Quenya 

pen

without, not having

[pen prep. "without, not having" (PE17:171). Cf. Ú #1.]

pen

preposition. without, not having

Derivations

  • PEN “lack, be without, have not” ✧ PE17/171

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
PEN > pen[pen]✧ PE17/171

tecil

pen

tecil ("k")noun "pen" (TEK, PM:318, VT47:8)

tecil

noun. pen

Cognates

  • S. tegil “pen” ✧ PM/318; VT47/08

Derivatives

  • S. tegil “pen” ✧ VT47/08

Variations

  • tekil ✧ PM/318; VT47/08
Quenya [PM/318; VT47/08] Group: Eldamo. Published by

penya

lacking, inadequate

penya adj. "lacking, inadequate"; pl. penyë in penyë tengwi "lacking signs", "inadequate signs"; in early Elvish analysis of Quenya the term for vowels with no preceding consonant, held (in many cases incorrectly) to have lost such a consonant (VT39:6, 8)

-enca

without, -less

-enca suffix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. nec-, q.v.

quén

one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman

quén (quen-, as in pl. queni; as final element in compounds -quen) noun "one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman", pl. queni = "persons", "(some) people", "they" with the most general meaning (as in "they [= people in general] say that..."). The element is combined with noun and adjective stems in old compounds to denote habitual occupations or functions, or to describe those having some notable (permanent) quality; examples include roquen, ciryaquen, arquen, q.v. Also in aiquen "whoever", ilquen "everybody" (WJ:361 cf. 360, 372).

er

one, alone

er cardinal "one, alone" (ERE, VT48:6, VT49:54), in an early source also adv. "only, but, still" (LT1:269); Eru er "one God" (VT44:17; er was here emended by Tolkien from erëa, which seems to be an adjectival form *"one, single".)

ve

pronoun. us (inclusive)

Derivations

  • we “we, us (inclusive)” ✧ PE17/130; PE17/130; VT49/50
    • ñwe “1 pl. inclusive base” ✧ VT48/10; VT48/10
    • me “1st-pl-exclusive pronoun” ✧ VT48/10

Element in

  • Q. hrívë úva véna “winter is drawing near (to us)” ✧ PE22/167; VT49/14
  • Q. inwë “ourselves (inclusive)”
  • ᴺQ. venya “ours (inclusive)”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
wē̆ > vē̆[wē] > [βē] > [vē]✧ PE17/130
wi > vi[wi] > [βi] > [vi]✧ PE17/130

Variations

  • vē̆ ✧ PE17/130
  • vi ✧ PE17/130
  • ✧ VT49/51
Quenya [PE17/130; PE22/167; VT49/14; VT49/51] Group: Eldamo. Published by

a

cardinal. one

Quenya [PE 22:94; PE 22:124f] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

erëa

cardinal. one

erëa adj.? "one" or *"single", apparently an adjectival form (see er) (VT44:17)

lér

man

**lér noun "man" (NI1; hypothetical Q form of PQ dēr; the form actually used in Quenya was nér)

min

cardinal. one

min numeral "one", also minë (VT45:34, VT48:6)

min

cardinal. one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first

Cognates

  • S. min “one, one, [G.] single” ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06
  • T. min “one” ✧ VT48/06

Derivations

  • min “one”
    • MIN “one, first of a series, one, first of a series; [ᴹ√] stand alone, stick out”

Element in

Quenya [PE17/095; VT48/06] Group: Eldamo. Published by

minë

cardinal. one

minë numeral "one", also min (MINI, VT45:34)

mir

cardinal. one

mir (2) cardinal "one" (LT1:260; in LotR-style Quenya rather minë)

nér

man

nér (1) (ner-, as in pl. neri) noun "man" (adult male elf, mortal, or of other speaking race) (MR:213, VT49:17, DER, NDER, NI1, VT45:9; see also WJ:393)

nér

noun. man

Quenya [PE 22:124] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

ter

through

ter (1), also terë, prep. "through", "throughout" (Notes on CO, UT:317, TER/TERES, Narqelion, VT44:33, 35, VT49:41, 42). The preposition is used both with spatial and temporal reference: ter i·aldar "through the trees" (Narqelion, cf. VT49:42), ter coivierya "throughout his/her life", ter yénion yéni "through years of years" (VT49:42, VT44:33, 35)

ter

preposition. through

Derivations

  • TER “pierce”

Element in

Quenya [UT/317; VT44/35; VT49/42] Group: Eldamo. Published by

vëo

man

vëo noun "man" (WEG; etymologically connected to vëa "manly, vigorous"; the more neutral word for "man" is nér. According to VT46:21, Tolkien indicated that vëo is an archaic or poetic word.) Tolkien at a later point defined the word as "living creature" (PE17:189). Cf. variant wëo, q.v.

mis

less

mis adverbial particle "less" (PE14:80)

nec-

without, -less

nec- prefix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. -enca, q.v.

