wa-
prefix. together
o-
prefix. together
Cognates
Derivations
Element in
- ᴺQ. ocantië “pattern”
- ᴺQ. ocar- “to cooperate, work together, participate”
- ᴺQ. ocaraitië “program, a set of activities”
- ᴺQ. ofelmë “sympathy, compassion, pity, *(lit.) together-feeling”
- ᴺQ. ohérë “government”
- Q. ohlon “diphthong” ✧ VT48/29
- Q. oholima “confidential”
- Q. ólama “consonant”
- Q. olass(i)ë “foliage, collection of leaves”
- Q. olië “company, people together”
- ᴺQ. ólië “society, (lit.) together-people”
- ᴺQ. ólëo “society, (lit.) together-people”
- ᴺQ. olindë “harmony”
- ᴺQ. olirië “concert”
- Q. olos “inflorescence, mass of flowers (on one plant), inflorescence, mass of flowers”
- Q. olótë “bloom, the flowers collectively of a single plant”
- Q. ombari “company, dwellers together”
- Q. omen- “to move to a common point, meet, to meet, move to a common point, *(lit.) move together” ✧ PE17/013
- Q. omentië “meeting (of pathways), (lit.) coming together of journey-path, meeting or junction of the directions of two people” ✧ PE17/013; PE17/013; WJ/367
- ᴺQ. omírë “jewelry (collectively)”
- ᴺQ. omolmë “company, business, enterprise, firm”
- Q. onóna “twin-born; one of a pair of twins” ✧ WJ/367
- Q. onot- “to count up, reckon, [ᴹQ.] to count up, reckon”
- Q. onótië “*reckoning”
- ᴺQ. orendë “(nuclear) family”
- ᴺQ. ori “grain, seed”
- ᴺQ. ósana- “to counsel, think together”
- Q. ósanwë “communication of thought, interchange of thought; (lit.) thinking together (dual)”
- ᴺQ. ósat- “to share”
- Q. ostimë “blend”
- ᴺQ. otarmië “colonnade”
- ᴺQ. otolmië “keyboard”
- ᴺQ. ovëa “(con)similar, alike”
- Q. ovéa “(con)similar, alike”
- ᴺQ. ovesta “contract, compact, treaty”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √WO/WONO > ŏ-´ [wo-] > [o-] ✧ PE17/191 ✶gwo > wa- [gwo-] > [gwa-] > [ɣwa-] > [wa-] ✧ PE19/106 ✶gwo > o- [gwo-] > [ɣwo-] > [ɣo-] > [o-] ✧ PE19/106 √WO > ó- [wo-] > [o-] ✧ WJ/367 Variations
- ŏ-´ ✧ PE17/191 (ŏ-´)
- wa- ✧ PE19/106
- ó ✧ PE22/168 (
ó)- ŏ ✧ VT48/29
- ó- ✧ WJ/367; WJ/367
uo
together
uo
adverb. together
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶ówō > uo [owō] > [uo] ✧ PE17/191
uo
adverb. together
Element in
- ᴺQ. uomë “community”
gwa-
prefix. together (only in old compounds, the living form is go-)
gwa-
prefix. together, co-, com-
Element in
- ᴺS. gwabeth “sentence, phrase”
go-
prefix. *away
A hypothetical element in the name Gódhel, a late Sindarin replacement for Ódhel “Elf who left for Aman”, but Tolkien said “it seems most probable that it took g- from the old clan-name Golodh, pl. Goelydh, which it practically replaced” (WJ/364). Thus ✱go- “away” < ✶wā- is probably a false etymology.
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would use gwa- as the prefix for “away”, as in gwahae “✱far away”.
