ve (1) prep. "as, like" (Nam, RGEO:66, Markirya, MC:213, 214, VT27:20, 27, VT49:22); in Narqelion ve may mean either "in" or "as". Ve fírimor quetir *"as mortals say" (VT49:10), ve senwa (or senya) "as usual" (VT49:10). Followed by genitive, ve apparently expresses "after the manner of": ve quenderinwë coaron ("k") "after the manner of bodies of Elven-kind" (PE17:174). Tolkien variously derived Quenya ve from older wē, bē or vai(VT49:10, 32, PE17:189)
Quenya
ve
we
ve
as, like
ve
pronoun. us (inclusive)
Derivations
Element in
- Q. hrívë úva véna “winter is drawing near (to us)” ✧ PE22/167; VT49/14
- Q. inwë “ourselves (inclusive)”
- ᴺQ. venya “ours (inclusive)”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶wē̆ > vē̆ [wē] > [βē] > [vē] ✧ PE17/130 ✶wi > vi [wi] > [βi] > [vi] ✧ PE17/130 Variations
- vē̆ ✧ PE17/130
- vi ✧ PE17/130
- vé ✧ VT49/51
ve
preposition. as, like, similar, after the manner [of], as, like, similar, after the manner [of]; [ᴹQ.] with
Cognates
- S. be “in; ?as, like, as, like; in”
Derivations
- ✶bē “as, like” ✧ VT49/10; VT49/32; VT49/32
Element in
- Q. an sí Tintallë Varda Oiolossëo ve fanyar máryat Elentári ortanë “for now the Kindler, Varda, the Queen of the Stars from Mount Everwhite has uplifted her hands like clouds” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
- Q. an sí Varda, Tintallë, Elentári ortanë máryat Oiolossëo ve fanyar “for now Varda, Star-kindler, Star-queen [has] lifted up her (two) hands from Mount Everwhite like (white) clouds” ✧ RGEO/59
- Q. náner ataformaitë ve fírimor quetir “*were ambidextrous as mortals say” ✧ VT49/10
- Q. sívë “*as”
- Q. tambë “*as, so”
- Q. úsië, an cé mo quernë cendelë númenna, ve senya “on the contrary, for if one turned the face westward, as was usual” ✧ VT49/22
- Q. Valar ar Maiar fantaner nassentar fanainen ve quenderinwe coar ar larmar “Valar and Maiar cloaked their true-being in veils, like to Elvish bodies and raiment” ✧ PE17/174; PE17/174 (
ve quenderinwa koainen); PE17/174; PE17/175- Q. vëa “seeming, apparent, seeming, apparent; [ᴱQ.] similar, like” ✧ PE17/189
- Q. véla “*alike, having a likeness or similarity” ✧ VT49/10
- Q. ve loicolícuma “a corpse-candle” ✧ MC/222
- Q. ve maiwi yaimië “like gulls wailing” ✧ MC/222
- ᴺQ. vequi “as if, as though”
- Q. ve tauri lillassië “like leaves of forests” ✧ MC/222
- Q. yéni únótimë ve rámar aldaron “long years numberless as the wings of trees” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
- Q. yéni únótimë ve aldaron rámar “long-years not-countable as trees’ wings” ✧ RGEO/58
- Q. yéni ve lintë yuldar avánier “the years have passed like swift draughts” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
- Q. yéni avánier ve lintë yuldar “years have passed away like swift draughts” ✧ RGEO/58
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶wē > vē̆ [wē] > [βē] > [vē] ✧ VT49/10 ✶bē > ve [bē] > [βē] > [vē] ✧ VT49/32 ✶vai > ve [bai] > [βai] > [vai] > [ve] ✧ VT49/32 Variations
- ve ✧ LotR/0377; LotR/0377; LotR/0377; MC/222; MC/222; MC/222; PE17/036; PE17/063; PE17/063; PE17/063; PE17/069; PE17/076; PE17/174; PE17/175; RGEO/58; RGEO/58; RGEO/58; RGEO/58; RGEO/58; RGEO/59; VT49/10; VT49/22; VT49/32; VT49/32
- vē ✧ PE17/063
- vē̆- ✧ PE17/130
- vē̆ ✧ PE17/189; VT49/10
-vë
as, like
-vë, (3) apparently an ending used to derive adverbs from adjectives (see andavë under anda and oiavë under oia). May be related to the preposition ve "as, like".
