Quenya 

na

to, towards

na (2) prep. "to, towards", possibly obsoleted by #1 above; for clarity writers may use the synonym ana instead (NĀ1). Originally, Tolkien glossed na as "at, by, near"; the new meaning entered together with the synonyms an, ana (VT45:36).

na

to be

na (1) form of the verb "to be", evidently the imperative (or subjunctive): Tolkien stated that na airë would mean "be holy" (VT43:14), and san na (q.v.) must mean "thus be" = "let it be so"; see #1 Cf. also the sentence alcar mi tarmenel na Erun "glory in high heaven be to God" (VT44:32/34). Inserted in front of a verb, na expresses a wish: aranielya na tuluva "may thy kingdom come" (ibid).

na

preposition. to, towards

@@@ fix weird cognate bug

ana

to

ana (1) prep. "to" (VT49:35), "as preposition _ana _is used when purely _dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that the preposition ana can be used instead of the dative ending -n (#1, q.v.) Also as prefix: ana- "to, towards" (NĀ1); an (q.v.) is used with this meaning in one source (PE17:127)_

nai

be it that

nai (1) imperative verb "be it that", used with a verb (usually in the future tense) to express a wish. The translation "maybe" in Tolkien's rendering of Namárië is somewhat misleading; he used "be it that" in the interlinear translation in RGEO:67. Apparently this is na as the imperative "be!" with a suffix -i "that", cf. i #3. It can be used with the future tense as an "expression of wish" (VT49:39). Nai hiruvalyë Valimar! Nai elyë hiruva! "May thou find Valimar. May even thou find it!" (Nam, VT49:39). Nai tiruvantes "be it that they will guard it" > "may they guard it" (CO). Nai elen siluva parma-restalyanna "may a star shine upon your book-fair" (VT49:38), nai elen siluva lyenna "may a star shine upon you" (VT49:40), nai elen atta siluvat aurenna veryanwesto "may two stars shine upon the day of your wedding" (VT49:42-45), nai laurë lantuva parmastanna lúmissen tengwiesto "may (a) golden light fall on your book at the times of your reading" (VT49:47). Nai may also be used with a present continuative verb if an ongoing situation is wished for: Nai Eru lye mánata "God bless you" (VT49:39) or literally "be it that God is (already) blessing you". The phrase nai amanyaonnalya "be it that your child [will be] blessed" omits any copula; Tolkien noted that "imper[ative] of wishes precedes adj." (VT49:41). VT49:28 has the form nái for "let it be that"; Patrick Wynne theorizes that nái is actually an etymological form underlying nai (VT49:36)

nan

but

nan conj. "but" (FS); the Etymologies also gives , nán (NDAN), but these words may be confused with forms of the verb "to be", so nan should perhaps be preferred, unless for "but" one uses the wholly distinct word mal. In Tolkien's later Quenya, it may be that he introduced new words for "but" to free up nan for another meaning (perhaps the adverb "back", compare the prefix nan-).

nan

adverb. again

Quenya [PE 22:124] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

but, on the contrary, on the other hand

(2), also nán, conj. "but, on the contrary, on the other hand" (NDAN; the form nan, q.v., is probably to be preferred to avoid confusion with "is", *nán "I am").

is

(1) vb. "is" (am). (Nam, RGEO:67). This is the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns "in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another" (VT49:28). Also in impersonal constructions: ringa ná "it is cold" (VT49:23). The copula may however be omitted "where the meaning is clear" without it (VT49:9). is also used as an interjection "yes" or "it is so" (VT49:28). Short na in airë [] na, "[] is holy" (VT43:14; some subject can evidently be inserted in the place of [].) Short na also functions as imperative: alcar mi tarmenel na Erun "glory in high heaven be to God" (VT44:32/34), also na airë "be holy" (VT43:14); also cf. nai "be it that" (see nai #1). The imperative participle á may be prefixed (á na, PE17:58). However, VT49:28 cites as the imperative form. Pl. nar or nár "are" (PE15:36, VT49:27, 9, 30); dual nát (VT49:30). With pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë "I am", nalyë or natyë "you (sg.) are" (polite and familiar, respectively), nás "it is", násë "(s)he is", nalmë "we are" (VT49:27, 30). Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps to be taken as representing the aorist: nain, naityë, nailyë (1st person sg, and 2nd person familiar/polite, respectively); does a following na represent the aorist with no pronominal ending? However, the forms nanyë, nalyë, , nassë, nalme, nar (changed from nár) are elsewhere said to be "aorist", without the extra vowel i (e.g. nalyë rather than nailyë); also notice that *"(s)he is" is here nassë rather than násë (VT49:30).Pa.t. nánë or "was", pl. náner/nér and dual nét "were" (VT49:6, 9, 10, 27, 28, 30, 36). According to VT49:31, "was" cannot receive pronominal endings (though nésë "he was" is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29), and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen "I was", anel "you were", anes "(s)he/it was" (VT49:28-29). Future tense nauva "will be" (VT42:34, VT49:19, 27; another version however gives the future tense as uva, VT49:30). Nauva with a pronominal ending occurs in tanomë nauvan "I will be there" (VT49:19), this example indicating that forms of the verb may also be used to indicate position. Perfect anaië "has been" (VT49:27, first written as anáyë). Infinitive (or gerund) návë "being", PE17:68. See also nai #1.

nëa

to be

nëa (2) an optative form of the verb na- "to be"? (nëa = LotR-style Quenya nai?): ya rato nëa "which soon may (it) be" = "which I hope will be soon" (Arct)

-ina

suffix. adjective suffix; passive participle

Derivations

  • -inā “adjective; passive participle”

Element in

-nna

to

-n (1) dative ending, originating as a reduced form of - "to", related to the allative ending -nna (VT49:14). Attested in nin, men, ten, enyalien, Erun, airefëan, tárin, yondon (q.v.) and also added to the English name Elaine (Elainen) in a book dedication to Elaine Griffiths (VT49:40). The longer dative ending -na is also attested in connection with some pronouns, such as sena, téna, véna (q.v.), also in the noun mariéna from márië "goodness" (PE17:59). Pl. -in (as in hínin, see hína), partitive pl. -lin, dual -nt (Plotz). The preposition ana (#1) is said to be used "when purely dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that it can replace the dative ending, e.g. *ana Eru instead of Erun for "to God". In some of Tolkiens earlier material, the ending -n (or -en) expressed genitive rather than dative, but he later decided that the genitive ending was to be -o (cf. such a revision as Yénië Valinóren becoming Yénië Valinórëo, MR:200).