Derivations
- ✶wā- “*away” ✧ WJ/364
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶wā > gwǭ > go [wā-] > [wǭ-] > [gwǭ-] > [gwau-] > [gwo-] > [go-] ✧ WJ/364 Variations
- go ✧ WJ/364
go-
together
_pref. _together. Q. o-.
go-
prefix. together, co-, com-
Cognates
- Q. o- “together” ✧ PE17/016; PE17/191; PE17/191; WJ/367
Derivations
Element in
- S. genedia- “to reckon”
- S. gobel “village, town (enclosure), (walled) village, town (enclosure); [N.] walled house, *manor”
- ᴺS. gobem “mouth”
- ᴺS. gobeth “dictionary”
- ᴺS. goianna- “to join with, add to”
- ᴺS. golain “connection, relation, context, (lit.) threadage”
- ᴺS. golof “consonant”
- S. goloth “inflorescence, *collection of flowers”
- ᴺS. gothiol “similar”
- S. govan- “to meet, come to same place” ✧ PE17/016
- ᴺS. gwachon “(sworn) brother, associate”
- ᴺS. gwalir “rhyme, rime (the two actual rhyming words), rhyming poem”
- ᴺS. gwanos “family, birth, heredity, *lineage”
- S. gwanunig “twin” ✧ WJ/367; WJ/367
- ᴺS. gwaren “[nuclear] family”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √WĂ/WO > go [wo-] > [gwo-] > [go-] ✧ PE17/016 √WO/WONO > go´ [wo-] > [gwo-] > [go-] ✧ PE17/191 √WO/WONO > gwa´ [wó-] > [wá-] > [gwá-] ✧ PE17/191 √WO > gwa- [wó-] > [wá-] > [gwá-] ✧ WJ/367 ✶wo > gwo > go- [wo-] > [gwo-] > [go-] ✧ WJ/368 Variations
- go ✧ PE17/016
- go´ ✧ PE17/191 (go´)
- gwa´ ✧ PE17/191 (gwa´)
- gwa- ✧ WJ/367
go
together
(prefix) go-, gwa- (+ lenition) (co-, com-).
go
together
gwa- (+ lenition) (co-, com-).
godref
through together
(AI:92)
vo-
prefix. together
Cognates
- Q. o- “together” ✧ WJ/367
Derivations
- √WO “together” ✧ WJ/367
Variations
- vō/vo- ✧ WJ/367
gwa-
prefix. *together
Element in
- ✶gwa-lassiē “foliage” ✧ Let/282
- ✶gwā-ƀandina “met” ✧ PE17/017
- ✶ñwa-lōth “inflorescence, mass of flowers (on one plant)” ✧ PE17/160
Variations
- gwā- ✧ PE17/017
- ñwa- ✧ PE17/160
ñwa-
prefix. *together
wā-
prefix. *away
Theoretical initial element in ancient wādelo “those who departed Middle-earth”, but according to Tolkien this was a false etymology (WJ/364).
Derivatives
- S. go- “*away” ✧ WJ/364
Element in
- ✶wādelo ✧ WJ/364
Variations
- wā ✧ WJ/364
wo
root. together
This root was the basis for the prefix Q. o- and S. go- “together”. In the 1910s Gnomish Lexicon, G. go- (unaccented) or gwa- “together” was derived from primitive ᴱ✶ŋu̯a and the Qenya form was ᴱQ. ma- (GL/40-41). In the 1920s the Early Noldorin form was still ᴱN. go- or gwa- but the Qenya form was ᴱQ. va- (PE13/162), probably from primitive ✱wa-. In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave the root as ᴹ√WŌ̆ “together” with derivatives ᴹQ. o- and N. go- or stressed gwa- (Ety/WŌ; EtyAC/WŌ).
In The Etymologies Tolkien explained the go-/gwa- variation in Noldorin as the result of the sound change whereby stressed wŏ became wa in Common Eldarin (Ety/WŌ); Tolkien gave a similar explanation for Sindarin in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (WJ/367). Despite stressed wŏ > wa being an ancient change, the wa variant did not survive in Quenya. Tolkien explained the sound change whereby wo became o in Quenya several times: in the Outline of Phonetic Development (OP1) from the 1930s, in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s, and in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (PE19/53, 106; WJ/367). The root √WO itself also appeared several times in Tolkien’s later writings (PE17/16, 191; WJ/361), in one place with the variant √WONO (PE17/191).