nec-

prefix. without

Derivations

  • NEK “divide, separate, part; deprive” ✧ PE17/167

Element in

  • ᴺQ. necermëa “insubstantial, immaterial”
  • ᴺQ. necestel “hopelessness, despair, desperation”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
NEK > nec-[nek-]✧ PE17/167

mo

somebody, one

Quenya [PE 22:154] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

vi

pronoun. us (inclusive)

mo

one, someone, anyone

mo, indefinite pronoun "one, someone, anyone" (VT42:34, VT49:19, 20, 26)

ú

without, destitute of

ú (1) adv. and prep. "without, destitute of" (VT39:14). Usually followed by genitive: ú calo "without light" (cala). In one source, ú is seemingly also used as a negative verb "was not" (VT49:13), but Tolkien revised the text in question.

au-

without

au- (3) privative prefix, = "without" (AWA)

ava-

without

ava- (3) prefix "without" (AR2, AWA). In some cases apparently used as a mere negation prefix: The form avalerya in VT41:6 is seemingly a negated form of the verb lerya- "release, set free"; the verb avalerya- is suggested to have the same meaning as the root KHAP = "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty". Likewise, the verb avalatya- from the same source seems to mean "to close, shut", this being a negated form of a verb *latya- "open" (q.v.)

ampícië

adverb. less

Elements

WordGloss
pic-“to lessen, dwindle, wane”
Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

undo

less

@@@ from Discord challenges Feb 2022

Derivations

  • NŪ/UNU “down, under; go down, sink”
Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

Sindarin 

pen

pronoun. one, somebody, anybody

Usually enclitic and mutated as ben.2

Sindarin [WJ/376] Group: SINDICT. Published by

pen

preposition. without, lacking, -less

Sindarin [Iarwain ben-adar LotR/II:II] Group: SINDICT. Published by

pen

adverb. lacking

adv. lacking, without.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:145] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

pen

preposition/prefix. without, lacking, -less

Derivations

  • PEN “lack, be without, have not” ✧ PE17/173

Element in

  • S. Iarwain Ben-adar “Oldest and Fatherless” ✧ PE17/034; PE17/034; PE17/144; PE17/167
  • S. penbed “not pronouncable” ✧ PE17/145
  • ᴺS. pen-channas “stupid, idiotic, *(lit.) lack-wit”
  • ᴺS. penestel “hopelessness, despair, desperation; hopeless, despairing, desperate”
  • ᴺS. pen-ind “insane, heartless, crazy”
  • S. pennod “without count” ✧ PE17/145
  • S. pennoediad “innumerable” ✧ PE17/145

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
PEN > pen-[pen-]✧ PE17/173

Variations

  • pen- ✧ PE17/034; PE17/173
  • pen ✧ PE17/144; PE17/145
Sindarin [PE17/034; PE17/144; PE17/145; PE17/167; PE17/173] Group: Eldamo. Published by

pen

pronoun. one, somebody, anybody, one, somebody, anybody; [N.] Elf

A Sindarin pronoun with the sense “one, somebody, anybody” appearing in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60, also used as a suffix in words like orodben “mountaineer” and rochben “rider” (WJ/376), originally “✱mountain-person” and “✱horse-person”. It was thus more narrow in scope than its Quenya cognate quén “person”. Hints of this word can be found in other late writings, such as in the final element in Morben (PE17/141; EtyAC/MOR), originally “Dark-elf” but later expanded to include any people who are not among the Celbin “✱Light folk”, which applied to “peoples in alliance in the War against Morgoth” (WJ/377).

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. penn meant “Elf” in the compound N. Morbenn “Dark-elf”, though this word was rejected (EtyAC/MOR). The word N. penn, plural i-phinn “the Elves” also appeared in notes on Ælfwine’s spelling from around 1937-8 (PE22/67). This Noldorin form was thus a cognate of ᴹQ. Qende “Elf”, though elsewhere the usual cognate was N. penedh (Ety/KWEN(ED)); see the entry on S. penedh for further discussion. However, the later Sindarin pronoun/suffix “had no special association with Elves” (WJ/376).

Cognates

  • Q. quén “person, individual, man or woman; one, somebody” ✧ WJ/361

Derivations

  • kwende “speaker, elf” ✧ PE17/141
    • KWENED “spoken, articulate, spoken, articulate; [ᴹ√] Elf” ✧ PE17/137
    • KWEN “speak with rational words” ✧ PE19/093
      • KWE “vocal speech” ✧ WJ/392
    • KWEN “speak with rational words” ✧ PE17/140; WJ/360
    • KWE “vocal speech” ✧ WJ/392
  • kwēn “person, one, (some)body” ✧ WJ/360
    • KWEN “speak with rational words” ✧ WJ/360; WJ/392
    • KWE “vocal speech” ✧ WJ/392
  • KWEN “speak with rational words” ✧ WJ/376
    • KWE “vocal speech” ✧ WJ/392

