ur

ur

ur(u)- prefix denoting difficulty (PE17:154, 172), cf. urcárima, urucarin

uru

fire

uru noun "fire" (LT1:271)

úr

noun. heat

úr

fire

úr noun "fire" (UR)This stem was struck out in Etym, but a word that must be derived from it occurs in LotR, so it seems that Tolkien restored it. Early "Qenya" also has Ûr, noun "the Sun" (also Úri, Úrinci ("k"), Urwen) (LT1:271). Cf. Úri.

úrë

noun. heat

The name of tengwa #36 [.] in The Lord of the Rings Appendix E (LotR/1123), a derivative of √UR “heat” (PE22/160). This name probably reflects its use for u-diphthongs in Tengwar spelling.

Conceptual Development: In the 1st edition of The Lord of the Rings the name of tengwa #36 was úr “heat” (RC/736), and in earlier documents on The Feanorian Alphabet this word was glossed “fire, heat” (PE22/51) or just “fire” (PE22/23); see the discussion under ᴹQ. úr for further details.

Cognates

• S. ûr “fire, fire; [ᴱN.] sun”

Derivations

• √UR “heat, be hot”

Element in

• Q. Úrimë “August, *Hot-one”

Variations

• úre ✧ LotR/1123
• úr ✧ RC/736

urya-

be hot

urya- vb. "be hot" (PE17:148), "burn" (intransitive) (LT1:271)

úr(in)

proper name. Sun

A late remnant of earlier names for the Sun: ᴱQ. Ûr and ᴹQ. Úrin. In Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s, this name was changed from Úrin >> Naira >> Vása (MR/198), but the form Úr(in) occasionally appeared in some later writings (PE17/148, MR/377). This name was a derivative of the root √UR “heat, be hot” (PE17/148).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this name was ᴱQ. Ûr, Ur or Úri “Sun”, but literally meaning “Fire” (LT1/187, QL/98). The name became ᴹQ. Úrin in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/240). It was rejected in The Etymologies along with the root form ᴹ√UR, but reappeared sometimes in later writing as noted above.

Changes

• Úrin → Naira ✧ MR/198

Derivations

• √UR “heat, be hot” ✧ PE17/148

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√UR > Úrin	[ūrin]	✧ PE17/148

Variations

• Úrin ✧ MR/198 (Úrin); MRI/Úr; PE17/148
• Úr ✧ MR/377; MRI/Úr

anar

noun. Sun

The most common Quenya name for the Sun derived from primitive ✶Anār, an augmented form of the root √NAR “fire” (Let/425; PE17/38; Ety/ANÁR; SD/302, 306).

Conceptual Development: This term appeared in Silmarillion drafts of the 1930s with the gloss “Heart of Flame” (LR/240) and as ᴹQ. Anar “sun” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, already with the derivation given above (Ety/ANÁR, NAR¹).

Cognates

• S. Anor “Sun” ✧ PE17/038; SA/nár

Derivations

• √NAR “fire, fire, [ᴹ√] flame” ✧ Let/425; PE17/038
• ✶Anār “Sun” ✧ SA/nár
  • √NAR “fire, fire, [ᴹ√] flame”

Element in

• Q. Amanar “Yule”
• Q. Anarcalin “*Sun-Bright” ✧ PE21/86
• Q. Anar caluva tielyanna “The sun shall shine upon your path” ✧ UT/022
• Q. Anardil “*Lover of the Sun” ✧ PE17/152
• Q. Anárion “*Son of the Sun” ✧ SA/nár
• Q. anar púrëa tihta “a bleared sun blinking” ✧ MC/222; MC/222
• Q. Anarríma “*Sun Border”
• Q. Anarya “Sunday, (lit.) Sun-day”
• Q. ceuranar “new sun after solstice”
• Q. coranar “(solar) year, (lit.) sun-round”
• ᴺQ. táranar “noon, (lit.) high-sun”
• ᴺQ. oranar “noon, (lit.) above Sun”
• ᴺQ. sardanar “corundum, (lit.) hard sun”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√NAR > Anar	[anār] > [anar]	✧ Let/425
√(A)NAR > anā̆r	[anār] > [anar]	✧ PE17/038
✶(a)nar > Anar	[anār] > [anar]	✧ SA/nár

