o-
prefix. together
Cognates
Derivations
Element in
- ᴺQ. ocantië “pattern”
- ᴺQ. ocar- “to cooperate, work together, participate”
- ᴺQ. ocaraitië “program, a set of activities”
- ᴺQ. ofelmë “sympathy, compassion, pity, *(lit.) together-feeling”
- ᴺQ. ohérë “government”
- Q. ohlon “diphthong” ✧ VT48/29
- Q. oholima “confidential”
- Q. ólama “consonant”
- Q. olass(i)ë “foliage, collection of leaves”
- Q. olië “company, people together”
- ᴺQ. ólië “society, (lit.) together-people”
- ᴺQ. ólëo “society, (lit.) together-people”
- ᴺQ. olindë “harmony”
- ᴺQ. olirië “concert”
- Q. olos “inflorescence, mass of flowers (on one plant), inflorescence, mass of flowers”
- Q. olótë “bloom, the flowers collectively of a single plant”
- Q. ombari “company, dwellers together”
- Q. omen- “to move to a common point, meet, to meet, move to a common point, *(lit.) move together” ✧ PE17/013
- Q. omentië “meeting (of pathways), (lit.) coming together of journey-path, meeting or junction of the directions of two people” ✧ PE17/013; PE17/013; WJ/367
- ᴺQ. omírë “jewelry (collectively)”
- ᴺQ. omolmë “company, business, enterprise, firm”
- Q. onóna “twin-born; one of a pair of twins” ✧ WJ/367
- Q. onot- “to count up, reckon, [ᴹQ.] to count up, reckon”
- Q. onótië “*reckoning”
- ᴺQ. orendë “(nuclear) family”
- ᴺQ. ori “grain, seed”
- ᴺQ. ósana- “to counsel, think together”
- Q. ósanwë “communication of thought, interchange of thought; (lit.) thinking together (dual)”
- ᴺQ. ósat- “to share”
- Q. ostimë “blend”
- ᴺQ. otarmië “colonnade”
- ᴺQ. otolmië “keyboard”
- ᴺQ. ovëa “(con)similar, alike”
- Q. ovéa “(con)similar, alike”
- ᴺQ. ovesta “contract, compact, treaty”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √WO/WONO > ŏ-´ [wo-] > [o-] ✧ PE17/191 ✶gwo > wa- [gwo-] > [gwa-] > [ɣwa-] > [wa-] ✧ PE19/106 ✶gwo > o- [gwo-] > [ɣwo-] > [ɣo-] > [o-] ✧ PE19/106 √WO > ó- [wo-] > [o-] ✧ WJ/367 Variations
- ŏ-´ ✧ PE17/191 (ŏ-´)
- wa- ✧ PE19/106
- ó ✧ PE22/168 (
ó)- ŏ ✧ VT48/29
- ó- ✧ WJ/367; WJ/367
uo
together
uo
adverb. together
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶ówō > uo [owō] > [uo] ✧ PE17/191
wa-
prefix. together
uo
adverb. together
Element in
- ᴺQ. uomë “community”
go-
prefix. *away
A hypothetical element in the name Gódhel, a late Sindarin replacement for Ódhel “Elf who left for Aman”, but Tolkien said “it seems most probable that it took g- from the old clan-name Golodh, pl. Goelydh, which it practically replaced” (WJ/364). Thus ✱go- “away” < ✶wā- is probably a false etymology.
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would use gwa- as the prefix for “away”, as in gwahae “✱far away”.
Derivations
- ✶wā- “*away” ✧ WJ/364
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶wā > gwǭ > go [wā-] > [wǭ-] > [gwǭ-] > [gwau-] > [gwo-] > [go-] ✧ WJ/364 Variations
- go ✧ WJ/364
go-
together
_pref. _together. Q. o-.