Element in

  • ᴺS. alphen “no one, nobody”
  • ᴺS. alben “no one”
  • S. arphen “noble, knight” ✧ WJ/376
  • S. Calben “*Light One” ✧ WJ/362; WJ/376
  • ᴺS. ilphen “everyone”
  • S. Morben “*Dark-folk” ✧ PE17/141; WJ/362; WJ/376
  • ᴺS. narphen “character [of a story]”
  • S. orodben “mountaineer, one living in the mountains” ✧ WJ/376
  • S. pengolodh “teaching sage, doctor (of lore), teacher of lore, teaching sage, doctor (of lore), *professor”
  • S. rochben “rider” ✧ WJ/376
  • ᴺS. úben “nobody, no one”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
kwenedē > pen-[-kwende] > [-pende] > [-pend] > [-penn] > [-pen]✧ PE17/141
kwēn > pen[kwene] > [pene] > [pen]✧ WJ/360
KWEN > pen[kwene] > [pene] > [pen]✧ WJ/376

Variations

  • pen- ✧ PE17/141
  • pen ✧ WJ/362; WJ/376
Sindarin [PE17/141; WJ/362; WJ/376] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tegil

noun. pen

Sindarized form of Quenya tekil, not known to the Sindar until the coming of the Ñoldor (but see however tegol for a possible dialectal variant)

Sindarin [PM/318] Q tekil. Group: SINDICT. Published by

tegil

noun. pen

Cognates

  • Q. tecil “pen” ✧ PM/318; VT47/08

Derivations

  • Q. tecil “pen” ✧ VT47/08

Element in

  • S. Findegil “King’s Writer”
  • S. Tegilbor “*Pen-fist” ✧ PM/318; VT47/08

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
Q. tekil > tegil[tekil] > [tegil]✧ VT47/08
Sindarin [PM/318; VT47/08] Group: Eldamo. Published by

pen-

without

(ben-) _ pref. _without,**less. pen-adar 'fatherless'. >> ben-, ú-

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:34:144] < PENE lack. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

adanath

noun. men

Sindarin [MR/373] Group: SINDICT. Published by

dîr

noun. man, man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix

A word for “man” as a male person, attested only as an element in compounds or as (archaic?) ndir (PE17/60). This word likely refers to male individuals of all races including Elves, Men, Dwarves and so forth, much like its Quenya cognate Q. nér. This word must have been derived from the primitive subjective form ✶ndēr of the root √N(D)ER “male person”, where the ancient long ē became ī, and the initial cluster nd- became d-, though the ancient cluster would still be reflected in mutated forms, such as in i nîr “the man” rather than ✱✱i dhîr.

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor to this word is (archaic) G. †drio “hero, warrior” with variants driw, driodweg and driothweg, a cognate of ᴱQ. nēr (GL/22). This Gnomish word was derived from primitive ᴱ✶n’reu̯, where the initial nr- became dr-. At this early stage, the root was unstrengthened ᴱ√NERE (QL/65), as reflected in (archaic) ᴱN. nîr “hero, prince, warrior-elf” in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s (PE13/164).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root became ᴹ√DER “adult male, man” of any speaking race and the derived form was N. dîr (Ety/DER). However, in this document Tolkien said:

> EN †dîr surviving chiefly in proper names (as Diriel older Dirghel [GYEL], Haldir, Brandir) and as agental ending (as ceredir “doer, maker”) ... In ordinary use EN has benn [for “man”] (properly = “husband”).

Thus in the scenario described in The Etymologies, dîr “man” was archaic and used only as an element in names or as a suffix. In ordinary speech it was replaced by N. benn, which used to mean “husband” but now meant “man”, while the word for “husband” became N. hervenn (Ety/BES). It is unlikely Tolkien imagined this exact scenario in later Sindarin, however, since the 1930s root for benn was ᴹ√BES “wed”, but by the 1960s the root for husband/wife/marry words had become √BER.

Neo-Sindarin: Since the status of N. benn is questionable given ᴹ√BES >> √BER, many Neo-Sindarin writers prefer to use S. ✱dîr as the Sindarin word for man. I am of the opinion that both dîr and benn are acceptable for “man, male person”. This is because I prefer to retain ᴹ√BES as the root for “marry, wed”, since it is the best basis for attested husband/wife words in (Neo) Sindarin.