-vë
suffix. abstract noun, adverb
Derivations
- ✶-b(iy)ē “-ing”
Element in
- Q. andavë “long, at great length”
- ᴺQ. anwavë “surely, certainly”
- Q. auvië “possession (abstract), *the act of possessing”
- Q. coivië “life, life, [ᴱQ.] liveliness; awakening” ✧ PE17/068
- Q. cuivië “awakening” ✧ PE17/068
- Q. ilúvë “the whole, the all, allness, the whole, the all, allness; [ᴹQ.] universe, world; Heaven”
- Q. návë “being” ✧ PE17/068
- Q. oialë “forever; everlastingly, eternally, in eternity, forever; everlastingly, eternally, in eternity; [ᴹQ.] everlasting age” ✧ PE17/074
- Q. sívë “knowing, knowledge” ✧ PE17/068
Variations
- -ve ✧ PE17/068
- ve ✧ PE17/074
vet
vet
*vet, see ve #2
sívë
as
sívë (1) prep. "as", apparently ve of similar meaning with the prefix sí- "this, here, now"; sívë therefore makes a comparison with something close, whereas tambë (q.v.) refers to something remote. Sívë...tambë "as...so" (VT43:17). Elided sív' in VT43:12, since the next word begins in the vowel e-.
véna
for us
véna pron. "for us", (long) dative form of ve # 2, q.v.
-lmë
we
-lmë 1st person pl. pronominal ending: "we" (VT49:38; 51 carilmë *"we do", VT49:16). It was originally intended to be inclusive "we" (VT49:48), including the person(s) spoken to, but by 1965 Tolkien made this the ending for exclusive "we" instead (cf. the changed definition of the corresponding possessive ending -lma, see above). _(VT49:38) Exemplified in laituvalmet "we shall bless them" (lait-uva-lme-t "bless-shall-we-them") (the meaning apparently changed from inclusive to exclusive "we", VT49:55), see also nalmë under ná# 1. (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308_)
-lwë
we
-lwë, later -lvë, pronominal ending "we" (VT49:51), 1st person pl. inclusive ending, occurring in the verbs carilwë "we do" (VT49:16) and navilwë (see #nav-). The ending became -lvë in later, Exilic Quenya (VT49:51). See -lv-.
-mmë
we
-mmë "we", 1st person dual exclusive pronominal ending: "I and one other" (compare the inclusive dual form -ngwë or -nquë). First written -immë in one source (VT49:57). Carimmë, "the two of us do" (VT49:16, cf. VT43:6). At an earlier conceptual stage, the ending was already exclusive, but plural rather than dual: vammë "we won't" (WJ:371), firuvammë "we will die" (VT43:34), etemmë ?"out of us" (VT43:36); see also VT49:48, 49, 55. Also compare the corresponding emphatic pronoun emmë (q.v.). The ending -lmë replaced -mmë in its former (plural exclusive) sense. In some early material, -mmë was apparently used as an ending for plural inclusive "we" (VT49:55).
-ngwë
we
-ngwë "we", 1st person dual inclusive pronominal ending: "thou and I" (compare the exclusive dual form -mmë). Caringwë, "the two of us do" (VT49:16). One source lists the ending as "-inke > -inque" instead (VT49:51, 53, 57; "inke" was apparently Old Quenya). In an earlier pronoun table reproduced in VT49:48, the ending -ngwë is listed as an alternative to -lmë, which Tolkien at the time used as the plural inclusive ending (a later revision made it plural exclusive).
emmë
we
emmë (2) pron. "we", emphatic pronoun; dative emmen (VT43:12, 20). In the source this pronoun is intended as the 1st person plural exclusive; later Tolkien changed the corresponding pronominal ending from -mmë to -lmë, and the plural emphatic pronoun would likewise change from emmë to *elmë. Since the ending -mmë was redefined as a dualexclusive pronoun, the form emmë may still be valid as such, as a dual emphatic pronoun "we" = "(s)he and I".
me
we, us
me (1) 1st person pl. exclusive pronoun "we, us" (VT49:51; VT43:23, VT44:9). This pronoun preserves the original stem-form (VT49:50). Stressed mé (VT49:51). Cf. also mel-lumna "us-is-heavy", sc. *"is heavy for us" (LR:47, mel- is evidently an assimilated form of men "for us", dative of me; the form men is attested by itself, VT43:21). For me as object, cf. álamë** "do not [do something to] us", negative imperative particle with object pronoun suffixed (VT43:19: álamë tulya, "do not lead us"), ámen** "do [something for] us", imperative particle with dative pronoun suffixed (ámen apsenë "forgive us", VT43:12, 18). Dual exclusive met "we/us (two)" (Nam, VT49:51), "you and me" (VT47:11; the latter translation would make met an inclusive pronoun, though it is elsewhere suggested that it is rather exclusive: "him/her and me", corresponding to wet [q.v.] as the true inclusive dual form). Rá men or rámen "for us/on our behalf", see rá. Locative messë "on us", VT44:12 (also with prefix o, ó- ?"with" in the same source). See also ménë, ómë.
