Quenya 

calta-

shine

calta- ("k")vb. "shine" (KAL)

calta-

verb. to kindle, to kindle, [ᴹQ.] (cause to) shine, light up, [ᴱQ.] set light to

This causative verb meaning “kindle, cause to shine” was based on the root √KAL “light; shine” and had a lengthy history in Tolkien’s Elvish languages. ᴱQ. kalta- “kindle, set light to” first appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” (QL/44), but in The Etymologies of the 1930s ᴹQ. kalta- was only glossed “shine” (Ety/KAL). However in the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s kaltā́ was given as an example of causative verbs and glossed “cause to shine, light up, or kindle (lamp etc.)” (PE22/114). In Common Eldarin: Verb Structure from the early 1950s (primitive) kalta- was glossed “cause to shine, kindle” (PE22/156). This verb also appeared in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 as an element in the adjective Q. lacaltaima “not possible to be kindled”.

Derivations

  • ✶kalta- “cause to shine, kindle”
    • √KAL “light; shine, be bright, light; shine, be bright, [ᴱ√] shine golden” ✧ PE22/129

Element in

  • Q. lacaltaima “not possible to be kindled” ✧ PE22/156

Variations

  • kalta- ✧ PE22/156

cal-

shine

#cal- vb. "shine", future tense caluva ("k") "shall shine" _(UT:22 cf. 51). Compare also early "Qenya" cala- ("k")"shine" (LT1:254)_. It is possible that the verbal stem should have a final -a in later Quenya as well, since this vowel would not appear in the future tense caluva (compare valuvar as the pl. future tense of vala-, WJ:404).

accal(a)-

verb. shine

shine (suddenly and) brilliantly, blaze

Quenya [PE 18:35, 61 PE 18:85] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

sil-

shine

sil- vb. "shine" (white), present tense síla "shines, is shining" (FG); aorist silë, pl. silir (RS:324), frequentative sisíla- (Markirya comments), future tense siluva (VT49:38), dual future siluvat (VT49:44, 45)

Sindarin 

síla

shine white

(i híla, i sílar) Adj.

silef

shining white

is listed in LR:385 s.v. SIL as the cognate of Quenya silma of this meaning, but silef is there asterisked, apparently to indicate that it only appears as part of the word Silevril ”Silmaril”. The word silef may also be used = Quenya silima (noun), the crystal substance of the Silmarils.

glóren

shining with golden light

(glórin-) (golden), lenited ’lóren; pl. glórin.

Adûnaic

nitir- Reconstructed

verb. to kindle

A verb attested only as an agental-formation in the names Gimilnitîr “Star-kindler” and gimlu-nitîr “kindler of a (particular) star” (SD/428). Thorsten Renk suggested (NBA/32) the base verb is nitir-, and this seems to me to be the likeliest possibility. Andreas Moehn instead suggested (EotAL/NIT’Y) that the verb stem may be nit-, and that the -îr is some kind of feminine agental suffix.

Element in

Noldorin 

nartha-

verb. to kindle, to kindle, *ignite, inflame, set fire to

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s for “kindle” given in the Noldorin infinitive form nartho and derived from the root ᴹ√NARTA of the same meaning (EtyAC/NARTA). This root is probably just a causative verb formation from ᴹ√NAR “flame, fire”, and thus more literally “✱make fire”. Hence I think this verb can be used in the general sense of “✱ignite, inflame, set fire to”, etc.

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. narta- “to kindle, to kindle, *ignite, inflame, set fire to” ✧ EtyAC/NARTA

Derivations

  • ᴹ√NARTA “kindle” ✧ EtyAC/NARTA
    • ᴹ√NAR “flame, fire”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√NARTA > nartho[narta-] > [nartʰa-] > [narθa-]✧ EtyAC/NARTA
Noldorin [EtyAC/NARTA] Group: Eldamo. Published by

síla-

verb. to shine white

Noldorin Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Primitive adûnaic

nimir

root. shine

A Primitive Adûnaic root glossed “shine” (SD/416), apparently the basis for Nimir “Elf”.

Derivatives

  • Ad. Nimir “Elf, (lit.) Shining One”
Primitive adûnaic [SD/416] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Qenya 

narta-

verb. to kindle, to kindle, *ignite, inflame, set fire to

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s for “kindle” derived from the root ᴹ√NARTA of the same meaning (EtyAC/NARTA). This root is probably just a causative verb formation from ᴹ√NAR “flame, fire”, more literally “✱make fire”. Hence I think this verb can be used in the general sense of “✱ignite, inflame, set fire to”, etc.

Cognates

  • N. nartha- “to kindle, to kindle, *ignite, inflame, set fire to” ✧ EtyAC/NARTA

Derivations

  • ᴹ√NARTA “kindle” ✧ EtyAC/NARTA
    • ᴹ√NAR “flame, fire”

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√NARTA > narta[narta-]✧ EtyAC/NARTA

Variations

  • narta ✧ EtyAC/NARTA
Qenya [EtyAC/NARTA] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

gal

root. shine

Derivatives

  • Ilk. gelion “bright” ✧ Ety/GYEL
  • ᴹ✶galyā “bright, light” ✧ Ety/KAL
    • N. gail “bright, light” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • ᴹ✶glā “radiance” ✧ Ety/KAL
    • N. glaw “radiance” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • N. galad “light” ✧ Ety/GAL