Variations

• anar ✧ MC/222; PE17/152
• anā̆r ✧ PE17/038

sá

fire

sá noun "fire" (LT1:265; "Qenya" spelling sâ. Rather nárë in LotR-style Quenya.)

hrai-

verb. hrai-

hrai- prefix denoting difficulty (PE17:154, 185), cf. ur(u)-

ruinë

fire, a blaze

ruinë noun "a fire, a blaze" (PE17:183). Compare nárë.

asta-

to heat, bake (by exposure to sun)

asta- (2) vb. "to heat, bake (by exposure to sun)" (PE17:148)

yonda

wide, roomy, extensive

yonda adj."wide, roomy, extensive" (PE17:43), also (as alternative form of yonna) glossed "enclosed", with the latter meaning perhaps intended as the passive participle of the verb yor-

landa

wide

landa (2) adj. "wide" (LAD). Maybe in landatavárë = *"wide-wood"? (TI:415)

palla

wide, expansive

palla adj. "wide, expansive" (PAL)

yanda

wide

yanda adj. "wide" (PE17:115); variant of yána #1, q.v.

yanda

adjective. wide

Cognates

• S. iand “wide” ✧ PE17/115

naur

fire

_ n. fire. naur an edraith ammen! _'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. Q. nár. >> Sammath Naur

naur

noun. fire, fire, [N.] flame

The basic Sindarin word for “fire”, derived from the root √NAR of the same meaning (LotR/942; PE17/38) and very well attested. It is derived from primitive ✱nār- since primitive long ā became au in Sindarin. It appeared as N. naur “flame” in The Etymologies of the 1930s with the same derivation (Ety/NAR). As a suffix it usually reduces to -nor, since au usually becomes o in polysyllables. As a prefix, though, it is often Nar- before consonant clusters, no doubt because the ancient long ā was shortened before it could become au.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, the word for “fire” was G. sâ with archaic form †sai (GL/66) clearly based on the early root ᴱ√SAH(Y)A “be hot” as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Sári; QL/81). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, the word for “fire” was ᴱN. byr or buir from primitive ᴱ✶ [mburyē] (PE13/139). Tolkien introduced naur in The Etymologies of the 1930s and stuck with it thereafter.

Cognates

• Q. nár “fire (as an element), fire (as an element); [ᴹQ.] flame” ✧ PE17/038; SA/nár

Derivations

• √NAR “fire, fire, [ᴹ√] flame” ✧ PE17/038

Element in

• S. Aegnor “Fell Fire, Sharp Flame” ✧ SA/nár
• S. Baranor “?Eager Fire”
• S. Faenor “Spirit of Fire”
• S. Fëanor “Spirit of Fire” ✧ SA/nár
• S. Goenor “Fell Fire” ✧ PM/363
• S. Narbeleth “October, Sun-fading, Sun-waning”
• S. Nardol “Fire-hilltop”
• ᴺS. narvaenas “firework”
• S. Narwain “January, *(lit.) New Fire”
• S. naur an edraith ammen “fire [be] for saving of us” ✧ LotR/0290; LotR/0299; PE17/038
• S. naur dan i ngaurhoth “*fire against the wolf-horde” ✧ LotR/0299; PE17/038
• S. Nórui “June, *Fiery”
• S. Rodnor
• S. Sammath Naur “Chambers of Fire” ✧ LotR/0942; PE17/038; PE17/101; SA/nár

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√(A)NAR > naur	[nār] > [nǭr] > [naur]	✧ PE17/038

Variations

• Naur ✧ LotR/0299; LotR/0942

anor

noun. Sun

The most common Sindarin name for the Sun derived from primitive ✶Anār, an augmented form of the root √NAR “fire” (PE17/38; Ety/ANÁR; SD/302-303, 306). The o is the result of ancient ā becoming au and then this au becoming o in polysyllables.