vi
we
vi pron. "we", 1st person inclusive (PE17:130), variant of ve #2.
vi
pronoun. us (inclusive)
we
we
we, wé, see ve #2
ye
as
[ye (3), also yé, prep. "as" (VT43:16, struck out; in the text in question Tolkien finally settled on sívë, q.v.)]
v'emattë
v'emattë
v'emattë ??? May be the preposition ve + an otherwise unknown word emattë. (Narqelion)
-ië
suffix. abstract noun, adverb
Derivations
- ✶-(i)yē “abstract noun, adverb” ✧ PE17/058
Element in
- Q. Andúnië “Sunset”
- Q. aquapahtië “privacy, *(lit.) full-closedness”
- Q. aranië “kingdom”
- Q. túrindië “*kingdom”
- Q. Carnimírië “Red-jewelled”
- Q. coloitië “endurance, staunchness, fortitude”
- Q. enquië “Elvish week of six days”
- Q. hísië “mist, mistiness”
- Q. látie “openness”
- Q. laurië “goldenness; like gold”
- Q. lintië “swiftness, speed; swiftly, *quickly” ✧ PE17/058
- Q. londië “harbourage”
- Q. alatúlië “welcome”
- Q. márië “well, happily; goodness, good estate, being well, happiness” ✧ PE17/058
- ᴺQ. molië “labour, work”
- Q. mornië “darkness, blackness”
- Q. Nárië “June, *Fire-ness”
- Q. Neldië “*Trinity”
- Q. olass(i)ë “foliage, collection of leaves”
- Q. Onnarië “Time of Children”
- ᴺQ. otolmië “keyboard”
- Q. quelië “*fading” ✧ LotR/1110
- Q. sangië “necessity”
- Q. sarnië “shingle, pebble bank”
- Q. Sindanórië “Grey Country, Land of Greyness”
- Q. sindië “greyness”
- Q. tárië “height”
- Q. tengwestië “language [as a concept]”
- Q. terpellië “*temptation”
- Q. Yavannië “September, *Yavanna-ness”
- Q. yávië “autumn, harvest [time or act]”
- Q. yénië “annals”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶-(i)ı̯ē > -ië [-ijē] > [-ie] ✧ PE17/058 Variations
- -ië ✧ LotR/1110 (-ië); PE17/058
- -ie ✧ PE17/058; PE17/058; PE17/058; PE17/059; PE17/059
-lë
suffix. abstract noun, adverb
Changes
- -le → ve ✧ PE17/074
Derivations
Element in
- ᴺQ. aitalë “reverence, worship, religion”
- Q. cendelë “face, face, *visage”
- Q. findelë “tress, lock [of hair]”
- Q. findilë “head of hair”
- Q. fintalë “trick”
- Q. hantalë “thanksgiving”
- Q. laitalë “praise”
- Q. lambelë “phonetics” ✧ VT39/16
- Q. lindalë “music”
- Q. lumbulë “dark shadow, heavy shadow; deep in shadow”
- Q. maitalë “the act of doing [artistic] work”
- Q. máralë “goodness” ✧ PE17/058
- Q. nurtalë “hiding”
- Q. oialë “forever; everlastingly, eternally, in eternity, forever; everlastingly, eternally, in eternity; [ᴹQ.] everlasting age” ✧ PE17/058; PE17/074
- Q. ontalë “descent, descent, *derivation, ancestry”
- Q. quellë “late autumn and early winter, (lit.) fading”
- Q. quentalë “history, narration, history, narration, [ᴹQ.] account” ✧ VT39/16
- Q. sillë “like this” ✧ PE17/074
- Q. tallë “like that” ✧ PE17/074
- Q. tengwelë “language (general term), language (general term); [ᴱQ.] sense” ✧ VT39/16
- Q. tumbalë “depth, deep valley”
- Q. vendelë “maidenhood”
- Q. yallë “as, in the same way as, like” ✧ PE17/074
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶-lē > -le [-lē] > [-le] ✧ PE17/058 √LEŊ > -le [-leŋ] > [-leɣ] > [-le] ✧ PE17/074 ✶-lē > -lë [-lē] > [-le] ✧ VT39/16 Variations
- -le ✧ PE17/058; PE17/074
-më
suffix. abstract noun
Derivations
- ✶-(u)mē “denoting a (single) action”
Element in
Variations
- -me ✧ PE17/169 (-me)
-rë
suffix. abstract noun
Derivations
- ✶-(a)rē “abstract noun”
Element in
Variations
- -re ✧ MC/223 (-re)
ier
as
ier prep. "as" (VT43:16, probably rejected in favour of sívë, q.v.). In an abandoned version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien used ier...ter for "as...so" (VT43:17).
