ú

without, destitute of

ú (1) adv. and prep. "without, destitute of" (VT39:14). Usually followed by genitive: ú calo "without light" (cala). In one source, ú is seemingly also used as a negative verb "was not" (VT49:13), but Tolkien revised the text in question.

ú

preposition/adverb. without, destitute of

@@@ with object of the preposition in the genitive: ú calo “without light”

Derivations

• √Ū “denial of fact, privation, negative element, denial of fact, privation, negative element, [ᴱ√] not” ✧ PE17/143
• ✶awa- “away” ✧ PE17/144
  • √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/143; WJ/365

Element in

• Q. ú- “no, not, un-, in-; hard, difficult, bad, uneasy; hardly, with difficulty, ‘badly’” ✧ PE17/143; VT39/14
• Q. ú calo “without the light” ✧ PE17/143; VT39/14
• Q. ú calmo “without the light” ✧ PE17/143 (ú calmo)
• Q. úvanë(a) “without beauty” ✧ PE17/144; VT39/14

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√Ū > ú	[ū]	✧ PE17/143
✶awa- > ǝu > ū	[awa-] > [ū]	✧ PE17/144

Variations

• ū ✧ PE17/143; PE17/144; PE22/168; VT39/14

ú-

prefix. no, not, un-, in-; hard, difficult, bad, uneasy; hardly, with difficulty, ‘badly’

Cognates

• S. ú- “no, not, negative; impossible, no, not, negative; impossible; [N.] bad-” ✧ PE17/062

Derivations

• √UG “dislike” ✧ PE22/160
• √Ū “denial of fact, privation, negative element, denial of fact, privation, negative element, [ᴱ√] not” ✧ VT42/33

Element in

• ᴺQ. úpuhta- “to fornicate”
• ᴺQ. úhep- “to lose, (lit.) to un-keep”
• ᴺQ. únet- “to lose, (lit.) to un-get”
• Q. úcalima “dim, murky, dim, murky, *not bright” ✧ PE22/156
• Q. úcar- “*to trespass, do wrong, sin”
• Q. úcarë “*sin, debt, trespass”
• Q. úcárima “hard to do, difficult” ✧ PE22/156
• Q. úcarnë “not red” ✧ PE22/152
• ᴺQ. úcim- “disregard”
• ᴺQ. úfailië “unrighteousness”
• Q. úfantima “not concealable”
• Q. úfanwëa “not veiled, unveiled”
• ᴺQ. úhandë “unreason, incomprehension”
• Q. úχarin “unmarred” ✧ PE17/150
• Q. Úlairi “Ring-wraiths, (lit.) ?Un-living, Un-summer”
• ᴺQ. úlaita- “to dishonour”
• ᴺQ. úlévima “paralyzed, lame”
• Q. Úmaiar “Evil Spirits”
• Q. úmaitë “clumsy(-handed), unskilled”
• Q. Úmaneldi “*Elves not of Aman”
• Q. Úmanyar “Those not of Aman”
• Q. úmara “bad, ill-used, evil, sinister” ✧ VT49/15
• Q. úmárë “not good = evil” ✧ PE22/152
• Q. únat “thing impossible to be or to be done”
• Q. únehta “*atom”
• Q. Úner “Noman” ✧ UT/211
• Q. únotë(a) “not counted, uncounted” ✧ PE17/143; VT39/14
• Q. únótima “numberless, innumerable, countless, difficult/impossible to count” ✧ PE17/062; PE17/063; PE17/143; PE22/156; PE22/160; VT39/14; VT42/33
• ᴺQ. únut- “to untie”
• Q. únyárima “impossible to recount”
• Q. úpa “dumb [unable to speak]”
• Q. úpahtëa “speechless”
• ᴺQ. úpoica “unclean”
• ᴺQ. úqua “nothing”
• ᴺQ. úquen “nobody, no one”
• Q. úquétima “unspeakable, impossible to say or put into words, unpronounceable”
• Q. úsahtië “inducement to do wrong, *temptation”
• Q. úsië “on the contrary” ✧ VT49/18
• Q. úsir “on the contrary” ✧ VT49/18
• ᴺQ. útancië “uncertainty”
• ᴺQ. útulya- “to mislead”
• ᴺQ. útúrima “unruly”
• Q. úvana “marred”
• Q. úvanë(a) “without beauty”
• Q. úvanima “not fair, ugly; hard to call beautiful, hideous” ✧ PE17/143; PE22/156; VT39/14
• Q. úvanimo “monster, corrupt or evil creature”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√UG > ú	[ugu-] > [uɣu-] > [ū-]	✧ PE22/160
√û > ú	[ū-]	✧ VT42/33