-nna

to, at, upon

-nna "to, at, upon", allative ending, originating from -na "to" with fortified n, VT49:14. Attested in cilyanna, coraryanna, Endorenna, Elendilenna, númenórenna, parma-restalyanna, rénna, senna, tielyanna, q.v. If a noun ends in -n already, the ending -nna merges with it, as in Amanna, formenna, Elenna, númenna, rómenna as the allative forms of Aman, formen, elen, númen, rómen (q.v.). Plural -nnar in mannar, valannar, q.v.

ana-

prefix. to, towards

Derivations

  • NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

  • Q. arcandëpetition” ✧ VT44/08 (anarcandemman*)

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
AN/NĀ > ana-[ana-]✧ PE17/147

Variations

  • ana- ✧ PE17/147 (ana-)
  • an- ✧ VT44/08 (an-)
Quenya [PE17/147; VT44/08] Group: Eldamo. Published by

anat

but

anat conj. "but" (VT43:23; possibly an ephemeral form)

har

near

har, harë adj.? adv.? "near" (LT1:253)

ná-

verb. to be, to be, [ᴱQ.] exist

Changes

  • nāner ✧ VT49/09
  • nārnăr ✧ VT49/30

Cognates

  • Ad. -n “predicate suffix”
  • S. na- “to be”

Derivations

  • “be (the same as another), exist” ✧ PE17/093

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
> [nā]✧ PE17/093

Variations

  • ✧ LotR/0377; PE17/090; PE17/093; PE22/154; PE22/167; VT42/33; VT49/09; VT49/23
  • na ✧ Minor-Doc/1955-CT; PE17/057; PE17/074; PE17/074; PE17/090; PE17/162; VT43/13; VT43/30
  • ✧ PE17/058; RGEO/59; VT49/09 (); VT49/28; VT49/30
  • nā- ✧ PE22/166; VT49/27; VT49/28 (nā-)
  • nā̀ ✧ RGEO/58
  • ✧ RGEO/60
  • nā̆ ✧ VT49/30
  • nār ✧ VT49/30 (nār)
Quenya [LotR/0377; Minor-Doc/1955-CT; PE17/057; PE17/058; PE17/059; PE17/074; PE17/090; PE17/093; PE17/126; PE17/162; PE22/154; PE22/158; PE22/166; PE22/167; PE22/168; RGEO/58; RGEO/59; RGEO/60; VT42/33; VT42/34; VT43/13; VT43/14; VT43/15; VT43/16; VT43/23; VT43/30; VT43/34; VT44/34; VT49/09; VT49/10; VT49/19; VT49/23; VT49/27; VT49/28; VT49/29; VT49/30] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-ssë

at

-ssë (1) locative ending (compare the preposition se, "at", q.v.); in Lóriendessë, lúmessë, máriessë, yalúmessë (q.v. for reference); pl. -ssen in yassen, lúmissen, mahalmassen, símaryassen, tarmenissen, q.v. Pronouns take the simple ending -ssë, even if the pronoun is plural by its meaning (messë "on us", VT44:12). The part. pl. (-lissë or -lissen) and dual (-tsë) locative endings are known from the Plotz letter only.

an

for

an (1) _conj. and prep. _"for" (Nam, RGEO:66), an cé mo quernë… "for if one turned…" (VT49:8), also used adverbially in the formula an + a noun to express "one more" (of the thing concerned: an quetta "a word more", PE17:91). The an of the phrase es sorni heruion an! "the Eagles of the Lords are at hand" (SD:290) however seems to denote motion towards (the speaker): the Eagles are coming. Etym has an, ana "to, towards" (NĀ1). The phrase an i falmalī _(PE17:127) is not clearly translated but seems to be a paraphrase of the word falmalinnar "upon the foaming waves" (Nam)_, suggesting that an can be used as a paraphrase of the allative ending (and if falmalī is seen as a Book Quenya accusative form because of the long final vowel, this is evidence that an governs the accusative case). In the "Arctic" sentence, an is translated "until". Regarding an as used in Namárië, various sources indicate that it means an "moreover, further(more), to proceed" (VT49:18-19) or ("properly") "further, plus, in addition" (PE17:69, 90). According to one late source (ca. 1966 or later), an "is very frequently used after a full stop, when an account or description is confirmed after a pause. So in Galadriels Elvish lament […]: An sí Tintallë, etc. [= For now the Kindler, etc…] This is translated by me for, side an is (as here) often in fact used when the additional matter provides an explanation of or reason for what has already been said". Related is the use of an + noun to express "one more"; here an is presumably accented, something the word would not normally be when used as a conjunction or preposition.

as

with

as prep. "with" (together with), also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with thee" (VT47:31, VT43:29). The conjunction ar "and" may also appear in assimilated form as before s; see ar #1.

as

with

o (2) prep. "with" (MC:216; this is "Qenya"; WJ:367 states that no independent preposition o was used in Quenya. Writers may rather use as.) See ó- below.

as

preposition. with

Derivations

  • AS “beside”

Element in

ea

verb. be

be

Quenya [PE 19:48] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

ta

so, like that, also

ta (2) adv. "so, like that, also", e.g. ta mára "so good" (VT49:12)

-ya

suffix. adjective suffix

Derivations

  • -yā “present participle” ✧ PE17/068

Element in

  • Q. Aldúya “*Tuesday, Day of the Two Trees”
  • Q. Amanyar “Those of Aman”
  • Q. Anarya “Sunday, (lit.) Sun-day”
  • Q. apacenya “of foresight”
  • Q. attalya “biped, *(lit.) two-footed”
  • ᴺQ. cantalya “four-legged, quadruped, (lit.) four-footed”
  • Q. -carya “doing” ✧ PE17/068
  • Q. Eärenya “Sea-day, *Thursday”
  • Q. elenya “adjective referring to the stars, *of the stars, stellar”
  • Q. entya “central, middle”
  • Q. firya “mortal; human, [ᴹQ.] human; [Q.] mortal”
  • Q. Isilya “*Monday, Moon-day”
  • Q. -matya “-eating” ✧ PE17/068
  • Q. Menelya “*Wednesday, Heavens-day”
  • Q. minya “first; eminent, prominent”
  • Q. Narya “(Ring) of Fire”
  • Q. Nenya “(Ring) of Water”
  • ᴺQ. ruimenya “fireside, by the fire”
  • Q. tatya “second”
  • Q. tercenya “of insight”
  • Q. Valanya “*Friday, Vala-day”
  • Q. Vilya “(Ring) of Air”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
-ı̯ā > -ya[-jā] > [-ja]✧ PE17/068

