hanno

brother

hanno noun "brother" (a colloquial form, cf. háno), also used in children's play for "middle finger" (VT47:12, 14, VT48:4, 6)

háno

brother

háno noun "brother", colloquially also hanno (VT47:12, 14). It is unclear whether Tolkien, by introducing this form, abandoned the older (TLT) word toron (q.v.)

háno

noun. brother

A word for “brother” coined by Tolkien in notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s, based on the root √KHAN of the same meaning (VT47/14). It had a diminutive/affectionate variant hanno used as a play name for the middle finger in several places in these notes (VT47/12; VT48/6).

Conceptual Development: The Etymologies of the 1930s had ᴹQ. toron “brother” from the root ᴹ√TOR (Ety/TOR), and the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. herendo “brother” from the early root ᴱ√HESE (QL/40). See those entries for discussion.

Cognates

• S. hawn “brother” ✧ VT47/14
• T. háno “brother” ✧ VT47/14

Derivations

• √KHAN “brother” ✧ VT47/14

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KHAN > hāno	[kʰāno] > [xāno] > [hāno]	✧ VT47/14

Variations

• hāno ✧ VT47/14

onóro

brother

onóro noun "brother" (of blood-kinship) (TOR, NŌ (WŌ) )

toron

brother

toron (torn- as in pl. torni) noun "brother" (TOR; a later source gives háno, hanno [q.v.] as the word for "brother", leaving the status of toron uncertain)

otorno

brother, sworn brother, [male] associate

otorno noun "brother, sworn brother, [male] associate" (TOR, WŌ). Cf. osellë.

hanar

noun. brother

hanar

noun. brother

A word for “brother” coined by Tolkien in notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s, based on the root √KHAN of the same meaning and replacing the archaic form of the word †hawn (VT47/14). Remnants of this archaic form can be seem in the diminutive/affectionate form honeg “[little] brother” (VT48/6); Tolkien considered and apparently rejected alternates of the diminutive: honig and hanig (VT47/14; VT48/17).

Conceptual Development: The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. tôr “brother” from the root ᴹ√TOR (Ety/TOR), and the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. hethos “brother” from the early root ᴱ√HESE [HEÞE] (GL/48-49; QL/40). See those entries for discussion.

Derivations

• √KHAN “brother” ✧ VT47/14

hawn

noun. brother

hawn

noun. brother

Cognates

• Q. háno “brother” ✧ VT47/14

Derivations

• √KHAN “brother” ✧ VT47/14

Element in

• ᴺS. gwachon “(sworn) brother, associate”
• S. honeg “brother (diminutive)” ✧ VT47/14

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KHAN > hawn	[kʰāno] > [xāno] > [xǭno] > [xauno] > [xaun] > [haun]	✧ VT47/14

honeg

noun. "litte brother"

Given as honig in VT/47:14, but see VT/48:17 n. 13 for discussion

honeg

noun. middle finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children)

Given as honig in VT/47:14, but see VT/48:17 n. 13 for discussion

hanar

brother

1) hanar (i chanar, o chanar), pl. henair (i chenair) (VT47:14). A more archaic term is *haun (spelt ”hawn” in source) (i chaun, o chaun), pl. hoen (i choen), coll. pl. honath.

hanar

brother

(i chanar, o chanar), pl. henair (i chenair) (VT47:14). A more archaic term is ✱haun (spelt ”hawn” in source) (i chaun, o chaun), pl. hoen (i choen), coll. pl. honath.

honeg

little brother

(i choneg, o choneg), pl. honig (i chonig), also used as a play-name for the middle finger. (VT47:6, 16-17) 2) In older sources Tolkien listed different ”Noldorin” words for ”brother”: muindor (i vuindor), analogical pl. muindyr (i muindyr). Archaic/poetic †tôr (i** dôr, o thôr, construct tor), pl. teryn (i** theryn), coll. pl. toronath. In ”Noldorin”, the pl. was terein. 3) “Brother” in extended sense of “relative”: gwanur (i ’wanur) (kinsman, also kinswoman), pl. gwenyr (in gwenyr). Note: a homophone of the sg. means ”pair of twins”.

gwador

sworn brother

(i ’wador), pl. gwedyr (in gwedyr). In ”N”, the pl. was gwedeir (LR:394 s.v. TOR)

háno

noun. brother

Cognates

• Q. háno “brother” ✧ VT47/14

Derivations

• √KHAN “brother” ✧ VT47/14

Variations

• hāno ✧ VT47/14

hanna

noun. brother

Cognates

• Q. hanno “brother (diminutive)” ✧ VT48/06

Derivations

• √KHAN “brother”

Element in

• T. hannacë “brother [diminutive]” ✧ VT48/06

khan

root. brother

A root for “brother” that Tolkien introduced in notes on finger-names from the late 1960s as a companion to √NETH “sister” (VT47/14, 26, 34). It conflicts with, and possibly replaces, earlier uses for √KHAN such as √KHAN “back” in notes from around 1959 serving as the basis for the prefix Q. han- in hanquenta “answer” (PE17/166). The root ᴹ√KHAN also appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “understand, comprehend”, with various derivatives in both Quenya and Noldorin of similar meaning (Ety/KHAN).

It is unlikely that all these uses of √KHAN coexisted, but I think at a minimum both √KHAN “brother” and ᴹ√KHAN “understand, comprehend” should be retained for the purposes of Neo-Eldarin, as the latter has no good replacements in Tolkien’s later writing. As for hanquenta “answer”, it might be reinterpreted as “a saying providing understanding”, and so be derived from ᴹ√KHAN “understand”.

Derivatives

• Q. háno “brother” ✧ VT47/14
• Q. hanno “brother (diminutive)” ✧ VT47/26; VT47/34
• S. hanar “brother” ✧ VT47/14
• S. hawn “brother” ✧ VT47/14
• T. hanna “brother”
• T. háno “brother” ✧ VT47/14

Variations

• KHAN ✧ VT47/14
• khan ✧ VT47/26; VT47/34

muindor

noun. brother

muindor

noun. brother

tôr

noun. brother

The word muindor is more usual

tôr

noun. brother

An (archaic) word for “brother” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√TOR of the same meaning, with an irregular plural terein (Ety/TOR). In ordinary speech, it was replaced by muindor, with an initial element muin “dear”.

Neo-Sindarin: In notes from the late 1960s, Tolkien introduced a new word hanar for “brother” (VT47/14). However, I think †tôr and related words might be retained to mean a “metaphorical brother”, a close male associate who may or may not be related by blood, as with such words as gwador “(sworn) brother, associate”. In this paradigm, I would assume muindor still refers to a brother by blood, with an added connotation of strong affection.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. toron “brother” ✧ Ety/TOR

Derivations

• On. toron “brother” ✧ Ety/TOR; Ety/TOR
  • ᴹ√TOR “brother” ✧ Ety/TOR

Element in

• N. muindor “brother” ✧ Ety/TOR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. toron > tôr	[toron] > [toro] > [tor] > [tōr]	✧ Ety/TOR

gwador

noun. brother (especially used of those not brothers by blood, but sworn brothers or associates)