch with an unclear gloss, perhaps “chip” as suggested by Christopher Gilson (PE17/148). It was derived from primitive ✶teswā where the sw became χw, and then the final w became u/w̯ which then intruded into the main syllable in a process parallel to i-intrusion.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. flinc “chip” (GL/35), probably based on the early root ᴱ√FḶKḶ “cleave, hew” (QL/38).

-eg

suffix. your

_2nd sg./pl. poss. suff. your.Maybe the familiar form of this suff. See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46. Later -gen_. >> -el, -gen

-el

suffix. your

_2nd sg./pl. poss. suff. _your. Maybe the polite form of this suff. See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46. Later -lein. >> -eg, -lein

-gen

suffix. your

_2nd sg. poss. suff. your.Maybe the familiar form of this suff. See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46. Earlier -eg_. >> -eg

-lein

suffix. your

_2nd sg. poss. suff. your.Maybe the polite form of this suff. See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46. Earlier -el_. >> -el

auth

noun. a dim shape, spectral or vague apparition

cant

noun. shape, shape; [N.] outline

coll

adjective. hollow

dond

noun. fist, hand (especially in punching)

donn

noun. fist, hand (especially in punching)

donn

noun. fist

fân

shape

_n._shape, with the added notion of light and whiteness. It was thus often used where we might use 'a vision' (of something beautiful and sublime). Q. fana-. Tolkien notes that "Yet being elvish, though it may be used of things remote, it has no implication either of uncertainty or unreality" (PE17:26). In the name Fanuilos of Elbereth, the Fân was the vision of majesty of Elbereth upon the mountain where she dwelt.

paur

noun. fist (often used to mean "hand", its chief use was in reference of the tighly closed hand, as in using an implement or a craft-tool, rather than to the fist used in punching)

paur

fist

(baur) _ n. _fist. Q. quáre. >> Celebrimbor

raudh

adjective. hollow, cavernous

thôl

noun. helm

cant

shape

(noun) cant (i gant, o chant) (outline), pl. caint (i **chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint**; see SHADOW.

cant

shape

(i gant, o chant) (outline), pl. caint (i chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint; see SHADOW.

cared

doing

#cared (i gared, o chared) (making), pl. cerid (i cherid). Isolated from ceredir "doer, maker", where the word appears in umlauted form (cared + dîr).

cared

doing

(i gared, o chared) (making), pl. cerid (i cherid). Isolated from ceredir "doer, maker", where the word appears in umlauted form (cared + dîr).

coll

hollow

(lenited goll; pl. cyll). (WJ:414) Note: homophones mean "red, scarlet" and also "cloak".

dond

fist

1) dond (i dhond; construct don) (hand), pl. dynd (i nynd), coll. pl. donnath (VT47:23). 2) paur (i baur, o phaur, also -bor in compounds) (tightly closed hand), pl. poer (i phoer), coll. pl. porath. or

dond

fist

(i dhond; construct don) (hand), pl. dynd (i nynd), coll. pl. donnath (VT47:23).

echad

shape

(verb) echad- (i echad, in echedir) (fashion, make), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

echad

shape

(i echad, in echedir) (fashion, make), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

gwanna

depart

gwanna- (i **wanna, in gwannar**) (die)

gwanna

depart

(i ’wanna, in gwannar) (die)

ham

chair

ham (i cham, o cham), pl. haim (in chaim), coll. pl. hammath coinciding with the coll. pl. of hamp ”garment”. Also hanu (i chanu), analogical pl. heny (i cheny), coll. pl. likely hanwath since the archaic form was hanw (VT45:20)

ham

chair

(i cham, o cham), pl. haim (in chaim), coll. pl. hammath coinciding with the coll. pl. of hamp ”garment”. Also hanu (i chanu), analogical pl. heny (i cheny), coll. pl. likely hanwath since the archaic form was hanw (VT45:20)

hída-

verb. to (come to) pass, happen

A neologism coined by Elaran and posted on 2018-01-26 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a verb based on the root √SKEY “pass”, where [[os|ancient [ei] became [ī]]].

na

near

(as preposition, = ”at, by”) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

near

(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

naw

hollow

(attested in the form nov- as part of the name Novrod, Hollowbold), pl. noe. (WJ:414) Note: a homophone is the noun ”idea”.

nev

near

(adj. pref.) nev- (hither, on this side). Also used as a preposition nef ”on this side of”.

nev

near

(hither, on this side). Also used as a preposition nef ”on this side of”.

paur

fist

(i baur, o phaur, also -bor in compounds) (tightly closed hand), pl. poer (i phoer), coll. pl. porath.

pemp

noun. lip

A neologism for “lip” coined by Paul Strack in 2018 specifically for Eldamo, the Sindarin equivalent of Q. pempë.

paur

noun. fist

rhien

noun. (crowned) lady

drambor

noun. clenched fist

drambor

noun. blow (with fist)

gwanna-

verb. to depart, die

ham

noun. (?) chair

paur

noun. fist (often used to mean "hand", its chief use was in reference of the tighly closed hand, as in using an implement or a craft-tool, rather than to the fist used in punching)

rhaudh

adjective. hollow, cavernous

rosta-

verb. to hollow out, excavate

tharbad

place name. (?Crossway)

kambā

noun. (cupped) hand

dond(a)

noun. fist

kainu-

verb. to lie down

kat

root. shape, shape, [ᴹ√] make

The root ᴹ√KAT “shape” first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives ᴹQ. kanta- “to shape”, ᴹQ. kanta “shaped”, and N. echad- “fashion, shape” (Ety/KAT). All these derivatives reappeared in Tolkien’s later writings, though Q. canta was more typically used as the noun “shape” (PE17/175; PE18/84, 90). The root appeared frequently in both the first and second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa as an example of a biconsonantal root (TQ1: PE18/34, 46, 62; TQ2: PE18/84-85, 87, 89-90, 95).

kuldā

adjective. hollow

kwāra

noun. fist

kyel

root. (come to an) end, cease, run out

nābā

noun. hollow

teswā

?. (?chip)

nôf

adjective. hollow

bith-

verb. to say

A verbal form of Ad. bêth “expression, saying, word” attested only as an agental-formation as part of the noun izindu-bêth “true-sayer” (SD/427); see that entry for further discussion of its phonetic development. As suggested by Thorsten Renk suggested (NBA/24, 26), the verb stem is probably bith-, consistent with its primitive root ✶Ad. √BITH. Since agental forms generally have a lengthened or fortified vowel, the verb stem bith- could have the fortified agental form -bêth.

donda

noun. fist

pár

noun. fist