Variations

  • -ya ✧ PE17/068 (-ya)

apa

but

apa (3) conj. "but": melinyes apa la hé "I love him but not him" (another) (VT49:15)

apa

conjunction. but

Element in

Variations

  • apa ✧ VT49/15

ata

again

ata adv. "again", also prefix ata-, at- "back, again, re-; second time, double" (AT(AT), PE17:166, cf. ataquanta-, ataquetië) or "two" (PE17:166), also "ambi-" as in ataformaitë, q.v.

ea-

verb. be, exist

Quenya [PE 22:122f, 124; PE 22:147] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

mal

but

mal conj. "but" (VT43:23)

mal

conjunction. but

Element in

  • Q. násië “but deliver us from evil: Amen” ✧ VT43/23

but

(2) conj. "but" (VT41:13)

conjunction. but

ono

but

ono conj. "but" (VT43:23, VT44:5/9)

ono

conjunction. but

Changes

  • anatone “*but” ✧ VT43/23

Element in

Variations

  • ✧ VT41/13
  • anat ✧ VT43/23 (anat)
  • one ✧ VT43/23
Quenya [VT41/13; VT43/23; VT44/09] Group: Eldamo. Published by

onë

but

onë conj. "but" (VT43:23)

onë

conjunction. but

san

so

san (2) adv. ephemeral word for "so" (ya(n)...san "as...so"; san na "thus be" = let it be so, "amen"); this form was apparently quickly abandoned by Tolkien (VT43:16, 24, VT49.18)

ten

for

ten (2) conj. "for", in Fíriel's Song; apparently replaced by an in LotR-style Quenya.

ëa-

verb. to be, exist, to be, exist, [ᴹQ.] have being, be found extant in the real world

Derivations

  • “be, exist” ✧ PE22/147; VT49/28
  • eñ- “to exist” ✧ PE22/166; VT49/29; VT49/29
    • “be, exist”

Element in

  • Q. ar i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa tennoio “and of the One who is above all thrones for ever” ✧ UT/305
  • Q. Átaremma i ëa han Eä “our Father who art in Heaven” ✧ VT43/13; VT43/14
  • Q. “Creation, the (Material) Universe, Cosmos, World; it is, let it be, Creation, the (Material) Universe, Cosmos, †World; it is, let it be, [ᴹQ.] all that is”
  • Q. ëala “being, spirit (not incarnate)”
  • ᴺQ. ëasta “being, existence”
  • Q. Eru fai, sî, euva “*Eru (was) before, (is) now, will be (after)” ✧ PE22/147
  • Q. tambë engë i et... “as it was [in] the [beginning]...” ✧ VT43/38

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
EŊE > [eŋa] > [eɣa] > [ea]✧ PE22/147
eŋa > ëa[eŋa] > [eɣa] > [ea]✧ PE22/166
eŋe > ëa[eŋa] > [eɣa] > [ea]✧ VT49/28
eŋe > ea[eŋa] > [eɣa] > [ea]✧ VT49/29
e-ēŋiı̯ē > ēŋie > ēiı̯ē > éye[ēŋijē] > [ēɣijē] > [ēijē] > [ējē] > [ēje]✧ VT49/29

Variations

  • ✧ PE22/147
  • ëa ✧ PE22/166
  • ea ✧ VT49/29
Quenya [PE17/074; PE22/147; PE22/152; PE22/166; S/020; UT/305; UT/317; VT39/06; VT39/07; VT43/13; VT43/14; VT43/38; VT49/28; VT49/29; VT49/30] Group: Eldamo. Published by

car-

with

#car- (2) prep. "with" (carelyë "with thee"), prepositional element (evidently an ephemeral form abandoned by Tolkien) (VT43:29)

an(a)

preposition. to, towards, to a point near, alongside, to, towards, to a point near, alongside; [ᴱQ.] until

Derivations

  • NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/146; PE21/79

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ANA/NĀ > ana[ana]✧ PE17/146
ANA/NA > na[ana]✧ PE21/79

Variations

  • an ✧ PE17/127
  • ana ✧ PE17/147; VT49/35
  • na ✧ PE21/79
Quenya [PE17/127; PE17/147; PE21/79; VT49/35] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tambë

so

tambë prep. (1) "so" or "as" (referring to something remote; contrast sívë). Sívë...tambë "as...so" (VT43:17).

se

at, in

se (2), also long , preposition "at, in" (VT43:30; compare the "locative prefix" se- possibly occurring in an early "Qenya" text, VT27:25)

ó

with, accompanying

Quenya [PE 22:162] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

preposition. with, with, [ᴹQ.] by, [ᴱQ.] with (accompaniment)

Cognates

  • S. di “with” ✧ PE17/095

Derivations

  • “with” ✧ PE17/095

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
> > [dē] > [lē]✧ PE17/095

Variations

  • ✧ PE17/095 ()

-ië

suffix. is

- (3) "is", -ier "are", stative verb suffix occurring in Fíriel's Song: númessier "they are in the west", meldielto "they are...beloved", talantië "he is fallen", márië "it is good" (< *númessë "in the west", melda "beloved", *talanta "fallen"); future tense -iéva in hostainiéva "will be gathered" (< *hostaina "gathered"). Compare ye "is", yéva "will be", verbs that also occur in Fíriel's Song. This suffix is probably not valid in LotR-style Quenya: - is an infinitival or gerundial ending in CO, for ye "is" Namárië has , and the phrase "lost is" is vanwa ná, not *vanwië.

with

(2) prep. "with" (PE17:95)

ter

so

ter (2), also tér, prep. (?) ephemeral word for "so" (see ier), abandoned by Tolkien in favour of tambë (VT43:17)

ye

is

ye (2) copula "is" (FS, VT46:22); both earlier and later sources rather point to (q.v.) as the copula "is", so ye may have been an experiment Tolkien later abandoned. Future tense yéva, q.v.

