nac-
verb. to hew, cut, to hew, cut; [ᴹQ.] to kill, slay; to hate
Cognates
- S. dag- “to slay, to slay, [ᴱN.] kill”
Derivations
- √NDAK “hew, slay, slay; hew” ✧ PE22/156; VT49/24
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √NDAK > nakin [ndakin] > [nakin] ✧ PE22/156 √ndak- > nakin [ndakin] > [nakin] ✧ VT49/24 Variations
- nak- ✧ PE22/133
sal-
verb. ?
canta-
verb. ?
Derivations
- √KAN “cry aloud; (Q. only) command; lead, rule, cry aloud; (Q. only) command; lead, rule; [ᴹ√] dare”
firta-
verb. to kill
Derivations
- √PHIR “exhale, expire, breathe out, exhale, expire, breathe out; [ᴹ√] die of natural causes”
en
?. ?
Element in
- S. i·Veleglind i eithro en estar i·Chîn Húrin “*the Great Song that is also called the Children of Húrin” ✧ VT50/13
Variations
- en ✧ VT50/13
dha
?. ?
Changes
no→ đa ✧ PE22/165Element in
- S. inn dha v’im “I have a good mind (to do so), (lit.) there is an ‘inn’ in me” ✧ PE22/165
Variations
- đa ✧ PE22/165
- no ✧ PE22/165 (
no)
ingildon
place name. ?
Changes
- Ingildon → Barad Nimras ✧ WJI/Barad Nimras
- Ingildon → Barad Nimras ✧ WJI/Ingildon
nag-
verb. to bite, to bite; [G.] to chew, gnaw
A verb for “bite” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√NAK of the same meaning (Ety/NAK).
Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, G. nag- was glossed “chew, gnaw” and there was a separate verb G. nactha- for “bite” (GL/59). Both were clearly based on the early root ᴱ√NAKA “bite” (QL/64).
Neo-Sindarin: I’d limit the verb nag- to “bite” for purposes of Neo-Sinarin, and for “gnaw, chew” I’d use a neologism ᴺS. nadh- from the root ᴹ√NYAD “gnaw”.
Cognates
- ᴹQ. nak- “to bite” ✧ Ety/NAK
Derivations
- ᴹ√NAK “bite” ✧ Ety/NAK
Element in
- ᴺS. nagnel “incisor (tooth)”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√NAK > nag- [nak-] > [nag-] ✧ Ety/NAK
drava-
verb. to hew
Derivations
- ᴹ√DARAM “beat, hew, beat, hew; [ᴱ√] batter, thud” ✧ Ety/DARÁM
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√DARÁM > dravo [daráma-] > [drama-] > [drava-] ✧ Ety/DARÁM
Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!
bel
place name. ?
Element in
- S. Belfalas “Shore of Bel” ✧ RC/018; UT/247; VT42/15
- S. Côf Gwaeren Bel “Windy Bay of Bel” ✧ VT42/15
Variations
- bel ✧ RC/018 (S. bel)
- Bel- ✧ UT/247
nak
root. ?
An otherwise unexplained root that Tolkien used to illustrate the processes of Primitive Adûnaic word formation (SD/422-3). It may have no real meaning. Even if it were, certainly only a few of its derivatives could be real words in Classical Adûnaic.
Variations
- NAK- ✧ SD/422
asad
root. ?
An otherwise unexplained root Tolkien gave to illustrate a pronunciation example (SD/421). It may not be a real root. If it is real, it is either a biconsonantal-root with vowel-prefixion or a triconsonantal-root with a lost initial consonant such as [ɣ] or [ʔ].
Derivatives
- Ad. asdi “[unglossed]” ✧ SD/421
sapad
root. ?
An otherwise unexplained root Tolkien gave to illustrate a pronunciation example. It may not be a real root.
Derivatives
- Ad. sapda “[unglossed]” ✧ SD/421
nak-
verb. to bite
A verb for “bite” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√NAK of the same meaning (Ety/NAK).
Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. naka- “bite” dates back to the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s, already based on ᴱ√NAKA “bite” (QL/64; PME/64).
Cognates
- N. nag- “to bite, to bite; [G.] to chew, gnaw” ✧ Ety/NAK
Derivations
- ᴹ√NAK “bite” ✧ Ety/NAK
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√NAK > nak- [nak-] ✧ Ety/NAK Variations
- nak- ✧ Ety/NAK
nak-
verb. to kill, slay; to hate
Cognates
- N. dag- “to slay”
Derivations
Element in
- ᴹQ. ella nakie nye mólome “it is hard work for you to kill me” ✧ PE22/120
- ᴹQ. ha mólome a·ndake poldórear “it is hard work to kill the strong” ✧ PE22/123
- ᴹQ. ha mólome le·nakin(ye) “it is hard work for you to kill me” ✧ PE22/120
- ᴹQ. me·nakilti “we hate them” ✧ PE22/112
- ᴹQ. me·ndakilti “we hate them” ✧ PE22/112
- ᴹQ. mólome nakin(ye) “hard work kills me” ✧ PE22/120
- ᴹQ.
nakuvan tye uvana néra“I will slay thee, wicked man” ✧ PE21/65- ᴹQ. nandakka- “[unglossed]”
- ᴹQ. (ye) mólome nakie·nye “(it is) hard work to kill me” ✧ PE22/120
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶ndăkŭbā̆nyē > nakuvan [ndakuban] > [ndakuβan] > [nakuβan] > [nakuvan] ✧ PE21/65 ᴹ√NDAK- > nake [ndaki] > [ndake] > [nake] ✧ PE22/112
karpa
root. ?
Derivatives
Variations
- karpa ✧ PE18/066
a-
prefix. ?
Element in
Variations
- a· ✧ GL/17
pelectha-
verb. to hew
Cognates
- Eq. pelekta- “to hew” ✧ LT2A/Peleg
Element in
- G. Pelecthon ✧ LT2A/Peleg
flig-
verb. to hew
Changes
flinci→ flinchi ✧ GL/35Derivations
- ᴱ√FḶKḶ “cleave, hew”
Variations
- flinci ✧ GL/35 (
flinci)
hanach
?. ?
Element in
- En. Damrod dir hanach dalath benn “Damrod (a hunter) through the vale down the mountain slopes” ✧ MC/217
naka-
verb. to bite
Cognates
- G. nag- “to chew, gnaw”
Derivations
- ᴱ√NAKA “bite” ✧ QL/064
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴱ√NAKA > naka- [naka-] ✧ QL/064
maktya-
verb. to kill
A verb for “kill” in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s, a causative form of ᴱQ. maka- “die” (PE14/58).
Variations
- maktya ✧ PE14/058
pelekta-
verb. to hew
Cognates
- G. pelectha- “to hew” ✧ LT2A/Peleg
@@@ In VT50/13 Carl Hostetter suggested this might be an indicative passive voice marker en, vs. subjunctive passive voice marker aen.