Quenya 

rómenna

place name. Eastwards

A city on the east coast of Númenor (S/268, UT/165), it was the allative form of rómen “east”, and thus meant “Eastwards”.

Conceptual Development: Christopher Tolkien suggested that the earliest precursor of this name might be ᴹQ. Morionde appearing in the earliest versions of the “Fall of Númenor” (LR/74). In the tales of Númenor associated with “The Notion Club Papers”, this city is named ᴹQ. Rómelónan >> Rómelonde “East-haven” (SD/315), where its second element was ᴹQ. londe.

Elements

WordGloss
rómen“east, uprising, sunrise”
-nna“(movement) to, towards, onto, at (arriving at a point); allative suffix”
Quenya [LR/074; LRI/Rómenna; PMI/Rómenna; SA/rómen; SD/315; SDI2/Rómelonde; SDI2/Rómenna; SI/Rómenna; UTI/Eldanna; UTI/Rómenna] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rómen

east

rómen, Rómen noun "east" (RŌ, MEN, SA:men), "uprising, sunrise, east" (SA:rómen); also name of tengwa #25 (Appendix E). Possessive form rómenwa (PE17:59).Variant hrómen, PE17:18. Rómenna, a place in the eastern part of Númenor, is simply the allative "eastward" (SA:rómen), cf. also rómenna in LR:47, 56. Ablative Rómello "from the East" or "[to one] from the East", hence Tolkien's translation "to those from the East" in his rendering of Namárië (Nam, RGEO:67, PE17:59; Romello with a short o in VT49:32). Masc. name Rómendacil "East-victor" (Appendix A; cf. Letters:425). Masc. name Rómestámo, Róme(n)star "East-helper" (PM:384, 391; probably ?Rómenstar must always become Rómestar, but Tolkien cited the form as Róme(n)star to indicate the connection with rómen "east")

hrómen

east

hrómen noun "east", variant of the more common Rómen, q.v. (PE17:18)

Rómë

east

Rómë noun "east", variant of Rómen (PE17:59). Possessive romeva (read rómeva?), genitive rómeö (Ibid.)

róme

noun. east

róna

east

róna adj.? "east" (RŌ). Compare hróna.

róna

adjective. east

hróme(n)

noun. east

-nna

to

-n (1) dative ending, originating as a reduced form of - "to", related to the allative ending -nna (VT49:14). Attested in nin, men, ten, enyalien, Erun, airefëan, tárin, yondon (q.v.) and also added to the English name Elaine (Elainen) in a book dedication to Elaine Griffiths (VT49:40). The longer dative ending -na is also attested in connection with some pronouns, such as sena, téna, véna (q.v.), also in the noun mariéna from márië "goodness" (PE17:59). Pl. -in (as in hínin, see hína), partitive pl. -lin, dual -nt (Plotz). The preposition ana (#1) is said to be used "when purely dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that it can replace the dative ending, e.g. *ana Eru instead of Erun for "to God". In some of Tolkiens earlier material, the ending -n (or -en) expressed genitive rather than dative, but he later decided that the genitive ending was to be -o (cf. such a revision as Yénië Valinóren becoming Yénië Valinórëo, MR:200).

-nna

to, at, upon

-nna "to, at, upon", allative ending, originating from -na "to" with fortified n, VT49:14. Attested in cilyanna, coraryanna, Endorenna, Elendilenna, númenórenna, parma-restalyanna, rénna, senna, tielyanna, q.v. If a noun ends in -n already, the ending -nna merges with it, as in Amanna, formenna, Elenna, númenna, rómenna as the allative forms of Aman, formen, elen, númen, rómen (q.v.). Plural -nnar in mannar, valannar, q.v.

hró-

prefix. east

na

to, towards

na (2) prep. "to, towards", possibly obsoleted by #1 above; for clarity writers may use the synonym ana instead (NĀ1). Originally, Tolkien glossed na as "at, by, near"; the new meaning entered together with the synonyms an, ana (VT45:36).

ana

to

ana (1) prep. "to" (VT49:35), "as preposition _ana _is used when purely _dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that the preposition ana can be used instead of the dative ending -n (#1, q.v.) Also as prefix: ana- "to, towards" (NĀ1); an (q.v.) is used with this meaning in one source (PE17:127)_