Derivations

Element in

Variations

  • ndir ✧ PE17/060
Sindarin [PE17/060] Group: Eldamo. Published by

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

Sindarin [Ety/373, VT/42:24-25, VT/48:6] Group: SINDICT. Published by

min

cardinal. one, one, [G.] single

Cognates

  • Q. min “one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first” ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06

Element in

  • S. Miniel “Vanyar”
  • S. minlamad “?alliteration, (lit.) first-echoing”
  • S. minui “first” ✧ VT42/25
  • S. minuial “(dawn) twilight”

Variations

  • min ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06
  • mîn ✧ VT42/25
Sindarin [PE17/095; VT42/25; VT48/06] Group: Eldamo. Published by

adan

noun. man, one of the Second People (elvish name for men)

Sindarin [LotR/A(v), S/427, PM/324, WJ/387, Letters/282] Q. atan. Group: SINDICT. Published by

mîn

fraction. one (first of a series)

Sindarin [Ety/373, VT/42:24-25, VT/48:6] Group: SINDICT. Published by

godref

adverb. through together

Sindarin [TAI/150] go-+tre-+be, OS *wotrebe, CE *wo-tere-be (?). Group: SINDICT. Published by

Dúnadan

noun. Man of the west, Númenórean

Sindarin [LotR/I:XII, WJ/378, S/390] dûn+adan. Group: SINDICT. Published by

adanadar

noun. man, one of the Fathers of Men

Sindarin [MR/373] adan+adar. Group: SINDICT. Published by

drúadan

noun. wild man, one of the Woses

Sindarin [UT/385] drû+adan. Group: SINDICT. Published by

drû

noun. wild man, Wose, Púkel-Man

In PE/11:31, an older Gnomish word drû, drui meant "wood, forest", and in PE/13:142, the early Noldorin word drú was assigned the meaning "dark". Drû pl. Drúin later came to be used for the name of the Woses, with other derivatives (Drúadan, etc.). "Wose" is actually the modernization of an Anglo-Saxon word wasa only found in the compound wudu-wasa "wild man of the woods", cf. UT/385 sq. In the drafts of the "Ride of the Rohirrim" in WR/343-346, the Woses first appeared as "the dark men of Eilenach". Though internally said to derive from drughu in their own tongue, Tolkien's choice for the Sindarin name of the Woses was apparently influenced by earlier meanings assigned to this word

Sindarin [UT/385] MS *druγ, Dr druγu. Group: SINDICT. Published by

ar

without

(adv. prefix) ar- (outside)

ar

without

(outside)

trî

through

(prep.) trî ;

trî

through

;

ú

without

(adverbial prefix) ú-, u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad *”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:

ú

without

u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad ✱”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:

pen

cardinal. one

(indefinite pronoun) (= somebody, anybody) pen (WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lords Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean *”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of *ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

pen

one

(WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lord’s Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean ✱”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of ✱ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

pen

without

1) pen (lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited. 2)

pen

without

(lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited.

pen

less

S pen (lenited ben) (without, lacking) (WJ:375) The phrase ben-adar ”without father, fatherless” is treated as an adjective and lenited following a noun (Iarwain ben-adar, Iarwain the Fatherless or Iarwain without father). Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”.

pen

less

(lenited ben) (without, lacking) (WJ:375) The phrase ben-adar ”without father, fatherless” is treated as an adjective and lenited following a noun (Iarwain ben-adar, Iarwain the Fatherless or Iarwain without father).  Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”.

pen

somebody

pen (one, anybody) (WJ:376); lenited ben

pen

somebody

(one, anybody) (WJ:376); lenited ben

pen

lacking

(lenited ben) (without, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”.

pen

anybody

pen (one, somebody) (WJ:376); lenited ben

pen

anybody

(one, somebody) (WJ:376); lenited ben

pen

pronoun. us (inclusive)

Elements

WordGloss
pe“we (inclusive)”
Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

tegil

pen

tegil (i degil, o thegil), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thegil) (PM:318). Also (at least in ”Noldorin”) tegol (i degol, o thegol), analogical pl. tegyl (i thegyl)

tegil

pen

(i degil, o thegil), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thegil) (PM:318). Also (at least in ”Noldorin”) tegol (i degol, o thegol), analogical pl. tegyl (i thegyl)

gwen

pronoun. us (inclusive)

Elements

WordGloss
gwe“we (inclusive)”
Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

eru

the one

isolated from

adan

man

(pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.

dîr

man

1) (adult male of any speaking race) dîr (dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”. 2) (mortal human as opposed to Elf) Adan (pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.

dîr

man

(dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”.

min

cardinal. one

1) (number ”one” as the first in a series) min, mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 2) (number) êr, whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone); 3)

Sindarin [Parviphith] Published by

min

one

mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”.

tre

through

(adverbial prefix, sometimes = ”completely”) tre-, tri-. For an example of this prefix, see TELL TO END.

tre

through

tri-. For an example of this prefix, see

êr

one

whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone)

firion

mortal man

(pl. firyn).

rhavan

wild man

(?i thravan or ?i ravanthe lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhevain (?idh revain) (WJ:219). – The following terms apparently apply to ”men” of any speaking race:

thalion

dauntless man

(hero), pl. thelyn. Also used as an adj. ”dauntless, steadfast, strong”. 

curunír

man of craft

(i gurunír, o churunír) (wizard), no distinct pl. form except with article (i churunír), coll. pl. ?curuníriath.

dúnadan

man of the west

(i Núnadan), pl. Dúnedain (i Ndúnedain) (WJ:378, 386).

bôr

trusty man

(boron-) (i vôr, construct bor) (steadfast man, faithful vassal), pl. *b**ŷr* for older beryn, i meryn (archaic böryn, i möryn). In ”Noldorin”, the older pl. forms were berein, beren.

