carma

noun. deed

carma

tool, weapon

carma (1) noun "tool, weapon" (PE17:114)

carma

noun. tool, implement, means

carma

helm

carma (2) noun "helm" (helmet) in Carma-cundo ("k") "Helm-guardian" (PM:260). Notice that in PE17:114, Tolkien indicated that he rather wanted carma to mean "tool" or "weapon", leaving the status of carma "helmet" uncertain. Possibly shortened to -car in the names Eldacar (Elfhelm?), Hallacar (Tall-helm?) Cf. also cassa in Etym.

carma

noun. helm

Derivations

• ✶kasma “?helm” ✧ PE17/114; PE17/114; PE17/114
  • √KAS “head” ✧ PE17/114

Element in

• Q. Carma-cundo “Helm-guardian” ✧ PM/260
• Q. Eldacar “Elfhelm” ✧ PE17/114
• Q. Hallacar “*Tall Helm”
• Q. Valacar “*Vala Helm” ✧ PE17/114

Elements

Word	Gloss
cas	“head, head, [ᴱQ.] top, summit”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶kāsā > -kar	[-kasā] > [-kazā] > [-kaza] > [-kaz] > [-kar]	✧ PE17/114
✶-kāsă > -kas	[-kasa] > [-kas]	✧ PE17/114
✶kasma > kazma > karma	[kasma] > [kazma] > [karma]	✧ PE17/114

Variations

• karma ✧ PE17/114
• Karma ✧ PM/260

carma

noun. tool, implement, means, weapon

Cognates

• ᴺS. carf “tool, implement, weapon”

Derivations

• √KAR “do, make, build, do, make, build, [ᴹ√] construct” ✧ PE17/114

Element in

• ᴺQ. carmatan “toolsmith”

Elements

Word	Gloss
car-	“to do, make, to do, make, [ᴹQ.] build”
-ma	“instrumental”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KAR > karma	[karma]	✧ PE17/114

Variations

• karma ✧ PE17/114; PE22/152

carda

deed

carda noun "deed" (PE17:51). Cf. car #3. The word may contain the ending -da (q.v.) denoting the result of the corresponding verbal action.

carda

noun. deed

carda

noun. deed

Quenya noun for a “deed”, a combination of the verb car- “to do” and the verbal suffix -da used for the product of an action (PE17/51; PE22/152), thus literally “✱a thing done”.

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor of this word is ᴱQ. karma “shape, fashion; act, deed” in the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s of similar derivation (QL/45). In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the word appeared as ᴹQ. kar (kard-), but this gloss was rejected and replaced by ᴹQ. kar “building” (Ety/KAR). The form karma “deed” also appeared in some later writings, but was rejected (PE22/138).

Cognates

• S. carth “deed”

Elements

Word	Gloss
car-	“to do, make, to do, make, [ᴹQ.] build”
-da	“product of an action”

Variations

• karda ✧ PE17/051; PE22/152
• karma ✧ PE22/138 (karma)

tamma

tool

tamma noun "tool" (PE17:108)

tamma

noun. tool

Derivations

• √TAM “construct, construct; [ᴹ√] knock, [ᴱ√] beat; smelt, forge” ✧ PE17/107

Elements

Word	Gloss
TAM	“construct, construct; [ᴹ√] knock, [ᴱ√] beat; smelt, forge”
-ma	“instrumental”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√TAM > tamma	[tamma]	✧ PE17/107

car

deed

car (card-) (3) ("k")noun "deed" (rewritten >) "building, house" (KAR). Cf. carda.

canta

shape

canta (2) _("k") noun"shape" (PE17:175), also used as adj._ "shaped", also as quasi-suffix -canta ("k") "-shaped" (KAT)

cat-

verb. shape

shape, fashion

venië

shape, cut

venië noun? "shape, cut" (LT1:254)

venwë

shape, cut

venwë noun? "shape, cut" (LT1:254)

carn

noun. deed

A Sindarin noun for a “deed”, attested only in its lenited form garn within the word othgarn “misdeed” (PE17/151). The alternate form carth “deed” is perhaps better attested.

Element in

• S. othgarn “misdeed, misdeed, *sin” ✧ PE17/151

carth

noun. deed

Sindarin noun for a “deed”, attested only in its lenited plural form gerth within the word úgarth “trespass” (VT44/28), which probably more literally means “✱misdeed”. This word is not completely compatible with its Quenya cognate Q. carda “deed” from primitive ✶kardā, which in Sindarin should produce ✱cardh. Perhaps the Sindarin word had a slightly different primitive form ✱✶kartā. The expect form cardh might appear as an element in the variant form athragardh of S. athragared “interaction”.