Conceptual Development: The term Anor was first mentioned in conjunction with early tales of Númenor (LR/41). It briefly appeared as N. {ánar >>} Anar “sun” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the entry for ᴹ√NAR (Ety/NAR¹; EtyAC/NAR¹), but as Anor under ᴹ√ANÁR (Ety/ANÁR). In The Notion Club Papers of the 1940s it was Anor, archaic †Anaur (SD/302-303, 306) and it retained this form thereafter.

Cognates

• Q. Anar “Sun” ✧ PE17/038; SA/nár
• ᴹQ. Anar “Sun” ✧ SDI2/Anar

Derivations

• √NAR “fire, fire, [ᴹ√] flame” ✧ PE17/038
• ✶Anār “Sun” ✧ SA/nár
  • √NAR “fire, fire, [ᴹ√] flame”

Element in

• ᴺS. anóren “sunny”
• S. Anórien “Sunlending, *(lit.) Sun-lands” ✧ SA/nár
• ᴺS. coranor “solar year, (lit.) sun-round”
• S. elanor “pimpernel, small golden star-shaped flower, (lit.) sun-star” ✧ PE17/055
• S. Minas Anor “Tower of the (Setting) Sun” ✧ SA/nár
• S. Oranor “*(lit.) Sun-day, Sunday”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√(A)NAR > anor	[anār] > [anǭr] > [anaur] > [anor]	✧ PE17/038

Variations

• anor ✧ PE17/030; PE17/038; PE17/055

-ruin

suffix. fire

suff. #fire. Q. ruine. >> Angruin

land

adjective. wide, broad

iand

adjective. wide

Cognates

• Q. yanda “wide” ✧ PE17/115

Derivations

• √YAN “wide, extensive, large, vast, huge; extend” ✧ PE17/115

Element in

• S. -ian(d) “-land, country” ✧ PE17/115

laden

wide

1) laden (plain, flat, open, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT), 2) land (plain), pl. laind. Also used as noun ”open space, level”. 3) pann (i bann, o phann, construct pan), pl. pain (i phain). Since the pl. form clashes with *pain ”all” (mutated phain, SD:129), other terms may be preferred for clarity. 4) ûr (pl. uir). Notice the homophone ûr ”fire, heat”.

laden

wide

(plain, flat,  open, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT)

land

wide

(plain), pl. laind. Also used as noun ”open space, level”.

pann

wide

(i bann, o phann, construct pan), pl. pain (i phain). Since the pl. form clashes with ✱pain ”all” (mutated phain, SD:129), other terms may be preferred for clarity.

uir Speculative

adjective. *fiery

An element of the untranslated name Anguirel, perhaps meaning “✱fiery”; see the entry on Anguirel for discussion.

Derivations

• √UR “heat, be hot”

Element in

• S. Anguirel “*Iron-of-the-fiery-star” ✧ SA/anga

Variations

• ur ✧ SA/anga (ur)

naur

fire

1) naur (in compounds nar-, -nor) (flame, sun), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath; 2) ûr (heat), pl. uir. Notice the homophone ûr ”wide”.

naur

fire

(in compounds nar-, -nor) (flame, sun), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath

naur

sun

(mainly in compounds as nar-, -nor) (flame, fire), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath.

ûr

wide

(pl. uir). Notice the homophone ûr ”fire, heat”.

ûr

heat

(fire), pl. uir. Notice the homophone ûr ”wide”.

ûr Reconstructed

noun. fire, fire; [ᴱN.] sun

A word for “fire” attested in later writings only as an element in names, such as S. Urui “August, ✱Hot-one” (LotR/1110). It appeared as N. ûr “fire” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√UR “be hot”, but this and related words were deleted when Tolkien changed the sense of the root to “wide, large, great” (Ety/UR). However, √UR “heat” was restored in later writings (PE17/148; PE22/160), and primitive ✶ūr “a fire (on hearth)” appeared in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from the early 1950s, though Tolkien did mark it with a “?” (PE21/71 and note #8).