go-
prefix. together, co-, com-
Cognates
- Q. o- “together” ✧ PE17/016; PE17/191; PE17/191; WJ/367
Derivations
Element in
- S. genedia- “to reckon”
- S. gobel “village, town (enclosure), (walled) village, town (enclosure); [N.] walled house, *manor”
- ᴺS. gobem “mouth”
- ᴺS. gobeth “dictionary”
- ᴺS. goianna- “to join with, add to”
- ᴺS. golain “connection, relation, context, (lit.) threadage”
- ᴺS. golof “consonant”
- S. goloth “inflorescence, *collection of flowers”
- ᴺS. gothiol “similar”
- S. govan- “to meet, come to same place” ✧ PE17/016
- ᴺS. gwachon “(sworn) brother, associate”
- ᴺS. gwalir “rhyme, rime (the two actual rhyming words), rhyming poem”
- ᴺS. gwanos “family, birth, heredity, *lineage”
- S. gwanunig “twin” ✧ WJ/367; WJ/367
- ᴺS. gwaren “[nuclear] family”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √WĂ/WO > go [wo-] > [gwo-] > [go-] ✧ PE17/016 √WO/WONO > go´ [wo-] > [gwo-] > [go-] ✧ PE17/191 √WO/WONO > gwa´ [wó-] > [wá-] > [gwá-] ✧ PE17/191 √WO > gwa- [wó-] > [wá-] > [gwá-] ✧ WJ/367 ✶wo > gwo > go- [wo-] > [gwo-] > [go-] ✧ WJ/368 Variations
- go ✧ PE17/016
- go´ ✧ PE17/191 (go´)
- gwa´ ✧ PE17/191 (gwa´)
- gwa- ✧ WJ/367
gwa-
prefix. together (only in old compounds, the living form is go-)
gwa-
prefix. together, co-, com-
Element in
- ᴺS. gwabeth “sentence, phrase”
go
together
(prefix) go-, gwa- (+ lenition) (co-, com-).
go
together
gwa- (+ lenition) (co-, com-).
godref
through together
(AI:92)
vo-
prefix. together
Cognates
- Q. o- “together” ✧ WJ/367
Derivations
- √WO “together” ✧ WJ/367
Variations
- vō/vo- ✧ WJ/367
wo
root. together
This root was the basis for the prefix Q. o- and S. go- “together”. In the 1910s Gnomish Lexicon, G. go- (unaccented) or gwa- “together” was derived from primitive ᴱ✶ŋu̯a and the Qenya form was ᴱQ. ma- (GL/40-41). In the 1920s the Early Noldorin form was still ᴱN. go- or gwa- but the Qenya form was ᴱQ. va- (PE13/162), probably from primitive ✱wa-. In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave the root as ᴹ√WŌ̆ “together” with derivatives ᴹQ. o- and N. go- or stressed gwa- (Ety/WŌ; EtyAC/WŌ).
In The Etymologies Tolkien explained the go-/gwa- variation in Noldorin as the result of the sound change whereby stressed wŏ became wa in Common Eldarin (Ety/WŌ); Tolkien gave a similar explanation for Sindarin in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (WJ/367). Despite stressed wŏ > wa being an ancient change, the wa variant did not survive in Quenya. Tolkien explained the sound change whereby wo became o in Quenya several times: in the Outline of Phonetic Development (OP1) from the 1930s, in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s, and in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (PE19/53, 106; WJ/367). The root √WO itself also appeared several times in Tolkien’s later writings (PE17/16, 191; WJ/361), in one place with the variant √WONO (PE17/191).
Derivatives
Element in
Variations
- WĂ/WO ✧ PE17/016
- WO/WONO ✧ PE17/191 (WO/WONO)
wō
prefix. together
Derivations
- √WO “together” ✧ WJ/361
Derivatives
Variations
- gwo ✧ PE19/106
- wo- ✧ WJ/367
- wo ✧ WJ/368
wā-
prefix. *away
Theoretical initial element in ancient wādelo “those who departed Middle-earth”, but according to Tolkien this was a false etymology (WJ/364).
Derivatives
- S. go- “*away” ✧ WJ/364
Element in
- ✶wādelo ✧ WJ/364
Variations
- wā ✧ WJ/364
ówō
adverb. together
Derivations
- √WO “together” ✧ PE17/191
Derivatives
- Q. uo “together” ✧ PE17/191
go-
prefix. together
go-
prefix. together
Cognates
- ᴹQ. o- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
Derivations
Element in
- N. gobel “walled house or village, town”
- N. gobennas “history” ✧ Ety/KWET
- N. godrebh “abreast; *together-through”
- N. gwaloth “blossom, collection of flowers”
- N. gonathra- “to entangle, enmesh” ✧ Ety/NAT
- N. gonod- “to count (up)” ✧ Ety/WŌ
- N. govad- “to meet”
- N. gowest “contract, compact, treaty” ✧ Ety/WŌ
- N. gwanod “tale, number, number, tale”
- N. gwanur “kinsman, kinswoman” ✧ Ety/WŌ
- N. gwastar “hummock” ✧ Ety/WŌ
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√WŌ̆ > go- [wo-] > [gwo-] > [go-] ✧ Ety/NAT ᴹ✶wō/wŏ > gwa- [wó-] > [wá-] > [gwá-] ✧ Ety/WŌ Variations
- go ✧ Ety/KWET
- gwa- ✧ Ety/WŌ (gwa-)
gwa-
prefix. *away
Cognates
- ᴹQ. va “away”
Derivations
- ᴹ√AWA “away, forth; out”
Element in
Variations
- gwa- ✧ EtyAC/KHAYA (gwa-)
gwa-
prefix. together (only in old compounds, the living form is go-)
gwa-
prefix. together
Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!