ó

preposition. with

Changes

  • ó ✧ PE22/162

Element in

Variations

  • ✧ PE22/162 ()
  • ó- ✧ VT43/29
Quenya [PE22/162; VT43/29; VT43/36] Group: Eldamo. Published by

úyë

is

úyë vb., a form occurring in Fíriel's Song (cf. VT46:22), apparently ye "is" with the negative prefix ú-, hence "is not" (úyë sérë indo-ninya símen, translated "my hearth resteth not here", literally evidently *"[there] is not rest [for] my heart here")

ana-

prefix. to, towards

Derivations

  • NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus”

Element in

Sindarin 

na

preposition. with, by (also used as a genitive sign)

Sindarin [Ety/374, LotR/I:XII] Group: SINDICT. Published by

na

preposition. to, towards, at

Sindarin [Ety/374, LotR/I:XII] Group: SINDICT. Published by

na

to

e _ prep. _to, towards (of spacetime). n' before vowels. >> nan 2

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:147] < _nā _< ANA/NĀ to, towards – added to, plu-. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

na

preposition. to

prep. to Na-chaered palan-díriel lit. "To-distance (remote) after-gazing" >> na-chaered, nan 2

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:20-1:25] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

na

preposition. at

prep. at (a point of time or place). Ai na vedui Dúnadan. Mae g'ovannen. 'Ah! At last, Dúnadan ! Well met !'.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:16] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

na

used with subject

poss. art. used with subject, e.g. roch na-heryna 'the horse of (the) lady'.  >> an, roch na-heryna

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:97] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

na

preposition. like French à

_ prep. _like French à, provided with, marked by, with, etc.. >> nan 2

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:82] < ANA/NĀ 'allative' base. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

na

'with'

d prep. 'with', possessing, provided with, esp. of characteristic feature. nan before vowels. Orod na Thôn 'Mount of the Pines Tree(s)'. >> nan 2

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:147] < ANA/NĀ to, towards – added to, plu-. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

na

preposition. to, towards, at

Derivations

  • NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/146

Element in

  • S. ai na vedui Dúnadan “Ah! at last, Dúnadan!” ✧ LotR/0209; PE17/016
  • S. man agorech? “*and said Rían to Tuor: what have we done?” ✧ VT50/21
  • ᴺS. nabant “almost, (lit.) towards full”
  • S. na-chaered palan-díriel “to lands remote I have looked afar” ✧ LotR/0238; PE17/025; PE17/147; RGEO/63; RGEO/64
  • ᴺS. naden “until, up to, as far as”
  • ᴺS. navan “where, whither, to where, (lit.) at/to what”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ANA/NĀ > > na[na]✧ PE17/146

Variations

  • na ✧ LotR/0209; PE17/016; PE17/025; PE17/025; PE17/147; PE17/147; PE17/147 (na)
  • Na ✧ LotR/0238; RGEO/63; RGEO/64
  • -na ✧ VT50/21
Sindarin [LotR/0209; LotR/0238; PE17/016; PE17/025; PE17/147; RGEO/63; RGEO/64; VT50/21] Group: Eldamo. Published by

na

preposition. of; with, along with, accompanied by, provided with or by, associated with, marked with, of; with, along with, accompanied by, provided with or by, associated with, marked with; [N.] by

na-

verb. to be

Sindarin [no aer i eneth lín VT/44:21,24] Group: SINDICT. Published by

na-

verb. to be

Changes

  • dôddád ✧ VT44/22
  • dádhae ✧ VT44/22
  • haeno ✧ VT44/24

Cognates

  • Q. ná- “to be, to be, [ᴱQ.] exist”

Derivations

  • “be (the same as another), exist”

Element in

Variations

  • dôd ✧ VT44/22 (dôd)
  • dád ✧ VT44/22 (dád)
  • hae ✧ VT44/22 (hae)
Sindarin [VT44/22; VT44/24; VT50/23] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nan

preposition. of

nan

'with'

prep. 'with', possessing, provided with, esp. of characteristic feature. Form of na before vowels. >> na 2b/c/d/e

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:147] < ANA/NĀ to, towards – added to, plu-. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

na(n)

preposition. of; with, along with, accompanied by, provided with or by, associated with, marked with, of; provided with or by, associated with, marked with, with, along with, accompanied by; [N.] by

Cognates

  • Ad. an- “of; genitive/adjectival prefix”

Derivations

  • NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/082
  • ān(a) “subjective genitive” ✧ PE17/097

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ANA/NĀ > na[na]✧ PE17/082
ān/-āna > na[na]✧ PE17/097

Variations

  • na ✧ LotR/0469; LotR/0469; PE17/028; PE17/028; PE17/082; PE17/097; PE17/097; PE17/147; PE17/147; PE17/147; PE17/147; PE21/79 (Bel. na); VT50/23 (na); WJ/187; WJI/Taur-na-Chardhîn
  • nan ✧ PE17/147; PE17/147
Sindarin [LotR/0469; PE17/028; PE17/082; PE17/097; PE17/147; PE21/79; PM/348; UT/140; VT50/23; WJ/160; WJ/187; WJI/Taur-na-Chardhîn] Group: Eldamo. Published by

an

preposition. to, towards, for

With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath

Sindarin [LotR/II:IV, UT/39, SD/129-31] Group: SINDICT. Published by

an

to

_ prep. _to, for. naur an edraith ammen! 'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. aglar an|i Pheriannath  'glory to all the Halflings'.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:38:102:147] < _ana _< ANA/NĀ to, towards – added to, plu-. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

no

verb. be!