Variations

• ū- ✧ PE17/062; PE17/144; PE22/152; PE22/156
• ū ✧ PE22/156; PE22/167; VT44/04
• ú ✧ PE22/160; VT42/33
• Ú- ✧ UT/211 (Ú-)

núna

western

núna adj. "western" (PE17:18), compare the element #nún- "west(ern)" in certain compounds, such as Núnatani and Nunduinë, q.v. (in the latter word, ú is apparently shortened as u before a consonant cluster). Compare númen.

núna

adjective. western

Element in

• Q. Núnatani “Western Men” ✧ PE17/018
• Q. Nunduinë “*West River”
• S. Núneth

ui

no

ui interjection "no" (originally an endingless negative verb in the 3rd person aorist: "it is not [so]"; see #u-). Apparently this is the word for "no" used to deny that something is true (compare vá, which is rather used to reject orders, or to issue negative orders). (VT49:28) Compare uito.

andúna

western

andúna adj. "western" (PE17:18)

andúna

adjective. western

Elements

Word	Gloss
andúnë	“sunset, evening, (orig.) going down; west”
-a	“adjectival suffix”

au-

without

au- (3) privative prefix, = "without" (AWA)

númenya

western

númenya adj. "western" (NDŪ)

ua-

verb. to not be, to not do

Element in

• Q. álamë tulya úsahtienna “[and] lead us not into temptation” ✧ VT43/21; VT43/21
• Q. uan carë “I do not make” ✧ PE17/144
• Q. uan cára “I am not making” ✧ PE17/144
• Q. uan carnë “I did not make” ✧ PE17/144
• Q. uan caruva “I am not going to make” ✧ PE17/144; PE17/144

Variations

• ua ✧ PE17/144

ui-

verb. to not be, to not do

Derivations

• √UMU “not, expressing privation, not, expressing privation; [ᴹ√] negative stems” ✧ VT49/29
  • √Ū “denial of fact, privation, negative element, denial of fact, privation, negative element, [ᴱ√] not”
• ✶ugu- ✧ VT49/29

Element in

• Q. epetai i hyarma ú ten ulca símaryassen “consequently the left hand was not to them evil in their imaginations” ✧ VT49/13
• Q. ui “no, it is n[ot]”
• Q. uin carë “I do not make” ✧ PE17/068; PE22/152

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ū̆gu/gū > ū-	[ugu-] > [uɣu-] > [ū-]	✧ VT49/29
√ū̆gu/gū > ui	[ugi] > [uɣi] > [ui]	✧ VT49/29
✶ugilme > uilme	[ugilme] > [uɣilme] > [uilme]	✧ VT49/29

Variations

• ú ✧ VT49/13
• ū- ✧ VT49/29 (ū-)

úvanimo

monster (creature of melko[r]) (ban, lt1:272); pl. úvanimor

úvanimo noun "monster (creature of Melko[r]) (BAN, LT1:272); pl. úvanimor "monsters" is attested (UGU/UMU, (GŪ). According to VT45:7, 16 Tolkien did not capitalize the word úvanimo_, though it was so printed in the entries BAN and GŪ in the Etymologies as printed in LR. The (pl.) form _húvanimor was abandoned along with hú rather than ú- as a negative prefix, VT45:17.

