osco

cardinal. seven

otos

cardinal. seven

otso

cardinal. seven

otso cardinal "seven" (SA:sîr, OT/OTOS/OTOK, VT48:6); otsëa ordinal "seventh" (VT42:25)

otso

cardinal. seven

Changes

• otso → otos ✧ PE17/095
• oxo → otso ✧ VT47/42

Cognates

• S. odog “seven” ✧ PE17/095; SA/sîr; VT47/42; VT47/42; VT48/06
• T. otos “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42; VT48/06

Derivations

• √OTOS/OTOK “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42; VT47/42

Element in

• ᴺQ. otoquain “seventy”
• ᴺQ. otoquëan “seventy”
• Q. otoquë “seventeen”
• Q. o(to)sta “one seventh”
• Q. otsëa “seventh”
• ᴺQ. otsola “(seven-day) week”
• ᴺQ. otsollumë “seven times”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√otok > osko	[otoko] > [otko] > [oθko] > [osko]	✧ VT47/42
√otok > otko > osko > oxo	[otoko] > [otko] > [oθko] > [osko] > [okso]	✧ VT47/42
√otos > otso	[otso]	✧ VT47/42

Variations

• otos ✧ PE17/095
• osko ✧ VT47/42
• oxo ✧ VT47/42 (oxo)

otsëa

seventh

otsëa ordinal "seventh" (VT42:25). See otso.

otsëa

ordinal. seventh

Cognates

• S. othui “seventh” ✧ VT42/25
• T. ototya “seventh” ✧ VT42/25

Derivations

• ✶otsōyā “seventh” ✧ VT42/25

Elements

Word	Gloss
otso	“seven”
-ëa	“ordinal suffix”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶otsōyā > otsea	[otsōjā] > [otsoia] > [otsea]	✧ VT42/25

Variations

• otsea ✧ VT42/25

odothui

ordinal. seventh

odothui

ordinal. seventh

othui

ordinal. seventh

othui

ordinal. seventh

Cognates

• Q. otsëa “seventh” ✧ VT42/25
• T. ototya “seventh” ✧ VT47/42

Derivations

• ✶otsōyā “seventh” ✧ VT42/25

Elements

Word	Gloss
odog	“seven”
-ui	“-ful, having quality, adjective suffix; possibility, suitability [as verbal suffix], *-able”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶otsōyā > othui	[otsōjā] > [otsōja] > [oθθōja] > [oθθōia] > [oθθuia] > [oθθui] > [oθui]	✧ VT42/25

Variations

• odothui ✧ VT42/25
• ochui ✧ VT47/42

ochui

ordinal. seventh

ochui

ordinal. seventh

odo

cardinal. seven

odo

cardinal. seven

odog

cardinal. seven

odog

cardinal. seven

Cognates

• Q. otso “seven” ✧ PE17/095; SA/sîr; VT47/42; VT47/42; VT48/06

Derivations

• ✶otoso “seven” ✧ RC/384; VT42/25
  • √OTOS/OTOK “seven” ✧ VT42/24
• √OTOS/OTOK “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42

Element in

• S. linnod “type of poetic meter, (lit.) ?seven-chant”
• ᴺS. odophaen “seventy”
• ᴺS. odobaen “seventy”
• S. othui “seventh” ✧ VT42/25
• ᴺS. paenodog “seventeen”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶Otos > odo-	[otoso] > [otoho] > [otoh] > [odoh] > [odo]	✧ RC/384
✶otoso > odo	[otoso] > [otoho] > [otoh] > [odoh] > [odo]	✧ VT42/25
√otok > odog	[otoko] > [otok] > [odok] > [odog]	✧ VT47/42
√otok > odog	[otoko] > [otok] > [odok] > [odog]	✧ VT47/42

Variations

• odo- ✧ RC/384
• odo ✧ SA/sîr; VT42/25; VT42/31 (odo)
• odo(g) ✧ VT48/06

odothui

seventh

odothui, othui, also ochui (VT47:42)

odothui

seventh

othui, also ochui (VT47:42)

odog

cardinal. seven

odog (also odo in Doriathrin Sindarin).

odog

seven

(also odo in Doriathrin Sindarin).