Sindarin [VT/44:21,24] Group: SINDICT. Published by

-en

suffix. adjective suffix

Derivations

  • -inā “adjective; passive participle”

Element in

  • S. aewen “of birds” ✧ SA/lin¹
  • ᴺS. anóren “sunny”
  • S. dínen “silent” ✧ PE17/098
  • S. firin “mortal, dying, dying, mortal; [N.] human”
  • S. glórin “*golden, golden, [G.] of gold”
  • S. lossen “snowy” ✧ RGEO/62
  • ᴺS. mirwelthen “vintage, *(lit.) wine pressing”
  • S. rhúnen “eastern”
  • S. thurin “secret, hidden”
  • S. tolothen “eighth” ✧ SD/129

Variations

  • -en ✧ PE17/098 (-en); RGEO/62 (-en); SA/lin¹ (-en); SD/129
Sindarin [PE17/098; RGEO/62; SA/lin¹; SD/129] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-in

suffix. adjective suffix

uin

preposition. of the

Sindarin [SD/129-31] o+i. Group: SINDICT. Published by

-ren

suffix. adjective suffix

@@@ perhaps a later, S-only, innovation

Cognates

  • Q. -rin “-ian, racial-adjective, language”

Element in

-eb

suffix. adjective suffix

Cognates

  • Q. -inqua “-ful, complete” ✧ WJ/412

Derivations

  • -ikwā “-ful, adjectival suffix” ✧ WJ/412
    • KWA “complete, full, whole, all, every, complete, full, whole, all, every; [ᴹ√] something” ✧ WJ/412; WJ/415

Element in

  • S. aglareb “glorious, brilliant, glorious, brilliant, *radiant” ✧ WJ/412
  • ᴺS. eitheb “thorny, *(orig.) full of points; sharp”
  • S. ereb “single, alone, lonely, single, alone, lonely, [N.] isolated”
  • S. fíreb “mortal”
  • ᴺS. glidheb “like honey”
  • S. gorthob “horrible”
  • S. maecheneb “sharp-eye[d]” ✧ WJ/337
  • ᴺS. maeligeb “wealthy, rich”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ikwā > -ipā > -eb[-ikwā] > [-ipā] > [-ipa] > [-epa] > [-ep] > [-eb]✧ WJ/412
Sindarin [WJ/337; WJ/412] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-iel

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

Variations

  • -iel ✧ S/235 (-iel)

di

preposition. with

_ prep. _with. Q. .

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] < _dē_. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

di

preposition. with

Changes

  • didi “with” ✧ PE17/095

Cognates

  • Q. “with, with, [ᴹQ.] by, [ᴱQ.] with (accompaniment)” ✧ PE17/095

Derivations

  • “with” ✧ PE17/095

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
> di[dē] > [dī] > [di]✧ PE17/095

Variations

  • di ✧ PE17/095 (di)
Sindarin [PE17/095] Group: Eldamo. Published by

o

from

(od), followed by hard mutation; with article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by mixed mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366) Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning” (q.v. for this meaning of ”of”). 2) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of” 3)

na

near

(as preposition, = ”at, by”) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

near

(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

with

(in instrumental sense?) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

with

(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

by

(near) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

by

(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

be

: The verb ”to be” is poorly attested. Apparently the root is na-. The imperative is attested as no, and nad (used = ”thing”) may be seen as an original gerund *”a being”. It seems that the copula ”is, are” (and ”was, were”?) can be omitted altogether, as in the ”Noldorin” sentence lheben teil brann i annon ”five feet high [is] the door” (AI:92), in Sindarin perhaps *leben tail brand i annon.

na

be

. The imperative is attested as no, and nad (used = ”thing”) may be seen as an original gerund ✱”a being”. It seems that the copula ”is, are” (and ”was, were”?) can be omitted altogether, as in the ”Noldorin” sentence lheben teil brann i annon ”five feet high [is] the door” (AI:92), in Sindarin perhaps ✱leben tail brand i annon.

na

at

na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

at

(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

to, toward

1) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of” 2)

na

to, toward

(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

nev

near

(adj. pref.) nev- (hither, on this side). Also used as a preposition nef ”on this side of”.

nev

near

(hither, on this side). Also used as a preposition nef ”on this side of”.

ad

again

(as prefix) ad-, also meaning "back, second, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

ad

again

also meaning "back, second, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

an

for

(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni ”for the” (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

for

(adverbial prefix) an-

an

for

(+ nasal mutation), with article ’ni ”for the” (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

for the

(for) + i (the).

an

to

(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

to

(adverbial prefix) an-. 3)

an

to

(+ nasal mutation), with article ’ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

to the

(for) + i (the).

en

of the

e- (sg. genitival article)

ach

conjunction. but

[it] appears that ach is the contrastive coordinating conjunction 'but'.

Sindarin [VT50:15] Group: Subject of debate. Published by

ach

conjunction. but

[it] appears that ach is the contrastive coordinating conjunction 'but'.

Sindarin [VT50:15] Group: Subject of debate. Published by

eden

begun again

(new), pl. edin

ammen

for us

(to us).

ammen

to us

(for us)

Telerin 

-ya

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

  • T. canatya “fourth” ✧ VT42/25
  • T. enetya “sixth” ✧ VT42/25
  • T. lepenya “fifth” ✧ VT42/25
  • T. minya “first” ✧ VT42/25
  • T. nelya “third” ✧ VT42/25
  • T. neterya “ninth” ✧ VT42/25
  • T. ototya “seventh” ✧ VT42/25
  • T. paianya “tenth” ✧ VT42/25
  • T. tatya “second” ✧ VT42/25
  • T. tolodya “eighth” ✧ VT42/25

-o

suffix. of

Cognates

  • Q. -o “of; genitive ending” ✧ WJ/369

Black Speech

sha

preposition. with

Element in

Black Speech [LotR/0445; PE17/079; PM/083] Group: Eldamo. Published by

u

preposition. to

Element in

Black Speech [LotR/0445; PE17/078; PM/083] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Adûnaic

-zê

preposition. at

A prepositional suffix translated “at” (SD/429), but not appearing in any example sentences. It is perhaps a later repurposing of the draft-dative case suffix -s, since the other draft-cases became prepositional suffixes in later versions of the Adûnaic grammar: draft genitive versus later preposition “from”, draft instrumental -ma versus later preposition -mâ “with”.

Cognates

  • Q. -ssë “locative ending”

Variations

  • ✧ SD/429

-mâ

preposition. with

A prepositional suffix translated “with” (SD/247, 429).

Conceptual Development: At an earlier conceptual stage, it was the grammatical inflection -ma used for the draft-instrumental (SD/438).