Telerin 

pen

noun. man, *somebody, *someone

Cognates

  • Q. quén “person, individual, man or woman; one, somebody” ✧ WJ/361

Derivations

  • kwēn “person, one, (some)body” ✧ WJ/360; WJ/375
    • KWEN “speak with rational words” ✧ WJ/360; WJ/392
    • KWE “vocal speech” ✧ WJ/392

Element in

  • T. arpen “noble (man)” ✧ WJ/375
Telerin [WJ/362; WJ/375] Group: Eldamo. Published by

er

cardinal. one

Cognates

  • Q. er “one, alone, one, alone; [ᴱQ.] only, a single” ✧ VT48/06

min

cardinal. one

Cognates

  • Q. min “one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first” ✧ VT48/06

Nandorin 

beorn

noun. man

The shift of e to eo is strange and has no direct parallels, but compare eo from i in meord "fine rain" (< primitive mizdê). Normally final becomes in Nandorin (see golda), but here it is simply lost instead of producing *beorna. C.f. meord the other word where we might have expected to see a final -a (in that case from ); it may be that final vowels are lost in words that would otherwise come to have more than two syllables. - The shift of primitive s to r in besnô > beorn may be ascribed primarily to the blending with ber(n)ô, but r from z is seen in meord < mizdê; perhaps the s of besnô first became z and then r. Such developments are common in Quenya.

Nandorin [H. Fauskanger (LR:352)] besnô "blend with" ber(n)ô "valiant man, warrior". Published by

Primitive elvish

pen

root. lack, be without, have not

A root appearing in various notes from around 1959-60 with glosses like “lack” (PE17/144), “lack, have not” (PE17/173), and “lack, be without” (WJ/375). The root clearly entered the Eldarin languages to explain the name S. Iarwain Ben-adar “Oldest and Fatherless” of Tom Bombadil (LotR/265), but Tolkien expanded its use from there.

Derivatives

  • Q. pen “without, not having” ✧ PE17/171
  • Q. pen- “not to have, not to have, *to lack” ✧ PE17/173
  • Q. penna “lacking; vowel”
  • ᴺQ. penno “poor man”
  • ᴺQ. penta- “to lose”
  • Q. penya “lacking, inadequate, lacking, inadequate; *poor”
  • S. pen- “to have not” ✧ PE17/144; PE17/171; PE17/173
  • S. pen “without, lacking, -less” ✧ PE17/173

Variations

  • PENE ✧ PE17/144; PE17/173
Primitive elvish [PE17/144; PE17/171; PE17/173; WJ/375; WJ/408] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tekma

noun. pen

Variations

  • ✧ PE17/044
Primitive elvish [PE17/044] Group: Eldamo. Published by

imin

masculine name. One

Element in

Primitive elvish [NM/055; NM/060; WJ/380; WJ/421; WJI/Imin] Group: Eldamo. Published by

min

cardinal. one

Derivations

  • MIN “one, first of a series, one, first of a series; [ᴹ√] stand alone, stick out”

Derivatives

  • Q. min “one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first”

Element in

Variations

  • Min ✧ NM/060
Primitive elvish [NM/060; WJ/421] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ndē̆r

noun. man

Derivations

  • N(D)ER “male (person), man”

Derivatives

  • S. dîr “man, man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix”
Primitive elvish [PE19/102] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

tegl

noun. pen

It is stated in PM/318 that " tegil was a Sindarized form of Quenya tekil "pen", not known to the Sindar until the coming of the Ñoldor". It must be assumed therefore that tegol was either rejected by Tolkien, or that it may perhaps have been considered as a dialectal variant. For a similar case where both a true Sindarin/Noldorin word and a Sindarized form conceivably coexist, see magol and megil "sword" (it is unlikely that weapons were not known to the Sindar before the coming of the Ñoldor)

Noldorin [Ety/391] Group: SINDICT. Published by

tegol

noun. pen

It is stated in PM/318 that " tegil was a Sindarized form of Quenya tekil "pen", not known to the Sindar until the coming of the Ñoldor". It must be assumed therefore that tegol was either rejected by Tolkien, or that it may perhaps have been considered as a dialectal variant. For a similar case where both a true Sindarin/Noldorin word and a Sindarized form conceivably coexist, see magol and megil "sword" (it is unlikely that weapons were not known to the Sindar before the coming of the Ñoldor)

Noldorin [Ety/391] Group: SINDICT. Published by

tegol

noun. pen

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. tekil “pen” ✧ Ety/TEK

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶tekla “pen” ✧ Ety/TEK
    • ᴹ√TEK “write or draw (signs or letters), make a mark” ✧ Ety/TEK