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the first precursor to this word was G. †Uril, an archaic word for the Sun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s appearing beside its modern form G. Aur (GL/75) and clearly a derivative of the early root ᴱ√URU as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Ûr; QL/098). In Gnomish Lexicon Slips revising this document, it became {ŷr >>} hŷr “sun” (PE13/114), and in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s it became ᴱN. {húr >>} úr “sun”, derived from primitive ᴱ✶ourū̆ (PE13/155).

This in turn became N. ûr “fire” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under ᴹ√UR “be hot”, but as noted above the meaning of this root was changed in that document (Ety/UR). Although the root √UR “heat” was later restored, it isn’t clear whether Tolkien also restored ûr “fire”, though there is some secondary evidence of it: primitive ✶ūr “a fire (on hearth)” appeared in notes from the early 1950s, as also noted above (PE21/71).

Neo-Sindarin: If S. naur is (like its Quenya cognate Q. nár) more representative of an elemental or abstract notion of fire, then ûr might be used for an individual physical fire such as one in a fireplace.

Cognates

• Q. úrë “heat”

Derivations

• ✶ūr “a fire (on hearth)” ✧ PE21/71
  • √UR “heat, be hot”

Element in

• S. Urui “August, *Hot-one”
• S. Urwen

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ūr > ūr	[ūr]	✧ PE21/71

Variations

• ūr ✧ PE21/71 (ūr)

ûr

fire

(heat), pl. uir. Notice the homophone ûr ”wide”.

anor

sun

(pl. Anoer if there is a pl.) Archaic Anaur (SD:306).

bregedúr

wildfire

(i vregedúr), pl. bregedýr (i mregedýr)

brass

white heat

(i vrass, construct bras), pl. brais (i mrais) if there is a pl.

narthan

fire-sign

pl. **nerthain** (VT45:20)

palan

over a wide area

(far off)

ghâsh

noun. fire

Variations

• Ghâsh ✧ LotRI/Ghâsh

ûri

noun. sun

A noun translated “sun” (SD/306, 428). This word appears in the forms ûrê, ûri and ûrî, but Tolkien declared that the form with long î is actually the personified form Ûrî “Lady of the Sun” (SD/426), perhaps the Adûnaic name of Q. Arien. The form ûrê only appears once (SD/426), so ûri is probably to be preferred as the ordinary word for Sun, especially since it is a neuter noun, which ordinarily cannot end in a long -ê (SD/427). Tolkien lists the “later forms Uir, Ŷr” (SD/306), one of which may be the Westron word for “sun”, most likely Wes. uir. As suggested by several authors (AAD/24, EotAL/UR), ûri is probably derived from the Elvish root ᴹ√UR.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Anar “Sun” ✧ SD/306

Derivations

• √UR “heat, be hot”

Derivatives

• Wes. uir “sun” ✧ SD/306

Element in

• Ad. Ûrî “(Lady of the) Sun” ✧ SD/426
• Ad. Ûrinîluwat “Sun and Moon” ✧ SD/428
• Ad. ûriyat nîlô “sun and moon” ✧ SD/428

Variations

• Ūri ✧ SD/306
• ūrē ✧ SD/426
• ūri ✧ SD/428

ur

root. heat, be hot

This root was connected to “heat” for most of Tolkien’s life. It first appeared as unglossed ᴱ√URU in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, with derivatives like ᴱQ. úrin “(blazing) hot”, ᴱQ. uru “fire”, G. urin “hot, very hot”, and G. urna- “blaze, burn” (QL/98; GL/75). In this early period it was blended with the root ᴱ√UŘU with variant ᴱ√USU which had derivatives like ᴱQ. urna “oven” and ᴱQ. usta- “burn” (QL/98). This second root had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. gund “boil, pus” and gusta- “burn, destroy” from primitive ✱gudh (GL/42), indicating the actual root form was ✱ᴱ√ƷUÐU.

