yulda

draught, something drunk, a drink, the amount drunk

yulda noun "draught, something drunk, a drink, the amount drunk", pl. yuldar (Nam, PE17:63, 68, RGEO:66). See -da regarding etymology.

yulda

adjective. drunk

An adjective meaning “drunk” (as in a drunk thing) from the ancient passive participle ✱yulna (PE17/68), where [[aq|[ln] became [ld]]].

Derivations

• √YUL “drink”
• ✶-nā “adjective suffix; passive participle” ✧ PE17/068

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶-na > *yulna > yulda	[julna] > [julda]	✧ PE17/068

Variations

• yulda ✧ PE17/068

yulda

noun. drink, draught, thing drunk; cup

A noun for “draught” appearing in the Namárië poem from The Lord of the Rings (LotR/377). In various commentaries on the poem Tolkien clarified that the meaning of the word was “something drunk, a drink, a draught” (PE17/63), “a thing drunk, draught” (PE17/135), or “a draught, the amount drunk” (PE17/68). In one place Tolkien said it could mean “a cup” as in “a cup of miruvore” (PE17/64), though most likely this refers to the contents of the cup rather than the cup itself.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use this word primarily in the sense of “a drink, a draught” = “the thing or amount drunk”, as opposed to [ᴹQ.] suhto for “a draught” = “a single act of drinking” (Ety/SUK).

Cognates

• ᴺS. yll “draught”

Derivations

• ✶yuldā “what is drunk, a draught”
• √YUL “drink” ✧ PE17/063

Element in

• Q. yéni ve lintë yuldar avánier “the years have passed like swift draughts” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. yéni avánier ve lintë yuldar “years have passed away like swift draughts” ✧ RGEO/58

Elements

Word	Gloss
yul-	“to drink”
-da	“product of an action”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√YUL > yulda	[julda]	✧ PE17/063

Variations

• yulda ✧ PE17/051; PE17/063; PE17/063; PE17/064; PE17/068; PE17/135

-da

draught, the amount drunk

-da suffix used to derive nouns denoting the result of an action, like yulda "draught, the amount drunk" (the stem YUL is here given the meaning "drink"). (PE17:68) Cf. also carda "deed" (q.v.) vs. the verb car- "do".

suhto

draught

suhto noun "draught" (SUK)

-na

no longer part of verbal conjugation

-na (4), ending used to form passive participles as well as some adjectives and nouns; see -ina. According to PE17:68, the ending -na was "no longer part of verbal conjugation"; the derived words are thus considered independent adjectives (sometimes nouns) rather than regularly derived passive participles, the obvious etymological connection to certain verbal stems notwithstanding. Where adding the ending to a root would produce the combinations tn, pn, kn (cn), metathesis occurs to produce nt, (np >) mp, nc, as in nanca *"slain" for older ¤ndakna, or hampa "restrained, delayed, kept" vs. the root KHAP "retain, keep, detain". Following -l, the suffix -na turns into -da, as in yulda "draught, the amount drunk" for older yulna (this being an example of a noun being derived with this ending, though Tolkien might also explain yulda as containing a distinct ending -da [q.v.] denoting the result of a verbal action). The word *turúna "mastered" (q.v., only attested in elided form turún) would seem to be a passive participle formed from the verb turu- "master" (PE17:113), suggesting that in the case of U-stem verbs, their final -u is lengthened to ú when -na is added.

suith

noun. draught

yll

noun. draught

A neologism for “draught” coined by Ryszard Derdzinski in PPW (PPW) from the early 2000s, based on Q. yulda. I prefer ᴺS. suith “draught, a drink”, but ᴺS. yll might be preferable if you think Tolkien abandoned the root √SOK/SUK “drink”.