Ambalar

east

Ambalar noun "East" (MC:221; this is "Qenya")

Sindarin 

rhuven

noun. east

Sindarin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

na

to

e _ prep. _to, towards (of spacetime). n' before vowels. >> nan 2

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:147] < _nā _< ANA/NĀ to, towards – added to, plu-. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

na

preposition. to

prep. to Na-chaered palan-díriel lit. "To-distance (remote) after-gazing" >> na-chaered, nan 2

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:20-1:25] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

amrûn

noun. east

_n. _east. Q. orrō uprising, sunrise, east. >> rhûn

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:18:122] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

rhûn

noun. east

Sindarin [Ety/384, S/436, LotR/E] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rhûn

noun. east

n. east. Q. hrō- uprising, sunrise, east. >> amrûn

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:18:96:122] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

rhûn

place name. East

The great inland sea of the East (LotR/1045), which is simply rhûn “east” used as a name.

Conceptual Development: On draft maps for the Lord of the Rings from the 1940s, this name was N. Rhûnaer “Eastern Sea” (TI/307), also appearing as Rúnaer >> Rhúnaer in drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices (PM/198). A similar form N. Rúnaeluin appears in the drafts of the final chapters of the Lord of the Rings, and might be a variation of this name (SD/65, 71 note #9).

Elements

WordGloss
rhûn“east, east, [N.] eastern; †rising”
Sindarin [LBI/Rhûn; LotRI/Rhûn; PMI/Rhûn; UTI/Rhûn; WJI/Rhûn] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rhûn

noun. east, east, [N.] eastern; †rising

The Sindarin word for “east”, cognate of Q. rómen (LotR/1116, 1123). It was ultimately derived from the root √RŌ/ORO “rise” (Ety/RŌ), and so likely originally meant “rising” as in “rising sun” (PE22/35).

Conceptual Development: The word N. rhûn “east” appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s along with ᴹQ. rómen, both derived from ᴹ√ (Ety/RŌ). At the time, there were no problems with this equivalence, since [[n|initial [r] was unvoiced]] in Noldorin. Tolkien went on to use both these forms in The Lord of the Rings.

Unfortunately, Tolkien later abandoned the unvoicing of initial r in Sindarin, making these two forms problematic. Tolkien considered modifying the Sindarin form to rûn (PE17/88) or the Quenya form to hrómen (PE17/18). The latter was probably derived from an s-strengthened form of the root ᴹ√SRŌ (PE22/127), where the initial sr- would become voiceless [r] in both Quenya and Sindarin. Ultimately, though, he left both forms alone. Perhaps he decided the s-strengthening of the root was a Sindarin-only variant.

Cognates

  • Q. rómen “east, uprising, sunrise” ✧ LotR/1123; PE17/018; PE17/074; PE17/088; SA/rómen

Derivations

Element in

Variations

  • Rhûn ✧ PE17/074
  • rûn ✧ PE17/088
  • rún ✧ PE17/139; PE17/141
Sindarin [LotR/1116; LotR/1123; PE17/018; PE17/074; PE17/088; PE17/096; PE17/122; PE17/139; PE17/141; SA/rómen] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rûn

noun. east

n. #east. Q. rómen.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:88] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

rûn

noun. east

amrûn

noun. east, orient

Sindarin [Ety/348, Ety/384, S/437, LotR/E] am+rhûn "uprising, sunrise". Group: SINDICT. Published by

an

preposition. to, towards, for

With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath

Sindarin [LotR/II:IV, UT/39, SD/129-31] Group: SINDICT. Published by

an

to

_ prep. _to, for. naur an edraith ammen! 'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. aglar an|i Pheriannath  'glory to all the Halflings'.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:38:102:147] < _ana _< ANA/NĀ to, towards – added to, plu-. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

rhu

east

*(as in Rhudaur ”Eastwood”, name of a realm: rhu- + taur ”wood”)*.

rhûn

east

(?na Thrûn) (maybe primarily ”the East” as a region), also amrûn (sunrise, orient, uprising). The term ✱Rhúven (?na Thrúven) is maybe primarily ”east” as a direction; the final element means ”way”. This word is spelt ”rhufen” in the source (LR:384 s.v. ), but it would seem that f here represents v. –

an

to

(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

to

(adverbial prefix) an-. 3)

Black Speech

u

preposition. to

Element in

Black Speech [LotR/0445; PE17/078; PM/083] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Adûnaic

azûl

noun. east

A noun for “east” attested only in the prepositional phrase azûlada “eastward, ✱to the east” = azûl + -ada “to(ward)” (SD/247, 312).