Element in

  • ᴹ√GALAN “bright” ✧ EtyAC/GAL¹

Variations

  • GAL ✧ Ety/GAL; Ety/GYEL; Ety/KAL (GAL)
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/GAL; Ety/GYEL; Ety/KAL; EtyAC/GAL¹] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kal

root. shine

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶akkala- “to blaze, shine (suddenly and) brilliantly” ✧ PE18/035; PE18/061
  • ᴹ√AKLA(R) “radiance, splendour” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; Ety/KAL
    • ᴹQ. alkar(e) “radiance, brilliance” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; PE18/036
    • ᴹQ. alka “ray of light, ray of light, [ᴱQ.] light of day; shining” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R
    • N. aglar “glory, splendour” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; Ety/KAL; PE18/036
  • ᴹ✶gālæ “light” ✧ Ety/KAL
    • Ilk. gôl “light” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • ᴹ√KALAR “be radiant” ✧ Ety/KAL; PE18/036
    • ᴹ√AKLA(R) “radiance, splendour” ✧ PE18/036; PE18/062
    • ᴹQ. alkar(e) “radiance, brilliance” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; PE18/036
    • ᴹQ. alka “ray of light, ray of light, [ᴱQ.] light of day; shining” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R
    • N. aglar “glory, splendour” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; Ety/KAL; PE18/036
    • ᴹ✶kalaryā “brilliant” ✧ Ety/KAL
    • N. celeir “brilliant” ✧ Ety/KAL
    • On. klōra “brilliant” ✧ PE18/036
    • N. claur “splendid; †splendour, glory” ✧ PE18/036
  • ᴹ✶kalrō “noble man, hero” ✧ Ety/KAL
    • ᴹQ. kallo “noble man, hero” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • ᴹ✶k’lā “light” ✧ Ety/KAL; PE18/038
    • ᴹQ. kala “light” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • ᴹ✶uklaina “wicked”
  • ᴹQ. kalina “light” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • ᴹQ. kalma “light, lamp” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • ᴹQ. kalta- “to (cause to) shine, light up, kindle (lamp etc.)” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • ᴹQ. kalya- “to illuminate” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • N. calad “light” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • N. calen “green, (orig.) bright-coloured” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • N. claur “splendid; †splendour, glory” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • N. uial “twilight” ✧ Ety/KAL

Element in

  • ᴹ✶lingikā̆la “Hanging-flame” ✧ Ety/KAL (lingikā̆la)
  • ᴹQ. Ankale “Radiant-one, Sun, (lit.) The Very Bright” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • ᴹQ. Kalamando “Light Mando” ✧ EtyAC/MAN (Kalamando)
  • ᴹQ. yúkale “twilight” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • N. Oelinuial “Pools of Twilight” ✧ Ety/AY
  • N. Caleledh “*Light Elf” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • N. Celion “*Light Elf” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • N. Glingal “Hanging Flame” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • N. uial “twilight” ✧ Ety/YŪ
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/AKLA-R; Ety/AY; Ety/GAL; Ety/KAL; Ety/YŪ; EtyAC/GAL¹; EtyAC/GYEL; EtyAC/MAN; PE18/035; PE18/036; PE18/038; PE18/058; PE18/061] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

galtha-

verb. to kindle

A verb in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s given as {galta- >>} galtha- “kindle”, apparently a transitive or causative variant of G. gal- “shine (golden)” (GL/37).

Changes

  • galta- → galtha- ✧ GL/37

Variations

  • galta- ✧ GL/37 (galta-)

Early Primitive Elvish

kṇðṇ

root. shine

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as ᴱ√KṆŘṆ “shine” with derivatives in both Qenya and Gnomish, such as ᴱQ. kanda- “blaze”, G. cintha- “to light, set alight”, ᴱQ. kanwa “lurid”, and G. cantha “flame” (QL/47; GL/25-26). It may be a variant of ᴱ√KṚN “✱red” (QL/48). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

Derivatives

  • ᴱ✶kṇdōrā́
    • ᴱ✶kṇ́dṑra
    • Eq. kandóra “bright dawn, red sky in morning” ✧ PE12/006
    • Eq. kandóra “bright dawn, red sky in morning” ✧ PE12/005
  • Eq. kanwa “lurid” ✧ QL/047
  • Eq. kanda- “to blaze” ✧ QL/047
  • Eq. kandóra “bright dawn, red sky in morning” ✧ PME/047; QL/047
  • G. cintha- “to light, set alight”

Element in

Variations

  • KṆŘṆ ✧ PME/047; QL/047
  • kṇřṇ ✧ QL/044
Early Primitive Elvish [PME/047; QL/044; QL/047] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kṇřṇ

root. shine

Early Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

tunda-

verb. to kindle

A verb in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “kindle” with variants tunda- and turu- (the latter marked † as archaic), appearing under the early root ᴱ√TUŘU [TUÐU] of the same meaning (QL/96).

Cognates

  • G. tusta- “to inflame, kindle, set light to, burn (tr.)”

Derivations

  • ᴱ√TUÐU “kindle” ✧ LT1A/Turuhalmë; QL/096

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√TUŘU > tunda-[tunða-] > [tunda-]✧ QL/096

Variations

  • turu- ✧ LT1A/Turuhalmë; QL/096 (turu-)
Early Quenya [LT1A/Turuhalmë; QL/096] Group: Eldamo. Published by

turu-

verb. to kindle