Cognates

• Q. yulda “drink, draught, thing drunk; cup”

Derivations

• √YUL “drink”

Element in

• ᴺS. yllas “tea, *(lit.) drink of leaf”

suith

draught

*suith (i huith, o suith), no distinct pl. form except with article (i suith). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” sûth.

suith

draught

(i huith, o suith), no distinct pl. form except with article (i suith). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” sûth.

sogannen

lr

.

soga

drink

(vb.) soga- (3rd person sg. sôg, pa.t. sunc or sogant; passive participle sogannen). Hence i hôg ”who drinks”, ?i sogar ”who drink”. The form ”asogant” in LR:388 s.v. _

soga

drink

(3rd person sg. sôg, pa.t. sunc or sogant; passive participle sogannen). Hence i hôg ”who drinks”, ?i sogar ”who drink”.  The form ”asogant” in LR:388 s.v. SUK is an error for sogant, VT46:16. The participle, listed in

yuldā

noun. what is drunk, a draught

Derivatives

• Q. yulda “drink, draught, thing drunk; cup”

Elements

Word	Gloss
YUL	“drink”
-dā	“product of an action”

Variations

• yul-da ✧ PE17/106

yul

root. drink

A root meaning “drink” in Tolkien’s later writings, most notably the basis for Q. yulda “draught” and Q. yulma “cup” from the Q. Namárië poem (LotR/377). It seems likely the root was coined in association with this poem, though there are no signs of any yul- forms in its earliest drafts from the 1940s (TI/284). The root √YUL (or √JULU) was mentioned a number of times in Tolkien’s later writings in the 1950s and 60s (PE17/63, 180; PE22/155; WJ/416), but there is no sign of it before then. In earlier writings Tolkien generally used √SOK or √SUK for “drink”, and the root √SOK appeared as late as the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (VT39/11), an essay that also referenced √YUL (WJ/416). Thus it isn’t clear whether √SOK was supplanted by √YUL, or if the two roots coexisted.

Derivatives

• ✶yulmā “drinking-vessel”
  • Q. yulma “cup, drinking vessel, drinking implement, goblet” ✧ WJ/416
  • S. ylf “drinking-vessel, *cup” ✧ WJ/416
• Q. yul- “to drink”
• Q. yulda “drink, draught, thing drunk; cup” ✧ PE17/063
• Q. yulda “drunk”
• Q. yúlima “drinkable” ✧ PE22/155
• Q. yulma “cup, drinking vessel, drinking implement, goblet” ✧ PE17/063
• Q. yuluitë “drinking (as a habit), *aquatic” ✧ PE22/155
• ᴺS. yll “draught”
• ᴺS. ýl- “to drink”

Element in

• ✶yuldā “what is drunk, a draught”
• ✶yulmā “drinking-vessel” ✧ WJ/416
• ✶yulmē “drinking, carousal” ✧ WJ/416
• Q. yulma “cup, drinking vessel, drinking implement, goblet” ✧ PE17/180
• Q. yulunefítë “amphibious, *(lit.) drinking-breathing” ✧ PE22/155

Variations

• JULU ✧ WJ/416

sûth

noun. draught

sûth

noun. draught

A noun appearing as N. sûth “draught” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√SUK “drink”, likely from primitive ✱suktō given its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. suhto (Ety/SUK). It is thus likely that the combination ukt vocalized to ūth, as it did for similar words in The Etymologies such as N. lhûtha- “enchant” vs. ᴹQ. luhta- under the root ᴹ√LUK (Ety/LUK).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s instead had G. suith “a drink, a draught” (GL/68) from the early root ᴱ√SOKO (QL/85), representing a different vocalization: okt vocalizing to oith (HPG/§2.6) and then oi becoming ui (PE15/13). It seems the phonetic developments in The Etymologies of that late 1930s were different, but in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from this same period, Tolkien said [ui] was the result of vocalized u + χ (PE22/40), and indeed that seems to be the phonetic developments in later Sindarin as well, given words like S. nuitha- from primitive ✶nuktā- (WJ/413).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d use ᴺS. suith for “draught, a drink”, a form I saw first suggested by David Salo in his book Gateway to Sindarin (GS/321).

Cognates

• ᴹQ. suhto “draught, draught, *a single act of drinking” ✧ Ety/SUK

Derivations

• ᴹ√SUK “drink, drain” ✧ Ety/SUK

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√SUK > sûth	[suktu] > [sukto] > [suktʰo] > [suxθo] > [sūθo] > [sūθ]	✧ Ety/SUK

sogannen

noun. drunk

sog-

verb. to drink