lúmequenta

history, chronological account

lúmequenta ("q")noun "history, chronological account" (LU)

lúmequentalë

history

lúmequentalë ("q")noun "history" (LU, KWET). According to VT45:29, the accent marking the ú as a long vowel is actually missing in the entry LU in Tolkien's original Etymologies manuscript; yet it is apparently included both in the entry KWET and in the related words lúmequenta and lúmequentalëa; its omission in the entry LU is therefore probably just a slip.

ava-

without

ava- (3) prefix "without" (AR2, AWA). In some cases apparently used as a mere negation prefix: The form avalerya in VT41:6 is seemingly a negated form of the verb lerya- "release, set free"; the verb avalerya- is suggested to have the same meaning as the root KHAP = "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty". Likewise, the verb avalatya- from the same source seems to mean "to close, shut", this being a negated form of a verb *latya- "open" (q.v.)

il-

verb. no, *un-

il- (prefix) "no, *un-" (LA); cf. ilfirin "immortal" (vs. firin "dead"). This prefix "denotes the opposite, the reversal, i.e. more than the mere negation" (VT42:32). But il- can also mean "all, every"; see ilaurëa, ilqua, ilquen.

nec-

prefix. without

Derivations

• √NEK “divide, separate, part; deprive” ✧ PE17/167

Element in

• ᴺQ. necermëa “insubstantial, immaterial”
• ᴺQ. necestel “hopelessness, despair, desperation”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√NEK > nec-	[nek-]	✧ PE17/167

lumenyárë

history, chronological account

lumenyárë noun "history, chronological account" (NAR2 - read *lúmenyárë?) According to VT45:36, the manuscript spelling actually seems to be lumennyáre, but Hostetter and Wynne conclude that this is "probably a slip": The double nn would be difficult to justify.

ní

beneath, not touching, under

ní (3) prep. "beneath, not touching, under" (PE17:95)

-enca

without, -less

-enca suffix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. nec-, q.v.

nec-

without, -less

nec- prefix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. -enca, q.v.

pen

without, not having

[pen prep. "without, not having" (PE17:171). Cf. Ú #1.]

-na

no longer part of verbal conjugation

-na (4), ending used to form passive participles as well as some adjectives and nouns; see -ina. According to PE17:68, the ending -na was "no longer part of verbal conjugation"; the derived words are thus considered independent adjectives (sometimes nouns) rather than regularly derived passive participles, the obvious etymological connection to certain verbal stems notwithstanding. Where adding the ending to a root would produce the combinations tn, pn, kn (cn), metathesis occurs to produce nt, (np >) mp, nc, as in nanca *"slain" for older ¤ndakna, or hampa "restrained, delayed, kept" vs. the root KHAP "retain, keep, detain". Following -l, the suffix -na turns into -da, as in yulda "draught, the amount drunk" for older yulna (this being an example of a noun being derived with this ending, though Tolkien might also explain yulda as containing a distinct ending -da [q.v.] denoting the result of a verbal action). The word *turúna "mastered" (q.v., only attested in elided form turún) would seem to be a passive participle formed from the verb turu- "master" (PE17:113), suggesting that in the case of U-stem verbs, their final -u is lengthened to ú when -na is added.

ala

not

ala, #ála (1) imperative particle á, a combined with the negation lá, -la "not" to express a prohibition (VT43:22; see lá #1). Also with 1st person suffix -lyë (alalyë and álalyë, VT43:10, 22, VT44:8) and 1st person pl. object suffix -më (alamë and álamë, "do not [do something to] us", as in álamë tulya, "do not lead us", VT43:12, 22). In the essay Quendi and Eldar, negative imperatives are rather indicated by áva, q.v., but this form can well coexist with ala, #ála.

ala-

not

ala- (2) negative prefix "not", "un-", reduced to al- before a vowel (VT42:33, GALA, VT45:25), though the example Alcorin would suggest that al- can sometimes appear before a consonant as well. In a deleted entry in Etym, al(a)- was defined as "not" and said to be a "pure negative" (VT45:5). In alahasta, Alamanyar, alasaila, Alcorin.