lé
with
lé (2) prep. "with" (PE17:95)
lé
preposition. with, with, [ᴹQ.] by, [ᴱQ.] with (accompaniment)
Cognates
- S. di “with” ✧ PE17/095
Derivations
- ✶dē “with” ✧ PE17/095
Element in
- ᴺQ. letinwessë “constellation”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶dē > lē > lé [dē] > [lē] ✧ PE17/095 Variations
- lé ✧ PE17/095 (lé)
-ssë
suffix. abstract noun
Cognates
- S. -as “abstract noun”
Derivations
Element in
- Q. alanessë “nicotiana, pipeweed, nicotiana, pipeweed, *tobacco”
- Q. aranus(së) “kingship”
- Q. carpassë “mouth-system; full organized language, including system, vocabulary, metre, etc.”
- Q. celussë “freshnet, water falling out swiftly from a rocky spring”
- Q. entulessë “return”
- ᴺQ. failassë “justice, fair-mindedness”
- Q. findessë “head of hair, person’s hair as a whole”
- Q. incánussë “mind mastership”
- ᴺQ. letinwessë “constellation”
- Q. Lótessë “May, *(lit.) Flower-ness”
- Q. nassë “nature, true-being, *essence; person, individual” ✧ VT49/30
- ᴺQ. omolmessë “corporation”
- ᴺQ. restassë “countryside, the country”
- Q. táris(së) “queenship”
- Q. tengwassë “alphabet”
Variations
- -sse ✧ VT49/30 (-sse)
atarmë
for us
atarmë dative (?) pron. "for us" (VT44:18; Tolkien apparently considered dropping this curious form, which in another text was replaced by rá men, rámen; see rá #1)
as
with
as prep. "with" (together with), also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with thee" (VT47:31, VT43:29). The conjunction ar "and" may also appear in assimilated form as before s; see ar #1.
as
with
o (2) prep. "with" (MC:216; this is "Qenya"; WJ:367 states that no independent preposition o was used in Quenya. Writers may rather use as.) See ó- below.
as
preposition. with
Derivations
- √AS “beside”
Element in
- Q. i Héru aselyë “the Lord is with thee” ✧ VT43/29
car-
with
#car- (2) prep. "with" (carelyë "with thee"), prepositional element (evidently an ephemeral form abandoned by Tolkien) (VT43:29)
ngwin
for us
ngwin dative pronoun ?"for us" _(VT21:6-7, 10, VT44:36). _Apparently belonging to the 1st person pl. It would be pronounced *nwin* at the end of the Third Age, but since Tolkien in another source implies that the 1st pl. exclusive base ñwe had the "independent" stem we- in Quenya (VT48:10), we must assume that the dative pronoun should rather be wen**, or in Exilic Quenya *ven. The form ngwin may reflect another conceptual phase when Tolkien meant the nasal element of ñwe to be preserved in Quenya as well. The vowel i rather than e is difficult to account for if the base is to be (ñ)we. In VT49:55, Carl F. Hosttetter suggests that ngwen rather than ngwin may actually be the correct reading of Tolkiens manuscript.
ya
as
ya (2) or yan, prep. "as" (VT43:16, probably abandoned in favour of sívë)
ó
with, accompanying
ó
preposition. with
Changes
yó→ ó ✧ PE22/162Element in
- Q. i Héru aselyë “the Lord is with thee” ✧ VT43/29
- Q. vá meninyë ó le “I won’t come with you” ✧ PE22/162
Variations
- yó ✧ PE22/162 (
yó)- ó- ✧ VT43/29
ve (2) pron. "we", 1st person pl. inclusive (corresponding to exclusive me), derived from an original stem-form we (VT49:50, PE17:130). Variant vi, q.v. Stressed wé, later vé (VT49:51). Dative (*wéna >) véna, VT49:14. Dual wet*, later vet "the two of us" (inclusive; cf. exclusive met) (VT49:51). Also compare the dative form ngwin or ngwen (q.v.), but this would apparently be wen > ven** according to Tolkiens later ideas.