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶tekla > tegl > tegol[tekla] > [tekl] > [tegl] > [tegol]✧ Ety/TEK

benn

noun. man, male

Noldorin [Ety/352, VT/45:9] "husband". Group: SINDICT. Published by

forodrim

noun. Northmen

Noldorin [Ety/392] forod+rim. Group: SINDICT. Published by

forodwaith

noun. Northmen

Noldorin [Ety/382, Ety/398, X/EI] forod+gwaith. Group: SINDICT. Published by

forodweith

noun. Northmen

Noldorin [Ety/382, Ety/398, X/EI] forod+gwaith. Group: SINDICT. Published by

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

Noldorin [Ety/373, VT/42:24-25, VT/48:6] Group: SINDICT. Published by

min

cardinal. one

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. min “one” ✧ Ety/MINI

Derivations

  • ᴹ√MIN “stand alone, stick out” ✧ Ety/MINI

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√MINI > min[mini] > [mine] > [min]✧ Ety/MINI
Noldorin [Ety/MINI] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tre-

prefix. through (but denoting completeness when prefixed to verbs, cf. English idioms like "talk something through")

Noldorin [Ety/392] Group: SINDICT. Published by

tre-

prefix. through

Derivations

  • On. trī “through” ✧ Ety/TER
    • ᴹ√TER “pierce” ✧ Ety/TER

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
On. tre- > tre-/tri[tre-]✧ Ety/TER

Variations

  • tre-/tri ✧ Ety/TER

godrebh

adverb. through together

Noldorin [TAI/150] go-+tre-+be, OS *wotrebe, CE *wo-tere-be (?). Group: SINDICT. Published by

forodwaith

noun. the lands of the North

Noldorin [Ety/382, Ety/398, X/EI] forod+gwaith. Group: SINDICT. Published by

forodweith

noun. the lands of the North

Noldorin [Ety/382, Ety/398, X/EI] forod+gwaith. Group: SINDICT. Published by

dîr

noun. man, referring to an adult male (elf, mortal, or of any other speaking race)

Noldorin [Ety/354, Ety/352] Group: SINDICT. Published by

tri

prefix. through (but denoting completeness when prefixed to verbs, cf. English idioms like "talk something through")

Noldorin [Ety/392] Group: SINDICT. Published by

trî

preposition. through

Noldorin [Ety/392] Group: SINDICT. Published by

trî

preposition. through

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. ter “through” ✧ Ety/TER

Derivations

  • On. trī “through” ✧ Ety/TER
    • ᴹ√TER “pierce” ✧ Ety/TER

Element in

  • N. godrebh “abreast; *together-through”
  • N. tre- “through” ✧ Ety/TER
  • N. trenarn “account, tale” ✧ Ety/NAR²

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
On. trī > trī[trī]✧ Ety/TER

Variations

  • trī ✧ Ety/TER
Noldorin [Ety/NAR²; Ety/TER; EtyAC/TER] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Edain

bar

noun. man

Element in

  • Ed. halbar “chieftain” ✧ WJ/238

Qenya 

tekil

noun. pen

Cognates

  • N. tegol “pen” ✧ Ety/TEK

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶tekla “pen” ✧ Ety/TEK
    • ᴹ√TEK “write or draw (signs or letters), make a mark” ✧ Ety/TEK

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶tekla > tekil[tekla] > [tekl] > [tekil]✧ Ety/TEK

atan

noun. Man

Element in

min

cardinal. one

Cognates

  • N. min “one” ✧ Ety/MINI

Derivations

  • ᴹ√MIN “stand alone, stick out” ✧ Ety/MINI

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√MINI > mine[mine]✧ Ety/MINI
ᴹ√MINI > min[min]✧ Ety/MINI

Variations

  • mine ✧ Ety/MINI
Qenya [Ety/MINI; EtyAC/MINI] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mine

cardinal. one

ter

preposition. through

Cognates

  • N. trî “through” ✧ Ety/TER

Derivations

  • ᴹ√TER “pierce” ✧ Ety/TER

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√TER > tere[tere]✧ Ety/TER

Variations

  • tere ✧ Ety/TER

veo

noun. man

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶wegō “man; warrior” ✧ Ety/WEG
    • ᴹ√WEG “(manly) vigour” ✧ Ety/ING; Ety/WEG

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶wegō > veo[wegō] > [weɣō] > [weo] > [veo]✧ Ety/WEG
Qenya [Ety/WEG; EtyAC/WEG] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tere

preposition. through

au-

prefix. without

ava-

prefix. without

Derivations

  • ᴹ√AWA “away, forth; out” ✧ Ety/AR²; Ety/AWA

Element in

  • ᴺQ. avamarwa “homeless”
  • ᴹQ. avanóte “without number, numberless” ✧ Ety/AR²; Ety/AWA
  • ᴹQ. avaqet- “to refuse, forbid”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√AWA > ava-[awa-] > [ava-]✧ Ety/AWA

Variations

  • au- ✧ Ety/AWA
Qenya [Ety/AR²; Ety/AWA] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Doriathrin

er Reconstructed

cardinal. one

The Ilkorin word for “one” attested only in the name Ermabuin or Ermab(r)in “One-handed” (Ety/MAP).