la

no, not

la negation "no, not" (see lá); also prefix la- as in lacarë, q.v. (VT45:25)

lacaraite

adjective. impossible

lacaraitë

adjective. impossible, *inactive; impossible

Changes

• alákăraite → lắkăraite “impossible” ✧ PE22/156

Elements

Word	Gloss
la-	“not, in-, un-”
caraitë	“active, busy, active, busy; [ᴹQ.] able to make, handy, crafty, craftsmanlike, skilled”

Variations

• lắkăraite ✧ PE22/156
• alákăraite ✧ PE22/156 (alákăraite)

lá

no, not

lá (1) adv. "no, not" (LA, VT45:25) According to VT42:33, lá is the stressed form, alternating with la when the negation is unstressed. In another conceptual phase of Tolkien's, lá had the opposite meaning "yes" (VT42:32-33), but this idea is contradicted by both earlier and later material: usually lá is conceived as a negation. The negation can receive tense markers and be used as a negative verb "when [another] verb is not expressed" (VT49:13), apparently where the phrase "is not" is followed by a noun or an adjective as a predicate, or where some verb is understood, as in English "I do not" (i.e. "I do not do whatever the context indicates"). With pronominal endings la- in the aorist, e.g. lanyë "I do not, am not" (etc.) (Tolkien abandoned the form lamin.) Exemplified in the sentence melin sé apa lanyë hé *"I love him but I do not [love] him" (another person) (VT49:15). Present tense laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva.

lá-

verb. to not be

Changes

• lamin → lanye ✧ VT49/13

Derivations

• ✶lā- “to not be” ✧ PE22/153; PE22/153; VT49/13
  • √LA “no, not; negative; not to be” ✧ PE22/153
• √LA “no, not; negative; not to be” ✧ PE22/156; VT42/33; VT49/13

Element in

• Q. ála “do not” ✧ VT43/22
• Q. epetai i hyarma ú ten ulca símaryassen “consequently the left hand was not to them evil in their imaginations” ✧ VT49/13
• ᴺQ. laitë “false”
• Q. melin sé apa lanyë hé “I love him but not him (the other)” ✧ VT49/15
• Q. melinyes apa la hé “I love him but not him (the other)” ✧ VT49/15

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶lā > lanye	[lanye]	✧ PE22/153
✶lājā > laia	[lājā] > [laijā] > [laija] > [laia]	✧ PE22/153
√(A)LA > lā-	[lā-]	✧ PE22/156
√ala > lá	[lā-]	✧ VT42/33
√ala > lā	[lā-]	✧ VT49/13
✶lājā > laia	[lājā] > [laijā] > [laija] > [laia]	✧ VT49/13

Variations

• la ✧ PE22/154; VT43/22; VT49/15
• lā- ✧ PE22/156
• lá ✧ VT42/33; VT49/13; VT49/13
• lā ✧ VT49/13
• lamin ✧ VT49/13 (lamin)

ú

prefix. no, not (negative prefix or particle)

ú-

prefix. no, not, negative; impossible, no, not, negative; impossible; [N.] bad-

Cognates

• Q. ú- “no, not, un-, in-; hard, difficult, bad, uneasy; hardly, with difficulty, ‘badly’” ✧ PE17/062

Derivations

• √UG “dislike” ✧ PE22/160
• √Ū “denial of fact, privation, negative element, denial of fact, privation, negative element, [ᴱ√] not” ✧ VT42/33