buri
suffix. son of
Element in
- Wos. Ghân-buri-Ghân “Ghân son of Ghân” ✧ PE17/099
o-
prefix. together
Cognates
Derivations
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶wō/wŏ > ō̆- [wo-] > [o-] ✧ Ety/WŌ ᴹ✶gwo- > wá [gwo-] > [gwa-] > [ɣwa-] > [wa-] ✧ PE19/053 ᴹ✶gwo- > o-´ [gwo-] > [ɣwo-] > [ɣo-] > [o-] ✧ PE19/053 Variations
- ō̆- ✧ Ety/WŌ
- wá ✧ PE19/053
- o-´ ✧ PE19/053
wa-
prefix. together
gwo-
prefix. together
An archaic prefix meaning “together” derived from primitive ᴹ✶wō̆- (Ety/WŌ). It was lost because it coalesced with the preposition go “from”. As such, it is the clearest example of how [[ilk|initial [gwo] became [go]]] in Ilkorin.
Cognates
- ᴹQ. o- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ✶wō/wŏ > gwo [wo] > [gwo] > [go] ✧ Ety/WŌ Variations
- gwo ✧ Ety/WŌ (gwo)
wa-
prefix. together
Derivations
- ᴹ√WO “together” ✧ Ety/NŌ; Ety/THEL; Ety/TOR
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√WŌ̆ > wa [wo] > [wa] ✧ Ety/TOR Variations
- wa ✧ Ety/TOR
wō̆-
prefix. together
Derivations
- ᴹ√WO “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
Derivatives
Variations
- wō/wŏ ✧ Ety/WŌ
- gwo- ✧ PE19/053
wo
root. together
Derivatives
Element in
- ᴹ✶wanōrō “one of kin” ✧ Ety/TOR
- ᴹQ. onóne “kinswoman; sister” ✧ Ety/NŌ; Ety/THEL
- ᴹQ. onóro “kinsman; brother” ✧ Ety/NŌ
- ᴹQ. onot- “to count up” ✧ Ety/NOT
- ᴹQ. oselle “[sworn] sister, associate [f.]” ✧ Ety/THEL
- ᴹQ. otorno “sworn brother, associate [m.]” ✧ Ety/TOR
- ᴹQ.
ovesta“contract, compact, treaty” ✧ Ety/WED (ovesta)- N. gwaloth “blossom, collection of flowers” ✧ Ety/LOT(H)
- N. gonod- “to count (up)” ✧ Ety/NOT
- N. gowest “contract, compact, treaty” ✧ Ety/WED
- N. gwanod “tale, number, number, tale” ✧ Ety/NOT
- N. gwastar “hummock” ✧ Ety/STAR
Variations
- WŌ̆ ✧ Ety/NAT; Ety/NŌ; Ety/NOT; Ety/STAR; Ety/THEL; Ety/TOR; Ety/WED; Ety/WŌ
- WŌ ✧ EtyAC/WŌ
go-
prefix. son of
Changes
go-→ bo- ✧ LT2/051go-→ bo- ✧ LT2/119- go- → bo- “son of” ✧ LT2A/bo
Cognates
- Eq. yondo “son, male descendant, (great) grandson” ✧ GL/40; GL/41
Derivations
- ᴱ√YO(NO)
Element in
- G. Gon Indor “*Son of Indor” ✧ LT2A/go
Variations
- go- ✧ GL/40 (
go-); GL/41 (go-); LT2/051 (go-); LT2/119 (go-); LT2A/go; LT2I/go-- gon ✧ GL/40 (
gon); GL/41 (gon)- gon- ✧ LT2A/go
go-
prefix. together, in one; with
Cognates
- Eq. ma- “together, in one” ✧ GL/40; GL/40
Derivations
- ᴱ✶ŋu̯a “together, in one” ✧ GL/40; GL/41; LT2A/Golosbrindi
Element in
- G. govedhwen “matrimony” ✧ GL/22
- G. govedhri “wedding” ✧ GL/22
- G. gogail “mouth” ✧ GL/40
- G. gochest “brother and brother, brother and sister, etc.” ✧ GL/40; GL/43
- G. gofedhin “united, allied, ‘friends’” ✧ GL/34
- G. gofedhra- “to unite in a band” ✧ GL/34
- G. gofedhrog “ally” ✧ GL/34
- G. gofeltha “*similar, like” ✧ GL/40
- G. gofelweg “one’s fellow or equal, rival” ✧ GL/40
- G. golaudri “deluge, flood” ✧ GL/41
- G. golesta- “to gather (intr.)” ✧ GL/44
- G. godaithion “educated” ✧ GL/68
- G. godaithri(o)n “learned, educated” ✧ GL/40
- G. godaithri “education, erudition; grammar” ✧ GL/40
- G. gomintha “together” ✧ GL/41
- G. gomol “the teeth, two rows of teeth” ✧ GL/41
- G. goredhin “related, sib, akin” ✧ GL/41
- G. gomaithri “government” ✧ GL/56
- G. gofel “exactly alike” ✧ GL/40; GL/43
- G.