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. er “one, alone”

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ER “be alone, deprived”

Element in

Ossriandric

beorn

noun. man

A noun for “man” that developed from the blending of primitive ᴹ✶besnō “man” and ᴹ✶berō “valiant man, warrior” > ber(n)ō (Ety/BER, BES). The simplest explanation is that ᴹ✶besnō > beznō > bernō, where first the [[dan|[s] voiced to [z] before the nasal [n]]] and then the resulting [[dan|[z] becoming [r]]]. The similarity of this word to ᴹ✶berō could have led it to develop into ber(n)ō as well. From there, the [[dan|[e] broke into the diphthong [eo] before the liquid [r]]] and then the final vowel vanished.

Cognates

  • Ilk. ber “valiant man, warrior” ✧ Ety/BER
  • ᴹQ. venno “husband” ✧ Ety/BES

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶berō “valiant man, warrior” ✧ Ety/BES
    • ᴹ√BER “valiant” ✧ Ety/BER; Ety/BES
  • ᴹ✶besnō “husband” ✧ Ety/BES
    • ᴹ√BES “wed” ✧ Ety/BER; Ety/BES

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶ber(n)ō > beorn[bernō] > [beornō] > [beorn]✧ Ety/BES
ᴹ✶besnō > beorn[besnō] > [beznō] > [bernō] > [beornō] > [beorn]✧ Ety/BES
Ossriandric [Ety/BER; Ety/BES] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Old Noldorin 

benno

noun. man

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. venno “husband” ✧ Ety/BES

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶besnō “husband” ✧ Ety/BES
    • ᴹ√BES “wed” ✧ Ety/BER; Ety/BES

Derivatives

  • N. benn “man, male, †husband” ✧ Ety/BES

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶besnō > benno[besnō] > [besno] > [benno]✧ Ety/BES
Old Noldorin [Ety/BES] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tre-

prefix. through

trī

preposition. through

Derivations

  • ᴹ√TER “pierce” ✧ Ety/TER

Derivatives

  • N. tre- “through” ✧ Ety/TER
  • N. trî “through” ✧ Ety/TER

Element in

  • On. trebat- “to traverse” ✧ Ety/BAT
  • On. trenar- “to recount, tell to the end” ✧ Ety/NAR²
  • On. trenārna “account, tale” ✧ Ety/NAR²

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√TER > trī[trē] > [trī]✧ Ety/TER

Variations

  • tre ✧ EtyAC/TER
  • trí ✧ EtyAC/TER
Old Noldorin [Ety/BAT; Ety/NAR²; Ety/TER; EtyAC/TER] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

tekla

noun. pen

Derivations

  • ᴹ√TEK “write or draw (signs or letters), make a mark” ✧ Ety/TEK

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. tekil “pen” ✧ Ety/TEK
  • N. tegol “pen” ✧ Ety/TEK
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/TEK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

pen(ed)

root. *hillside, slope

Changes

  • DENPEN “hillside, slope” ✧ Ety/DEN
  • DENPEN ✧ EtyAC/DAT
  • BENDDEN ✧ EtyAC/DAT

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. penda “sloping down, inclined” ✧ Ety/DEN; Ety/PEN
  • ᴹQ. pende “slope, downslope, declivity” ✧ Ety/DEN; Ety/PEN
  • N. penn “declivity” ✧ Ety/DEN; Ety/PEN

Element in

  • ᴹQ. am(ba)penda “uphill, uphill, *sloping up; [ᴱQ.] arduous, difficult, tiresome” ✧ Ety/AM²
  • N. amben “uphill, uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome” ✧ Ety/AM²
  • N. dadben “downhill, inclined, prone, downhill, inclined, prone; [ᴱN.] (figuratively) easy-going, easy, not arduous” ✧ Ety/DAT; EtyAC/DAT; EtyAC/DAT (daddhenn); EtyAC/DAT (dadvenn)
  • N. pendrath “passage up or down slope, stairway” ✧ Ety/PEN

Variations

  • PEN ✧ Ety/AM²; Ety/DAT; Ety/DEN; Ety/PEN; EtyAC/DAT
  • DEN ✧ Ety/DEN (DEN); EtyAC/DAT (DEN)
  • PÉNED ✧ Ety/PEN
  • BEND ✧ EtyAC/DAT (BEND)
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/AM²; Ety/DAT; Ety/DEN; Ety/PEN; EtyAC/DAT] Group: Eldamo. Published by

dēr

noun. man

Derivations

  • ᴹ√(N)DER “adult male, man; bridegroom” ✧ Ety/NDER; Ety/NĪ¹; PE18/035

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. nér “man, adult male” ✧ Ety/NĪ¹; PE21/69