Element in

Variations

  • -mā ✧ SD/247
  • ✧ SD/429
Adûnaic [SD/247; SD/429] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Khuzdûl

-ul

suffix. of

Element in

  • Kh. Azanulbizar “Dimrill Dale, (lit.) Rills of the Shadows” ✧ RC/269

Variations

  • |ul ✧ PE17/047
Khuzdûl [PE17/047; RC/269] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Primitive elvish

root. be (the same as another), exist

Tolkien used this root as the basis for Elvish “to be” verbs for much of his life. ᴱ√ “be, exist” first appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like the verb ᴱQ. ná- “to be” and ᴱQ. nasta “existence, being, creature” (QL/64). It also had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. na- “to be” and G. nast “being” (GL/58-59). It appeared again in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√ “be” (Ety/NĀ²), along with an invertible variant ᴹ√ANA² “be, exist” with the derivative ᴹQ. anwa “true, real, actual” (Ety/ANA²); this seems to be the only point where Tolkien considered this root to be invertible. The root √ “be” is mentioned several times in Tolkien’s later writings as well (PE17/93; PE22/147; VT49/27-28).

The root √ was often contrasted with other roots of similar meanings. For example:

> Stem of verb “exist” (have being in primary world of history) was √EŊE, distinct from √NA joining adjs./nouns/pronouns in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have a certain quality, or to be the same as another (PE22/147).

There were also periods when roots other than √ were the basis for “to be” statement in Elvish. See the entry on √ “exist” for a conceptual history of these alternate roots and their derivatives.

Derivatives

  • Ad. -n “predicate suffix”
  • năta “thing”
    • Q. nat “thing” ✧ VT49/30
  • Q. ná- “to be, to be, [ᴱQ.] exist” ✧ PE17/093
  • S. na- “to be”
  • ᴺS. naed “true, real”
  • ᴺS. nanu “truth”
  • ᴺS. nanwen “true”
  • ᴺS. nast “being (abstract); being (creature)”
  • ᴺS. naw “yes”

Element in

Variations

  • NA ✧ PE22/147
  • ✧ VT49/27
  • na ✧ VT49/28; VT49/31; VT49/36
Primitive elvish [PE17/093; PE17/166; PE22/147; VT49/27; VT49/28; VT49/31; VT49/36] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-na

suffix. to; allative

Derivations

  • NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus”

Derivatives

  • Q. -n “dative” ✧ VT49/14
  • Q. -nna “(movement) to, towards, onto, at (arriving at a point); allative suffix” ✧ PE21/79; VT49/14

Element in

  • ᴺQ. cána “backward”

Variations

  • nā̆ ✧ PE21/79
  • -nnā ✧ PE21/79
  • -nă ✧ VT49/14
Primitive elvish [PE21/79; VT49/14] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-nā

suffix. adjective suffix; passive participle

Derivatives

  • Q. yulda “drunk” ✧ PE17/068

Element in

  • -inā “adjective; passive participle” ✧ PE22/136
  • kalinā “bright” ✧ PE22/136
  • malnā “yellow, of golden colour”
  • matnā “eaten, eaten, [ᴹ✶] food” ✧ PE22/136
  • ndakna ✧ PE17/068
  • sĭnā “this” ✧ VT49/18
  • Q. hampa “restrained, delayed, kept” ✧ PE17/068
  • Q. -ina “adjective suffix; passive participle” ✧ PE17/068
  • ᴺS. tell “last, final (in a series)”

Variations

  • ✧ PE17/052
  • -na ✧ PE17/068
Primitive elvish [PE17/052; PE17/068; PE19/090; PE21/78; PE22/136; VT49/18] Group: Eldamo. Published by

root. be, exist

Throughout much of its conceptual development, Quenya had two distinct roots for the verb to be: the root √ functioning mainly as a copula in “to be” expressions like Elrondo Elda ná “Elrond is an Elf” or Aracorno halla ná “Aragorn is tall”, versus a distinct root used mainly for existential statements such as Eru ëa “God exists”. The copula-root was established very early as √, but the existential-root varied considerably.

The earliest version of the existential root was ᴱ√Ō “be, exist” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/69). By the 1920s it seems this root has changed to ᴱ√Ī as it appeared in Early Qenya words lists from that period (PE16/140), and the verb for “to be” in the contemporaneous Early Qenya Grammar was ᴱQ. e- or i (PE14/51, 57).

A similar root ᴹ√ or ᴹ√I appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s, albeit with no derivatives (EtyAC/YE). It was most likely the basis for the so-called “stative” suffix ᴹQ. -ie seen in the contemporaneous Fíriel’s Song (LR/72). The root ᴹ√YE was also mentioned in both the first and second versions of the Tengwesta Qenderinwa from 1937 (TQ1: PE18/60) and around 1950 (TQ2: PE18/84), though in the latter it was rejected (PE18/84 note #69). This root is reflected in the use of ᴹQ. ye- in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 (PE22/107, 115, 117, 119-120), but this verb was rejected and replaced towards the end of that document by a new verb ᴹQ. ea- (PE22/122-124 and PE22/123 note #130). The rejection of ye- “to be” may be due to the introduction of Q. yén for the Elvish long year, as suggested by Christopher Gilson (PE22/86).

In QVS, the new verb ea- was derived from a primitive ✱eʒe or ✱eñe (PE22/122); the root ᴹ√ “be” had already been mentioned in Outline of Phonetic Development (OP1) from the late 1930s, indicating Tolkien had been considering this form for some time. In 1948 QVS, Tolkien said:

> The primary sense of this verb was “to exist, to have being, to be found, extant, in the real world”. But it was often weakened to the copula, in statements of identity or predication. This however in classical Quenya was limited mainly to the past and future (PE22/123).

Thus in 1948 Tolkien started the process of establishing ea- as primarily an existential verb. A few years later, Tolkien mentioned the root √ “be” in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s (PE19/96) and he described √ more fully in verbal notes from 1969 where he said:

> Stem of verb “exist” (have being in primary world of history) was √EŊE, distinct from √NA joining adjs./nouns/pronouns in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have a certain quality, or to be the same as another (PE22/147).

Thus the conceptual development of this root seems to have roughly been √Ō (1910s) >> √YĒ/Ī (1920s) >> √ (late 1940s) >> √ (early 1950s). This is an oversimplification however, in that √ appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s and Tolkien may have been considering it much earlier. Furthermore, the role of √ as primarily as existential root (vs. copula √) was only firmly established in Tolkien’s later writings. When the root was √YĒ/Ī in the 1920s through 1940s, it seems the verbs ᴱQ. e- and ᴹQ. ye- were used for both existential statements and as a copula, and in this period √ (though mentioned) was rarely used and may have been out of favor.