✱ᴱ√ƷUÐU seems to have been abandoned in Tolkien’s later writings, but ᴹ√UR “be hot” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. úr/N. ûr “fire” and ᴹQ. urya- “blaze” (Ety/UR). This entry was deleted and replaced by ᴹ√UR “wide, large, great”. This was likely a transient change, however, as ᴹQ. Úrin as a name of the Sun remained in contemporaneous Silmarillion drafts (LR/240). Indeed primitive √UR appeared several times in later writings as the basis for words for “sunlight”, “fire” and “heat” (PE17/120, 148; PE21/71; PE22/160).

Derivatives

• Ad. ûri “sun”
  • Wes. uir “sun” ✧ SD/306
• ✶auri “heat, period of sun” ✧ PE17/148
  • Q. aurë “day (as opposed to night), daylight, sunlight, morning, day (as opposed to night), daylight, morning; sunlight, [ᴱQ.] sunshine, gold light, warmth” ✧ PE17/148
  • S. aur “(whole) day, (whole) day, sunlight, [N.] morning” ✧ PE17/148
• ✶ūr “a fire (on hearth)”
  • S. ûr “fire, fire; [ᴱN.] sun” ✧ PE21/71
• Q. aurë “day (as opposed to night), daylight, sunlight, morning, day (as opposed to night), daylight, morning; sunlight, [ᴱQ.] sunshine, gold light, warmth” ✧ PE17/120; SA/ur
• Q. úrë “heat”
• Q. Úrimë “August, *Hot-one” ✧ SA/ur
• Q. Úr(in) “Sun” ✧ PE17/148
• ᴺQ. úrin “(blazing) hot”
• ᴺQ. urna “oven”
• ᴺQ. urta- “to burn”
• ᴺQ. urwa “on fire, afire”
• Q. urya- “to be hot, to be hot; [ᴹQ.] to blaze, [ᴱQ.] burn (intransitive)” ✧ PE17/148
• ᴺS. ora- “to heat up”
• ᴺS. orna- “to burn (tr. and intr.)”
• S. uir “*fiery”
• ᴺS. uru “brazier, grate”
• S. Urui “August, *Hot-one” ✧ SA/ur

Element in

• Q. urulócë “fire-serpent, fire-drake, fire-serpent, fire-drake, [ᴹQ.] fire-dragon” ✧ SA/ur
• ᴺQ. ur(u)ma “coal, charcoal”
• ᴺS. ordh “boil, pus”

Variations

• ur- ✧ PE17/120; SA/ur

ūr

noun. a fire (on hearth)

Derivations

• √UR “heat, be hot”

Derivatives

• S. ûr “fire, fire; [ᴱN.] sun” ✧ PE21/71

anār

noun. Sun

Derivations

• √NAR “fire, fire, [ᴹ√] flame”

Derivatives

• Q. Anar “Sun” ✧ SA/nár
• S. Anor “Sun” ✧ SA/nár

Variations

• (a)nar ✧ SA/nár

nar

root. fire, fire, [ᴹ√] flame

A root for “fire” first appearing as ᴹ√NAR “flame, fire” in The Etymologies of the 1930s along with derivatives like ᴹQ. nár(e)/N. naur “flame” (Ety/NAR¹). There was also an augmented variant ᴹ√ANÁR that served as the basis for “Sun” words: ᴹQ. Anar and N. Anor (Ety/ANÁR). These roots and the various derivatives continued to appear in Tolkien’s later writings in the 1950s and 60s (PE17/38; Let/425), and in one place Tolkien specified that nār- was “fire as an element” as opposed to √RUYU for an actual blaze.