Derivatives
Element in
Variations
- WĂ/WO ✧ PE17/016
- WO/WONO ✧ PE17/191 (WO/WONO)
wō
prefix. together
Derivations
- √WO “together” ✧ WJ/361
Derivatives
Variations
- gwo ✧ PE19/106
- wo- ✧ WJ/367
- wo ✧ WJ/368
ówō
adverb. together
Derivations
- √WO “together” ✧ PE17/191
Derivatives
- Q. uo “together” ✧ PE17/191
gwa-
prefix. *away
Cognates
- ᴹQ. va “away”
Derivations
- ᴹ√AWA “away, forth; out”
Element in
Variations
- gwa- ✧ EtyAC/KHAYA (gwa-)
gwa-
prefix. together (only in old compounds, the living form is go-)
gwa-
prefix. together
go-
prefix. together
go-
prefix. together
Cognates
- ᴹQ. o- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
Derivations
Element in
- N. gobel “walled house or village, town”
- N. gobennas “history” ✧ Ety/KWET
- N. godrebh “abreast; *together-through”
- N. gwaloth “blossom, collection of flowers”
- N. gonathra- “to entangle, enmesh” ✧ Ety/NAT
- N. gonod- “to count (up)” ✧ Ety/WŌ
- N. govad- “to meet”
- N. gowest “contract, compact, treaty” ✧ Ety/WŌ
- N. gwanod “tale, number, number, tale”
- N. gwanur “kinsman, kinswoman” ✧ Ety/WŌ
- N. gwastar “hummock” ✧ Ety/WŌ
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√WŌ̆ > go- [wo-] > [gwo-] > [go-] ✧ Ety/NAT ᴹ✶wō/wŏ > gwa- [wó-] > [wá-] > [gwá-] ✧ Ety/WŌ Variations
- go ✧ Ety/KWET
- gwa- ✧ Ety/WŌ (gwa-)
Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!
wa-
prefix. together
o-
prefix. together
Cognates
Derivations
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶wō/wŏ > ō̆- [wo-] > [o-] ✧ Ety/WŌ ᴹ✶gwo- > wá [gwo-] > [gwa-] > [ɣwa-] > [wa-] ✧ PE19/053 ᴹ✶gwo- > o-´ [gwo-] > [ɣwo-] > [ɣo-] > [o-] ✧ PE19/053 Variations
- ō̆- ✧ Ety/WŌ
- wá ✧ PE19/053
- o-´ ✧ PE19/053
gwo-
prefix. together
An archaic prefix meaning “together” derived from primitive ᴹ✶wō̆- (Ety/WŌ). It was lost because it coalesced with the preposition go “from”. As such, it is the clearest example of how [[ilk|initial [gwo] became [go]]] in Ilkorin.
Cognates
- ᴹQ. o- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶wō/wŏ > gwo [wo] > [gwo] > [go] ✧ Ety/WŌ Variations
- gwo ✧ Ety/WŌ (gwo)
wa-
prefix. together
Derivations
- ᴹ√WO “together” ✧ Ety/NŌ; Ety/THEL; Ety/TOR
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√WŌ̆ > wa [wo] > [wa] ✧ Ety/TOR Variations
- wa ✧ Ety/TOR
wō̆-
prefix. together
Derivations
- ᴹ√WO “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
Derivatives
Variations
- wō/wŏ ✧ Ety/WŌ
- gwo- ✧ PE19/053
wo
root. together
Derivatives
Element in
- ᴹ✶wanōrō “one of kin” ✧ Ety/TOR
- ᴹQ. onóne “kinswoman; sister” ✧ Ety/NŌ; Ety/THEL
- ᴹQ. onóro “kinsman; brother” ✧ Ety/NŌ
- ᴹQ. onot- “to count up” ✧ Ety/NOT
- ᴹQ. oselle “[sworn] sister, associate [f.]” ✧ Ety/THEL
- ᴹQ. otorno “sworn brother, associate [m.]” ✧ Ety/TOR
- ᴹQ.