Element in

• S. ú-chebin estel anim “I have kept no hope for myself” ✧ LotR/1061
• S. Udalraph “Stirrupless” ✧ UT/313
• ᴺS. úgan(n) “gutless, faint-hearted, diffident”
• S. úgarol “not now doing or making, idling” ✧ PE17/144
• S. úgarth “trespass, *(lit.) misdeed” ✧ VT44/28
• ᴺS. úgethiol “boring, (lit.) not interesting”
• S. uin gar “I do not make” ✧ PE17/145
• ᴺS. úlam “dumb, unable to speak, (lit.) untongued”
• S. úlan(n) “narrow, (lit.) not broad” ✧ PE17/144
• S. Úmarth “Ill-fate”
• S. únodui “countless” ✧ PE17/144

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√û > ú	[ū-]	✧ VT42/33

Variations

• ū- ✧ PE17/062; PE17/144; PE17/144
• ú ✧ PE17/145; PE22/160; VT42/33; VT44/28 (ú)
• U- ✧ UT/313
• ū ✧ WJ/369

ú-

prefix. impossible

û

interjection. no

adv. or interj. no, not (of fact).

annui

adjective. western

pen-

without

(ben-) _ pref. _without,**less. pen-adar 'fatherless'. >> ben-, ú-

di-

prefix. beneath, under

The only known usage of this word is as prefix, but VT/45:37 lists it as a unitary word di

pen

preposition. without, lacking, -less

al

not

al- (prefix) as in alfirin "not-mortal", immortal.

al

not

(prefix) as in alfirin "not-mortal", immortal.

al-

prefix. not

pref. not. >> alfirin

ava

will not

(i ava, in avar).

baw

interjection. no, don't!

baw!

no

! (interjection expressing refusal or prohibition, not denying facts) baw! (dont!) Prefix

baw!

no

(don’t!) Prefix

dî

beneath

dî, unstressed di (in, under) (VT45:37). Note: a homophone means ”bride, lady”.

dî

beneath

unstressed di (in, under) (VT45:37). Note: a homophone means ”bride, lady”.

gobennas

history

1) gobennas (i **obennas), pl. gebennais (i ngebennais = i ñebennais), collective pl. gobennnassath**. (Archaic pl. *göbennais.) 2) pennas (i bennas, o phennas) (account), pl. pennais (i phennais), coll. pl. pennassath

gobennas

history

(i ’obennas), pl. gebennais (i ngebennais = i ñebennais), collective pl. gobennnassath. (Archaic pl. ✱göbennais.)

lae-

verb. to not be

Derivations

• ✶lā- “to not be”
  • √LA “no, not; negative; not to be” ✧ PE22/153

law

adverb. not

Derivations

• √LA “no, not; negative; not to be”

pennas

history

(i bennas, o phennas) (account), pl. pennais (i phennais), coll. pl. pennassath

said

not common

(lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (separate, private, excluded) (VT42:20)

ú

not

(adverbial prefix) ú-, u- (followed by lenition, e.g. ú-chebin ”I do not keep”) (without). Verb

ú

not

u- (followed by lenition, e.g. ú-chebin ”

ú

without

(adverbial prefix) ú-, u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad *”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:

ú

without

u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad ✱”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:

gú

no, not

also ú

annui

western

annui. No distinct pl. form.

annui

western

. No distinct pl. form.

ar

without

(adv. prefix) ar- (outside)

ar

without

(outside)

pen

without

1) pen (lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited. 2)

pen

without

(lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited.

aba-

prefix. not

Cognates

• Q. ava- “negation (refusing or forbidden)” ✧ WJ/370

Derivations

• √BĀ/ABA “refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), [ᴹ√] deny; away, go away, depart” ✧ WJ/370

Element in

• T. abapétima “not to be said” ✧ WJ/371

Variations

• aba- ✧ WJ/371

anadûni

adjective. western

An adjective translated “western” formed from the noun adûni “the West” which was in turn formed from the adjective adûn “west”; the initial an- was the genitival prefix (SD/435). This adjective anadûni was in turn femininized to produce the place name Anadûnê “Westeresse, Númenor”.