Derivatives

• ✶Anār “Sun”
  • Q. Anar “Sun” ✧ SA/nár
  • S. Anor “Sun” ✧ SA/nár
• ✶nāro “fire”
• Q. Anar “Sun” ✧ Let/425; PE17/038
• Q. nár “fire (as an element), fire (as an element); [ᴹQ.] flame” ✧ PE17/038
• Q. Naira
• S. Anor “Sun” ✧ PE17/038
• S. naur “fire, fire, [N.] flame” ✧ PE17/038

Element in

• Q. Narsil “Red and White Flame” ✧ Let/425; PE17/038
• Q. Narsilion “(Song) of the Sun and Moon”
• S. narthan “beacon”

Variations

• (A)NAR ✧ PE17/038; PE17/147

nāro

noun. fire

Derivations

• √NAR “fire, fire, [ᴹ√] flame”

Element in

• ✶Phayanāro “Spirit of Fire” ✧ PE17/039

yad

root. wide

ûr

noun. wide

ûr

adjective. wide

Changes

• ûr → ûr “large” ✧ Ety/UR

Cognates

• ᴹQ. úra “large” ✧ Ety/UR

Derivations

• ᴹ√UR “wide, large, great” ✧ Ety/UR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√UR > ûr	[ūra] > [ūr]	✧ Ety/UR

Variations

• ûr ✧ Ety/UR; EtyAC/UR (ûr)

ûr

noun. fire, heat

ûr

noun. fire

Cognates

• ᴹQ. úr “fire, heat” ✧ Ety/UR

Derivations

• ᴹ√UR “be hot” ✧ Ety/UR

Element in

• N. bregedur “wild fire” ✧ Ety/UR (Vreged-úr)
• N. Úrui “August, *Hot-one”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√UR > úr	[ūr]	✧ Ety/UR

Variations

• úr ✧ Ety/UR (úr)
• ûr ✧ EtyAC/UR (ûr)

anaur

noun. Sun

anor

noun. Sun

Changes

• ánar → Anar ✧ Ety/NAR¹

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Anar “Sun” ✧ Ety/ANÁR; Ety/NAR¹; LR/041; LRI/Anar; SD/306; SDI2/Anar

Derivations

• ᴹ✶Anār “Sun” ✧ Ety/ANÁR; SD/302; SD/306
  • ᴹ√NAR “flame, fire” ✧ Ety/ANÁR
• ᴹ√NAR “flame, fire” ✧ Ety/NAR¹

Element in

• N. Anórien
• N. elanor “sun-star”
• N. Minas Anor “Tower of the Sun”
• N. Aranor “*Sun-day”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶anār- > Anor	[anārǝ] > [anār] > [anǭr] > [anour] > [anaur] > [anor]	✧ Ety/ANÁR
ᴹ✶Anār > Anaur > Anor	[anār] > [anǭr] > [anour] > [anaur] > [anor]	✧ SD/302
ᴹ✶Anār > Anaur > Anor	[anār] > [anǭr] > [anour] > [anaur] > [anor]	✧ SD/306

Variations

• Anar ✧ Ety/NAR¹
• ánar ✧ EtyAC/NAR¹ (ánar)
• Anaur ✧ SDI2/Anar (Anaur)

rhuin

noun. fire

Element in

• N. Orodruin “Mountain of Fire” ✧ TI/028

lhand

adjective. wide, broad

lhann

adjective. wide, broad

lhann

adjective. wide, wide, [ᴱN.] broad

Cognates

• ᴹQ. landa “wide, wide, [ᴱQ.] broad” ✧ Ety/LAD

Derivations

• ᴹ√LAD “lie flat, be flat” ✧ Ety/LAD

Element in

• N. camland “palm of hand” ✧ Ety/LAD
• N. Lhandroval “Wide-winged”
• N. Lhothlann “Empty and Wide” ✧ Ety/LAD

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√LAD > lhand > lhann	[landa] > [land] > [l̥and] > [l̥ann]	✧ Ety/LAD

pann

adjective. wide

pann

adjective. wide

Derivations

• ᴹ✶patnā “wide” ✧ Ety/PAT
  • ᴹ√PAT “*open, [ᴱ√] open, wide, spreading” ✧ Ety/PAT

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶patnā > pann	[patnā] > [padnā] > [padna] > [panna] > [pann]	✧ Ety/PAT

Variations

• pann ✧ Ety/PAT