Element in

Variations

  • der ✧ Ety/NDER
  • dér ✧ EtyAC/NDER
  • nēr ✧ PE18/035
  • der- ✧ PE21/55
  • dēr/dĕr- ✧ PE21/55
  • ndēr ✧ PE21/64
  • nĕrĕ ✧ PE21/69
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/NDER; Ety/NĪ¹; EtyAC/NDER; PE18/035; PE21/55; PE21/58; PE21/60; PE21/64; PE21/65; PE21/69] Group: Eldamo. Published by

al

prefix. without

Derivations

  • ᴹ√LA “no, not; to be not” ✧ Ety/AR²

Derivatives

  • N. al- “no, not”

Element in

  • N. Alchorin “Not-of-Kôr” ✧ Ety/AR²
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/AR²] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

tenc

noun. pen, nib

Derivations

  • ᴱ√TEKE “make marks”

er

adjective. one

Cognates

  • Eq. er “one, only, alone, a single” ✧ GL/32
  • Eq. er “only, but, still” ✧ LT1A/Tol Eressëa

Derivations

  • ᴱ√ERE “remain alone” ✧ LT1A/Tol Eressëa

Element in

  • G. ereg “alone, only” ✧ GL/32
  • G. ereth “solitude, oneness, loneliness” ✧ GL/32; LT1A/Tol Eressëa
  • G. ert “once, once only” ✧ GL/32
  • G. erw “only” ✧ GL/32
  • G. er(e)tha- “to isolate, rob, deprive” ✧ GL/32
  • G. erwed “unique” ✧ GL/32

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√ERE > er[er]✧ LT1A/Tol Eressëa
Gnomish [GL/32; LT1A/Tol Eressëa] Group: Eldamo. Published by

man

masculine name. Man

Changes

  • ManwMan ✧ PE13/104

Cognates

  • Eq. Manwe ✧ GL/18; LT1A/Manwë; PE13/104

Derivations

  • ᴱ√MANA “*good (moral)”

Element in

Variations

  • Manw ✧ PE13/104 (Manw)
Gnomish [GL/18; GL/20; GL/43; GL/56; GL/68; LT1A/Manwë; PE13/104; PE15/26] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-(a)vlid

suffix. less

Cognates

  • Eq. -vilte “-less” ✧ GL/23

Element in

fir

adjective. less

Changes

  • firfîr “less” ✧ GL/35

Element in

  • G. fiont “least” ✧ GL/35 (fiont)

inthi

adverb. less

Changes

  • inthi(r)inthi “less (aj. and adv.)” ✧ GL/51

Derivations

  • ᴱ√INI “small”

Variations

  • inthi(r) ✧ GL/51 (inthi(r))
Gnomish [GL/18; GL/37; GL/51] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Noldorin

tlad

noun. hillside, slope

Derivations

Early Noldorin [PE13/165] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

manga

root. lacking

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “lacking”, with derivatives ᴱQ. mange “lack, want, shortage” and ᴱQ. manka “few” (QL/59). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing, and it may have been replaced by √PEN “lack” in the 1950s and 60s.

Derivatives

  • Eq. manka “few” ✧ QL/059
  • Eq. mange “lack, want, shortage” ✧ QL/059
Early Primitive Elvish [QL/059] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

nekka

noun. pen

Element in

Early Quenya [PE16/133; PE16/146] Group: Eldamo. Published by

pelma

noun. pen

Derivations

  • ᴱ√PELE “fence in” ✧ QL/073

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√PELE¹ > pelma[pelma]✧ QL/073
Early Quenya [QL/073] Group: Eldamo. Published by

pen

preposition. through

Derivations

  • ᴱ√PENE “*through” ✧ QL/073

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√PENE > pen[pen]✧ QL/073
Early Quenya [QL/073] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tenka

noun. pen

Derivations

  • ᴱ√TEKE “make marks” ✧ QL/090

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√TEKE > tenka[teŋkā] > [teŋka]✧ QL/090
Early Quenya [QL/090] Group: Eldamo. Published by

enqe

preposition. without

Variations

  • Enqe ✧ QL/035
Early Quenya [QL/035] Group: Eldamo. Published by

el

adverb/adjective. one

mir

cardinal. one

Cognates

  • G. min “one, single” ✧ LT1A/Minethlos

Derivations

  • ᴱ√ “*one” ✧ LT1A/Minethlos; QL/061

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√MĪ¹ > mir[mir]✧ QL/061
Early Quenya [LT1A/Minethlos; PME/061; QL/061] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ter

preposition. through

Derivations

  • ᴱ√TEÐE “pierce, boring”

Element in

Early Quenya [PE16/062; PE16/072; VT40/08] Group: Eldamo. Published by