Derivatives

  • eñ- “to exist”
    • Q. ëa- “to be, exist, to be, exist, [ᴹQ.] have being, be found extant in the real world” ✧ PE22/166; VT49/29; VT49/29
  • eñna
    • Q. éna “[unglossed]” ✧ PE19/097
  • Q. “Creation, the (Material) Universe, Cosmos, World; it is, let it be, Creation, the (Material) Universe, Cosmos, †World; it is, let it be, [ᴹQ.] all that is” ✧ PE22/147; VT49/28
  • Q. ëa- “to be, exist, to be, exist, [ᴹQ.] have being, be found extant in the real world” ✧ PE22/147; VT49/28
  • Q. engë “ago, in the past, ago, in the past, [ᴹQ.] once (in past), †it was” ✧ PE19/096
  • Q. engwë “thing”

Variations

  • EŊE ✧ PE22/147
  • eŋe ✧ PE22/147; VT49/28
Primitive elvish [PE19/096; PE22/147; VT49/28] Group: Eldamo. Published by

na/ana

root. to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus

The root √ANA was connected to “giving” and “movement toward” for much of Tolkien’s life. The root first appeared as ᴱ√ANA “give, send towards” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, and in this period was the basis for words like ᴱQ. anta-/G. antha- “give” and ᴱQ. ana “to(wards)” (QL/31; GL/19). The root reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√ANA with an inverted variant ᴹ√NĀ¹ “to, towards”; the most notable derivative of this inverted form was N. na “with, by” (Ety/ANA¹, NĀ¹). In the first version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa from the 1930s (TQ1), √AN was given as one of the primary examples of the inversion of roots, where √AN(A) was originally a “biconsontal root” (²√) with a vocalic beginning, and the inverted form √NA was an abnormal vocalization of the basic root (PE18/38).

This same example of inversion was used in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa from around 1950 (TQ2: PE18/88), and this invertible root appeared regularly in Tolkien’s later writings almost always with glosses like “to, towards, motion to”. There were a few instances in which Tolkien explored some alternate meanings for the root, however. In Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from the early 1950s Tolkien said that:

> It is true that in Q. na appears with sense “to”, but this at nearest means “towards, to a position near, alongside” ... The original sense of Eldarin ana was plainly “at side of, alongside, besides”, hence also “moreover, in addition, plus” (seen in use of an- as an intensive prefix), and so an or na in some languages has the sense “along with, with, accompanied by, provided with, associated with” and the like (PE21/79).

Likewise in Quenya Notes from 1957 (QN) Tolkien said:

> √ANA/NĀ, to, towards — added to, plu-. Quenya verbal prefix ana, na-, as in napan-, add. an­ “plu-”, intensive prefix, arcalima, preeminently bright, ancalima, very bright ... S an, dative chiefly with pronouns or persons. < ana, hence vocalic mutation, but takes form m before m, b. ✱ to, for (PE17/146-7).

In this note Tolkien went on to explore various non-allative meanings associated with the root such as the conjugation/adverb Q. an “for, then, or, but” and prepositions S. na(n) “with” vs. S. na “to, towards”, differing mainly in the mutations they cause (nasal versus soft). It seems the association of this root with both the intensive an- and words like Q. an “for; moreover” and S. na(n) “with” motivated Tolkien to find a more nuanced meaning for the root. This likewise probably motivated Tolkien to explore an alternate basis for the intensive prefix in the mid-1960s, deriving it from √AMA rather than √AN (PE17/90-94).

Neo-Eldarin: For Neo-Eldarin, I prefer to retain an- as the basis for intensives in both Quenya and Sindarin, and thus I think it is best to retain the extended meanings of √AN from the 1950s to include senses like “add to, more” and “up to the side of”, hence by extension “alongside” becoming (in S.) “with, accompanying, possessing, having the trait of” as in S. na(n) “of, with”.

Derivatives

  • annā “gift”
    • Q. anna “gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, *present” ✧ SA/anna
    • S. ann “gift” ✧ PE17/090
  • antā- “to give, cause a thing/person to go to an object, send, to give, cause a thing/person to go to an object, send, [ᴹ✶] present” ✧ PE17/091; PE22/163
    • Q. anta- “to give, present; †to add to” ✧ PE17/091; PE22/163
    • Q. anna “gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, *present” ✧ PE22/163
    • S. anna- “to give, †add to” ✧ PE17/093
  • -na “to; allative”
    • Q. -n “dative” ✧ VT49/14
    • Q. -nna “(movement) to, towards, onto, at (arriving at a point); allative suffix” ✧ PE21/79; VT49/14
  • Q. an “for, but, then, or; moreover, furthermore” ✧ PE17/146
  • Q. an- “intensive prefix” ✧ PE17/146; PE21/79
  • Q. an(a) “to, towards, to a point near, alongside, to, towards, to a point near, alongside; [ᴱQ.] until” ✧ PE17/146; PE21/79
  • ᴺQ. ana- “to, towards”
  • Q. ana- “to, towards” ✧ PE17/147
  • Q. ando “gate, [great] door; †entrances, approaches” ✧ PE17/040
  • Q. anna “gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, *present” ✧ PE17/091; PE17/146
  • Q. anta- “to give, present; †to add to” ✧ PE17/146
    • Q. anna “gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, *present” ✧ PE22/163
  • Q. anya- “to reach, go to, arrive at” ✧ PE22/157; PE22/163
  • Q. na- “plu-” ✧ PE17/146
  • Q. -nna “(movement) to, towards, onto, at (arriving at a point); allative suffix” ✧ PE17/146; PE17/147
  • S. an “to, for, to, for; [N. and G.] of” ✧ PE17/146
  • S. anna- “to give, †add to” ✧ PE17/091; PE17/146
  • S. annon “(great) gate, door” ✧ PE17/040
  • S. na “to, towards, at” ✧ PE17/146
  • S. na(n) “of; with, along with, accompanied by, provided with or by, associated with, marked with, of; provided with or by, associated with, marked with, with, along with, accompanied by; [N.] by” ✧ PE17/082

Element in

  • Q. am(be)na “nearer to” ✧ PE17/091
  • Q. anta- “to give, present; †to add to”
  • ᴺQ. nalanta- “to attack, (lit.) fall upon”