ovesta“contract, compact, treaty” ✧ Ety/WED (ovesta)- N. gwaloth “blossom, collection of flowers” ✧ Ety/LOT(H)
- N. gonod- “to count (up)” ✧ Ety/NOT
- N. gowest “contract, compact, treaty” ✧ Ety/WED
- N. gwanod “tale, number, number, tale” ✧ Ety/NOT
- N. gwastar “hummock” ✧ Ety/STAR
Variations
- WŌ̆ ✧ Ety/NAT; Ety/NŌ; Ety/NOT; Ety/STAR; Ety/THEL; Ety/TOR; Ety/WED; Ety/WŌ
- WŌ ✧ EtyAC/WŌ
gwa-
prefix. together, in one; with
Element in
- G. gogail “mouth”
- G. gofeltha “*similar, like”
- G. gofelweg “one’s fellow or equal, rival”
- G. gwar(e)dhon “m. companion, comrade”
- G. gwar(e)dhir “f. companion, comrade”
go-
prefix. together, in one; with
Cognates
- Eq. ma- “together, in one” ✧ GL/40; GL/40
Derivations
- ᴱ✶ŋu̯a “together, in one” ✧ GL/40; GL/41; LT2A/Golosbrindi
Element in
- G. govedhwen “matrimony” ✧ GL/22
- G. govedhri “wedding” ✧ GL/22
- G. gogail “mouth” ✧ GL/40
- G. gochest “brother and brother, brother and sister, etc.” ✧ GL/40; GL/43
- G. gofedhin “united, allied, ‘friends’” ✧ GL/34
- G. gofedhra- “to unite in a band” ✧ GL/34
- G. gofedhrog “ally” ✧ GL/34
- G. gofeltha “*similar, like” ✧ GL/40
- G. gofelweg “one’s fellow or equal, rival” ✧ GL/40
- G. golaudri “deluge, flood” ✧ GL/41
- G. golesta- “to gather (intr.)” ✧ GL/44
- G. godaithion “educated” ✧ GL/68
- G. godaithri(o)n “learned, educated” ✧ GL/40
- G. godaithri “education, erudition; grammar” ✧ GL/40
- G. gomintha “together” ✧ GL/41
- G. gomol “the teeth, two rows of teeth” ✧ GL/41
- G. goredhin “related, sib, akin” ✧ GL/41
- G. gomaithri “government” ✧ GL/56
- G. gofel “exactly alike” ✧ GL/40; GL/43
- G.
govaithum“clad” ✧ GL/21 (govaithum)- G. gwalest “concourse, moot, folkmote” ✧ GL/44
- G. golairin “rime, rhyme; riming poem” ✧ GL/41
- G. gwanos “family, birth, heredity” ✧ GL/44
- G. gonothri(n) “of same kindred” ✧ GL/61
- G. gwarest “cousinhood, -ship” ✧ GL/44
- G. gochestri “consanguinity” ✧ GL/49
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴱ✶ŋu̯a > go [ŋʷa-] > [ŋgʷa-] > [gʷa-] > [gʷo-] > [go-] ✧ GL/40 Variations
- go- ✧ GL/21 (go-); GL/22 (go-); GL/22 (go-); GL/34 (go-); GL/34 (go-); GL/34 (go-); GL/40; GL/40; GL/41 (go-); GL/41 (go-); GL/41 (go-); GL/41 (go-); GL/41; GL/43; GL/44 (go-); GL/49 (go-); GL/56 (go-); GL/61 (go-); GL/68 (go-)
- go ✧ GL/40; GL/40; LT2A/Golosbrindi
- gwa- ✧ GL/40; GL/43; GL/44 (gwa-); GL/44 (gwa-); GL/44 (gwa-)
- gwa ✧ GL/40; LT2A/Golosbrindi
- gwa· ✧ GL/41
gomintha
adverb. together
Element in
- G. bod’ominthadriel “*coming together again, reunion” ✧ GL/41
gwa-
prefix. together, co(n)-
go-
prefix. together, co(n)-
Cognates
Variations
- gwá- ✧ PE13/146
- go-´ ✧ PE13/146
- gwa- ✧ PE13/162
va-
prefix. together
Cognates
- En. go- “together, co(n)-” ✧ PE13/162; PE13/162
sō
root. *together
A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s that Tolkien said was used only for the prefix ᴱQ. so- “grouped, together”, but immediately under it he wrote another (non-prefixal?) root ᴱ√SŌ with a single derivative ᴱQ. sóma “state, condition” (QL/85). There are no signs of either of these functions for this root in Tolkien’s later writing.
Derivatives
va-
prefix. together
Cognates
- En. go- “together, co(n)-” ✧ PE13/162; PE13/162
-ngwe
suffix. *together
Element in
- Eq. ómalingwe lir’ amaldar “*sang a gentle tune with many voices” ✧ VT40/08
- Eq. piliningwe súyer nalla qanta “*the airs are so full” ✧ VT40/08
[uo adv. "together" (PE17:191)]