Element in

• Ad. Anadûnê “Westernesse” ✧ SD/426

Variations

• anadūni ✧ SD/426; SD/435

ū

root. denial of fact, privation, negative element, denial of fact, privation, negative element, [ᴱ√] not

A negative root first mentioned as ᴱ√Ū “not” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with various derivatives in Qenya and Gnomish (QL/96, 98; GL/73). In The Etymologies of the 1930s it became {ᴹ√ƷŪ >>} ᴹ√GŪ or ᴹ√MŪ “no, not”, and in this document had “evil connotations” (Ety/GŪ, MŪ; EtyAC/ƷŪ), but in later writings it again became √Ū (PE17/143; PE22/153). For much of its existence this root was in competition with invertible √LA for negation, but in notes from 1959 Tolkien decided √Ū was the only negative root (PE17/143), though √LA was briefly restored in 1969 (PE22/160) only to be abandoned again (VT44/4). For a full history of Tolkien’s shifting conceptions of negation in Elvish, see the Quenya entry on the negative.

Derivatives

• ✶ū “primitive negative interjection” ✧ PE17/143
  • S. û “no, not, no, not, [G.] nor” ✧ PE17/144
• √UMU “not, expressing privation, not, expressing privation; [ᴹ√] negative stems”
  • ᴺQ. munta “nothing, *zero”
  • Q. ui- “to not be, to not do” ✧ VT49/29
  • Q. um(ba)- “[unglossed]” ✧ PE17/172
  • ᴺS. ont “no, none”
  • ᴺS. unt “nothing”
• Q. ú “without, destitute of” ✧ PE17/143
• Q. ú- “no, not, un-, in-; hard, difficult, bad, uneasy; hardly, with difficulty, ‘badly’” ✧ VT42/33
• ᴺQ. ui(y)a “no, not any, not (a); none”
• Q. úna “deprived of, destitute, forlorn” ✧ PE17/143
• S. ú- “no, not, negative; impossible, no, not, negative; impossible; [N.] bad-” ✧ VT42/33

Variations

• Ú ✧ PE22/153
• ū ✧ VT42/32
• û ✧ VT42/33

lā-

verb. to not be

Derivations

• √LA “no, not; negative; not to be” ✧ PE22/153

Derivatives

• Q. lá- “to not be” ✧ PE22/153; PE22/153; VT49/13
• ᴺS. lae- “to not be”

Element in

• ✶lāni/lanjē karnē-sa “I did not do it” ✧ PE22/140; PE22/140
• ✶lasa “not it = it is/was not so” ✧ PE22/140

Variations

• la ✧ PE22/140
• lā ✧ PE22/153

mû

interjection. no

Derivations

• ᴹ√GŪ “no, not” ✧ Ety/MŪ

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MŪ > mû	[mū]	✧ Ety/MŪ

pennas

noun. history, historical account

al-

prefix. no, not

gobennas

noun. history

gobennas

noun. history

Cognates

• ᴹQ. lúmeqentale “history” ✧ Ety/KWET

Element in

• N. gobennathren “historical” ✧ Ety/KWET

pennas

noun. history

Cognates

• ᴹQ. qenta “tale, story, account, history” ✧ SM/27; LRI/Qenta
• ᴹQ. qentale “account, history” ✧ Ety/KWET

Derivations

• ᴹ√KWET “say” ✧ Ety/KWET

Element in

• N. gobennas “history” ✧ Ety/KWET
• N. Pennas inGeleidh “History of the Gnomes” ✧ LR/201
• N. Pennas-na-Ngoelaidh “History of the Noldoli” ✧ SM/077; SMI/Pennas
• N. Pennas Silevril “History of the Silmarils” ✧ LR/202

Elements

Word	Gloss
pent	“tale, story”
-as	“abstract noun”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KWET > pennas	[kwentasse] > [pentasse] > [pentʰasse] > [penθasse] > [penθass] > [pennass] > [pennas]	✧ Ety/KWET

Variations

• Pennas ✧ LR/201; LR/202; LRI/Pennas; LRI/Qenta; SM/077; SM/27; SMI/Pennas