otos

cardinal. seven

Changes

• otok(o) → otos(o) “seven” ✧ VT47/42

Cognates

• Q. otso “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42; VT48/06

Derivations

• √OTOS/OTOK “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42

Variations

• otok(o) ✧ VT47/42 (otok(o))
• otos(o) ✧ VT47/42
• okko ✧ VT47/42
• osko ✧ VT47/42

ototya

ordinal. seventh

Changes

• otosya → ototya ✧ VT42/25

Cognates

• S. othui “seventh” ✧ VT47/42
• Q. otsëa “seventh” ✧ VT42/25

Variations

• otosya ✧ VT42/31 (otosya)

hazad

noun. seven

A number translated as “seven”, appearing in the form hazad in the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/247), but in the form hazid in Lowdham’s Report (SD/427-8). Helge Fauskanger suggested (AL/Adûnaic) it may be related to the dwarvish word Khazâd “Dwarves”, who were divided into seven houses.

Element in

• Ad. balîk hazad an-Nimruzîr azûlada “seven ships of Elendil [went] eastward” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. gimlî hazid “seven (of) stars” ✧ SD/427; SD/428

Variations

• hazid ✧ SD/427; SD/428

otoso

ordinal. seven

Derivations

• √OTOS/OTOK “seven” ✧ VT42/24

Derivatives

• S. odog “seven” ✧ RC/384; VT42/25

Element in

• ✶otsōyā “seventh” ✧ VT42/25
• S. Ossir “Seven-rivers” ✧ RC/384
• S. Ossiriand “Land of Seven Rivers”

Variations

• Otos ✧ RC/384

otsōyā

ordinal. seventh

Derivatives

• Q. otsëa “seventh” ✧ VT42/25
• S. othui “seventh” ✧ VT42/25

Variations

• otsoia ✧ VT42/26

otos/otok

root. seven

Tolkien used similar Elvish words for “seven” for much of his life. The earliest derivation for this number appears in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where ᴱQ. otso “seven” is given under the root ᴱ√OTO “knock”, though the etymological relationship is unclear and Tolkien marked ᴱQ. otso with a “?”; the root also has the derivatives ᴱQ. otoke “beating of breasts, wailing” and ᴱQ. otto- “knock” (QL/71). G. odin “seven” from the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon is probably related (GL/62).

The “knock” sense may have lived on in roots like ᴹ√TON, ᴹ√TAM and √TOM (PE22/103; Ety/TAM; PE17/138), but in The Etymologies of the 1930s, words for “seven” were derived from the root ᴹ√OT with two distinct extensions ᴹ√OTOS and ᴹ√OTOK, producing respectively ᴹQ. otso and N. odog “seven” (Ety/OT). This primitive otos/otok variation reappeared in Tolkien’s writings on Elvish Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s (VT47/42; VT48/6), though at various points Tolkien considered deriving the Quenya word from ✶otok (VT47/42) and the Sindarin word from ✶otos (RC/384; VT42/25). In his later writings, Tolkien seems to have favored ✶otos as the “true” ancient root for seven, explaining S. odog as variant produced by analogy with other forms like eneg “six” after the final s was lost (VT42/25, 31 note #61).

Derivatives

• ✶otoso “seven” ✧ VT42/24
  • S. odog “seven” ✧ RC/384; VT42/25
• Q. otso “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42; VT47/42
• S. odog “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42
• ᴺS. odob “seventeen”
• ᴺS. odoph “seventeen”
• T. otos “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42

Variations

• ot-os ✧ VT42/24; VT48/10
• otos ✧ VT47/12; VT47/15; VT47/16; VT47/16; VT47/42
• otok ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42 (otok)

odothui

place name. Seventh

@@@

Elements

Word	Gloss
odog	“seven”
-ui	“adjective suffix”

odotheg

place name. Seventh

Changes

• Odotheg → Odothui “Seventh” ✧ TI/312
• Odotheg → Odothui “Seventh” ✧ TII/Odothui
• Odotheg → Odothui “Seventh” ✧ WR/437
• Odotheg → Odothui “Seventh” ✧ WRI/Odothui

Elements

Word	Gloss
odog	“seven”
-eg	“suffix for ordinal numbers”

odog

cardinal. seven

odog

cardinal. seven

Cognates

• ᴹQ. otso “seven” ✧ Ety/OT

Derivations

• ᴹ√OT/OTOS/OTOK “seven” ✧ Ety/OT

Element in

• N. Edegil “Seven Stars” ✧ Ety/OT
• N. Odothui “Seventh”
• N. Odotheg “Seventh”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√OT/OTOS/OTOK > odog	[otoko] > [otok] > [odok] > [odog]	✧ Ety/OT