govaithum“clad” ✧ GL/21 (govaithum)- G. gwalest “concourse, moot, folkmote” ✧ GL/44
- G. golairin “rime, rhyme; riming poem” ✧ GL/41
- G. gwanos “family, birth, heredity” ✧ GL/44
- G. gonothri(n) “of same kindred” ✧ GL/61
- G. gwarest “cousinhood, -ship” ✧ GL/44
- G. gochestri “consanguinity” ✧ GL/49
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴱ✶ŋu̯a > go [ŋʷa-] > [ŋgʷa-] > [gʷa-] > [gʷo-] > [go-] ✧ GL/40 Variations
- go- ✧ GL/21 (go-); GL/22 (go-); GL/22 (go-); GL/34 (go-); GL/34 (go-); GL/34 (go-); GL/40; GL/40; GL/41 (go-); GL/41 (go-); GL/41 (go-); GL/41 (go-); GL/41; GL/43; GL/44 (go-); GL/49 (go-); GL/56 (go-); GL/61 (go-); GL/68 (go-)
- go ✧ GL/40; GL/40; LT2A/Golosbrindi
- gwa- ✧ GL/40; GL/43; GL/44 (gwa-); GL/44 (gwa-); GL/44 (gwa-)
- gwa ✧ GL/40; LT2A/Golosbrindi
- gwa· ✧ GL/41
gon-
prefix. son of
bo-
prefix. son of
Element in
- G. Lúthien bo-Delumaith “Lúthien son of Telumaith” ✧ GL/23
- G. Tuor bo-Beleg ✧ GL/23; LT2A/bo
Variations
- bon- ✧ GL/23; LT2A/bo
bon-
prefix. son of
gwa-
prefix. together, in one; with
Element in
- G. gogail “mouth”
- G. gofeltha “*similar, like”
- G. gofelweg “one’s fellow or equal, rival”
- G. gwar(e)dhon “m. companion, comrade”
- G. gwar(e)dhir “f. companion, comrade”
gomintha
adverb. together
Element in
- G. bod’ominthadriel “*coming together again, reunion” ✧ GL/41
go-
prefix. together, co(n)-
Cognates
Variations
- gwá- ✧ PE13/146
- go-´ ✧ PE13/146
- gwa- ✧ PE13/162
gwa-
prefix. together, co(n)-
va-
prefix. together
Cognates
- En. go- “together, co(n)-” ✧ PE13/162; PE13/162
ŋu̯a
prefix. together, in one
Derivatives
Element in
- ᴱ✶ŋgua-aloþ-
- ᴱ✶ŋgwa-alassa
- ᴱ✶ŋuaʒet- ✧ GL/43
- ᴱ✶ŋuarenđā “family”
- ᴱ✶ŋwa·mat “*community, (lit.) eating-together” ✧ GL/44
Variations
- ŋu̯a- ✧ GL/41
- ŋua- ✧ GL/43
- ŋwa ✧ GL/44
- ngua ✧ LT2A/Golosbrindi
ma-
prefix. together, in one
Cognates
- G. go- “together, in one; with” ✧ GL/40; GL/40
Derivations
- ᴱ✶ŋu̯a “together, in one” ✧ GL/40
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴱ✶ŋu̯a > ma- [ŋʷa-] > [ma-] ✧ GL/40
va-
prefix. together
Cognates
- En. go- “together, co(n)-” ✧ PE13/162; PE13/162
[uo adv. "together" (PE17:191)]