Element in

Variations

  • azūl ✧ SD/247; SD/312
Adûnaic [SD/247; SD/312] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Primitive elvish

(s)rō Reconstructed

root. east

Derivatives

  • Q. ro- “uprising, sunrise, east”
  • S. rhûn “east, east, [N.] eastern; †rising”

Elements

WordGloss
RŌ/ORO“up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount, up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount; [ᴹ√] high, [ᴱ√] steepness, rising”

Noldorin 

rhufen

noun. east

Noldorin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rhufen

adjective. east

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. rómen “east” ✧ Ety/RŌ

Derivations

  • ᴹ√RŌ/ORO “rise, up, high” ✧ Ety/RŌ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ > rhufen[rōmena] > [rūmena] > [rūmen] > [r̥ūmen] > [r̥umen] > [r̥uven]✧ Ety/RŌ

rhûn

noun. east

Noldorin [Ety/384, S/436, LotR/E] Group: SINDICT. Published by

amrûn

noun. east, orient

Noldorin [Ety/348, Ety/384, S/437, LotR/E] am+rhûn "uprising, sunrise". Group: SINDICT. Published by

heltha-

verb. to strip

The form helta- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:14

Noldorin [Ety/386, VT/46:14] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

rómen

noun. east

Cognates

  • N. rhufen “east” ✧ Ety/RŌ

Element in

Variations

  • Rómen ✧ Ety/MEN; SMI/Rómen
  • rōmen ✧ PE22/050
Qenya [Ety/MEN; Ety/RŌ; LR/047; LR/056; PE22/023; PE22/050; SD/310; SMI/Rómen] Group: Eldamo. Published by

róna

adjective. east

Cognates

  • On. rōna “east” ✧ Ety/RŌ
  • N. rhûn “east, eastern; †rising” ✧ Ety/RŌ
  • N. amrûn “uprising, sunrise, Orient, east” ✧ Ety/RŌ

Derivations

  • ᴹ√RŌ/ORO “rise, up, high” ✧ Ety/RŌ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ > róna[rōna]✧ Ety/RŌ

Doriathrin

radhon

noun. east

A Doriathrin word for “east”, derived from the root ᴹ√RAD “back, return” (Ety/RAD). It could have developed from primitive forms like ✱✶radon or ✱✶radn(ǝ), with -on developing in the second example because [[ilk|[o] developed between a consonant and a final [n]]] in Ilkorin. As noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Doriathrin/radhon), the sense “east” probably developed from the meaning “back” because the Elves thought of themselves as facing West when marking directions, so that East was behind them.

Derivations

  • ᴹ√RAD “back, return” ✧ Ety/RAD

Element in

  • Ilk. Radhrim “East-march” ✧ Ety/RAD
  • Ilk. Radhrost “East Vale” ✧ Ety/RAD

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√RAD > radhon[radon] > [raðon]✧ Ety/RAD
Doriathrin [Ety/RAD] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Old Noldorin 

rōna

noun. east

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. róna “east” ✧ Ety/RŌ

Derivations

  • ᴹ√RŌ/ORO “rise, up, high” ✧ Ety/RŌ

Derivatives

  • N. rhûn “east, eastern; †rising” ✧ Ety/RŌ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ > rōna[rōna]✧ Ety/RŌ

Variations

  • róna ✧ EtyAC/RŌ
Old Noldorin [Ety/RŌ; EtyAC/RŌ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

srō

root. east

A root appearing in a rejected page of roots from the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s (PE22/127), possibly as a variant of √RŌ/ORO that Tolkien introduced to explain S. rhûn “east” after he decided initial r- did not become rh- in Noldorin/Sindarin; see the entry on S. rhûn for discussion.

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. orro- “to rise (from ground)” ✧ PE22/127
  • ᴹQ. orro “up in the air, on high” ✧ PE22/127
Middle Primitive Elvish [PE22/127] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

to

proper name. To

Cognates

  • Eq. Tombo “Gong (of the Children)” ✧ PE15/07