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor of this word is G. carm “act, deed, exploit” in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GL/25; PE13/111), cognate of contemporaneous ᴱQ. karma “shape, fashion; act, deed” (QL/45). In the Early Noldorin word lists from the 1920s, this word was revised to ᴱN. carbh “deed” (PE13/140), reflecting Tolkien’s changing conception of the phonetic development of final -m in Noldorin. In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the word appeared as N. carth or carð “deed” (cardh), but these forms were rejected and replaced by N. car(ð) “building” (Ety/KAR).

Cognates

• Q. carda “deed”

Element in

• ᴺS. carthas “activity”
• S. úgarth “trespass, *(lit.) misdeed” ✧ VT44/28

fân

shape

_n._shape, with the added notion of light and whiteness. It was thus often used where we might use 'a vision' (of something beautiful and sublime). Q. fana-. Tolkien notes that "Yet being elvish, though it may be used of things remote, it has no implication either of uncertainty or unreality" (PE17:26). In the name Fanuilos of Elbereth, the Fân was the vision of majesty of Elbereth upon the mountain where she dwelt.

auth

noun. a dim shape, spectral or vague apparition

cant

noun. shape, shape; [N.] outline

Derivations

• √KAT “shape, shape, [ᴹ√] make”

Element in

• S. cannas “[abstract] shape”
• ᴺS. dorgant “landscape, scene, *(lit.) land-shape”
• S. morchant “shadow cast by light, (lit.) dark shape” ✧ VT42/09

thôl

noun. helm

cardh

deed

cardh (i gardh, o chardh), pl. cerdh (i cherdh). Note: cardh may also mean "house, building".

cardh

deed

(i gardh, o chardh), pl. cerdh (i cherdh). Note: cardh may also mean "house, building".

úgarth

ill deed

(sin), pl. úgerth (VT44:23)

cant

shape

(noun) cant (i gant, o chant) (outline), pl. caint (i **chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint**; see SHADOW.

cant

shape

(i gant, o chant) (outline), pl. caint (i chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint; see SHADOW.

thôl

helm

thôl (construct thol, pl. thŷl, coll. pl. ?tholath)

thôl

helm

(construct thol, pl. th**ŷ**l, coll. pl. ?tholath)

echad

shape

(verb) echad- (i echad, in echedir) (fashion, make), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

echad

shape

(i echad, in echedir) (fashion, make), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

kat

root. shape, shape, [ᴹ√] make

The root ᴹ√KAT “shape” first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives ᴹQ. kanta- “to shape”, ᴹQ. kanta “shaped”, and N. echad- “fashion, shape” (Ety/KAT). All these derivatives reappeared in Tolkien’s later writings, though Q. canta was more typically used as the noun “shape” (PE17/175; PE18/84, 90). The root appeared frequently in both the first and second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa as an example of a biconsonantal root (TQ1: PE18/34, 46, 62; TQ2: PE18/84-85, 87, 89-90, 95).

Derivatives

• ✶aktō “artificer, artificer, [ᴹ✶] maker, wright” ✧ PE18/085; PE18/085; PE18/087
  • ᴺQ. ahto “wright, maker”
  • Q. ahto “wright, maker” ✧ PE18/085
• ✶kanta “shape; fashion” ✧ PE18/089
  • Q. canta “shape, framework, shape, framework, [ᴹQ.] frame; shaped”
• ✶kat- “to shape” ✧ PE18/095
• ✶katal “carving tool”
• Q. canta “shape, framework, shape, framework, [ᴹQ.] frame; shaped” ✧ PE18/090
• Q. cat- “to shape, fashion” ✧ PE18/090
• Q. canwa “face”
• S. cant “shape, shape; [N.] outline”

Element in

• ᴺQ. cacátu- “to design, shape or fashion slowly”
• S. echad- “to form, make, shape, cut out; (lit.) to shape out, to form, make, shape, cut out, [N.] fashion; [S.] (lit.) to shape out”

cardh

noun. deed, feat

carth

noun. deed, feat

carth

noun. deed

Changes

• carth → carð “deed” ✧ Ety/KAR

Cognates

• ᴹQ. kar “deed” ✧ Ety/KAR

Derivations

• ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct” ✧ Ety/KAR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KAR > carth	[karta] > [kartʰa] > [karθa] > [karθ]	✧ Ety/KAR

Variations

• carð ✧ Ety/KAR (carð)