Variations

  • ANA ✧ PE17/040; PE17/091; PE17/147
  • ANA/NĀ ✧ PE17/082; PE17/145; PE17/146; PE17/147
  • ANA/NA ✧ PE17/091; PE17/147; PE21/79
  • AN/NĀ ✧ PE17/147 (AN/NĀ)
  • NA ✧ PE17/166; PE18/085 (NA)
  • ✧ PE17/166
  • AN(A) ✧ PE18/085 (AN(A))
  • an/na ✧ PE18/088; VT48/25
  • nā̆ ✧ PE18/088
  • an ✧ PE22/157
  • ana/na ✧ PE22/163
  • a|na ✧ PE22/168
Primitive elvish [PE17/040; PE17/082; PE17/091; PE17/145; PE17/146; PE17/147; PE17/166; PE18/085; PE18/088; PE21/79; PE22/157; PE22/163; PE22/168; VT48/25] Group: Eldamo. Published by

preposition. with

Derivatives

  • Q. “with, with, [ᴹQ.] by, [ᴱQ.] with (accompaniment)” ✧ PE17/095
  • S. di “with” ✧ PE17/095
Primitive elvish [PE17/095] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

na

preposition. with, by (also used as a genitive sign)

Noldorin [Ety/374, LotR/I:XII] Group: SINDICT. Published by

na

preposition. to, towards, at

Noldorin [Ety/374, LotR/I:XII] Group: SINDICT. Published by

na

preposition. with, by; of

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. an(a) “to, towards” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹
  • ᴹQ. -n “genitive suffix”

Derivations

  • ᴹ√NĀ/ANA “to, towards” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√NĀ¹ > na[na]✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Variations

  • nan ✧ Ety/ERÉK
Noldorin [AotH/056; Ety/ERÉK; Ety/NĀ¹; Ety/NAUK; Ety/PHAU; Ety/PHUY; Ety/SPAR; Ety/THŌN; EtyAC/NĀ¹; LR/284; SM/077; WR/380] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nan

preposition. of

an

preposition. of

Element in

Noldorin [WR/287; WR/379; WR/388] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-en

suffix. adjective suffix

Cognates

  • Ilk. -en “adjectival suffix”
  • ᴹQ. -ina “adjective suffix; passive participle”

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶-ina “adjective”

Element in

  • N. Alchorin “Not-of-Kôr”
  • N. brassen “white-hot, *very hot” ✧ Ety/BARAS
  • N. dolen “hidden, secret” ✧ Ety/DUL
  • N. firen “human” ✧ Ety/PHIR
  • N. gwelwen “air, lower air” ✧ Ety/WIL
  • N. lhaden “flat (and wide); open, cleared, flat (and wide); open, cleared; [ᴱN.] smooth”
  • N. malthen “of gold” ✧ Ety/SMAL
  • N. meglin “*bear-like” ✧ Ety/LIS
  • N. methen “end, final” ✧ Ety/MET
  • N. pichen “juicy, juicy, *oozing” ✧ Ety/PIS
  • N. tawaren “wooden” ✧ Ety/TÁWAR
  • N. tithen “little, tiny”

Variations

  • -in ✧ Ety/LIS (-in)
Noldorin [Ety/BARAS; Ety/DUL; Ety/LIS; Ety/MET; Ety/PHIR; Ety/PIS; Ety/SMAL; Ety/TÁWAR; Ety/WIL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-in

suffix. adjective suffix

an-

prefix. with, by

Noldorin [Ety/374] Group: SINDICT. Published by

-ren

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

Variations

  • -rin ✧ RS/432 (-rin)
Noldorin [Ety/ANGĀ; Ety/GLAM; Ety/KHYAR; Ety/KWET; Ety/KYELEP; Ety/LUM; Ety/PHAL; Ety/PHOR; Ety/TATHAR; RS/432] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-rin

suffix. adjective suffix

heltha-

verb. to strip

The form helta- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:14

Noldorin [Ety/386, VT/46:14] Group: SINDICT. Published by

-eb

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

Noldorin [Ety/AKLA-R; Ety/DYEL; Ety/KAY; Ety/OY] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-iel

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

  • N. gloriel “golden” ✧ Ety/LÁWAR
  • N. niniel “tearful” ✧ Ety/NEI

Variations

  • -iel ✧ Ety/LÁWAR (-iel); Ety/NEI (-iel)
Noldorin [Ety/LÁWAR; Ety/NEI] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-ui

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

  • N. bronadui “enduring, lasting”
  • N. crumui “left-handed” ✧ Ety/KURÚM
  • N. edraenui “?outside, bordering, outer” ✧ EtyAC/REG (edraenui)
  • N. Erchamui “One-handed”
  • N. gellui “triumphant” ✧ Ety/GYEL
  • N. hithui “misty”
  • N. istui “learned” ✧ Ety/IS
  • N. lithui “ash[en]”
  • N. moelui “lustful” ✧ Ety/MIL-IK
  • N. milui “friendly, loving, kind” ✧ Ety/MEL
  • N. nenui “wet”
  • N. nínui “*tearful”
  • N. Odothui “Seventh”
  • N. uanui “monstrous” ✧ Ety/BAN
  • N. Úrui “August, *Hot-one”
Noldorin [Ety/BAN; Ety/GYEL; Ety/IS; Ety/KURÚM; Ety/MEL; Ety/MIL-IK; EtyAC/REG] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

na

preposition. to, towards

nan

adverb/conjunction. but, on the contrary, on the other hand; again

Derivations

  • ᴹ√(N)DAN “back, backwards” ✧ Ety/NDAN

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√NDAN > nān[ndān] > [nān]✧ Ety/NDAN

Variations

  • ✧ Ety/NDAN
  • nān ✧ Ety/NDAN
Qenya [Ety/NDAN; LR/072; PE22/124] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-ina

suffix. adjective suffix; passive participle

Changes

  • -ntaĭna ✧ PE22/108

Cognates

  • N. -en “adjective suffix”

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶-ina “adjective”

Element in

Variations

  • ĭna ✧ PE22/107 (ĭna); PE22/108
  • aina ✧ PE22/107 (aina)
  • -nta ✧ PE22/108 (-nta)
  • inā́ ✧ PE22/111
Qenya [PE22/107; PE22/108; PE22/111; VT43/15] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ana-

prefix. to, towards

Cognates

  • N. an- “with, by” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Derivations

  • ᴹQ. an(a) “to, towards” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹
    • ᴹ√NĀ/ANA “to, towards” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹQ. an/ana/na > ana-[ana-]✧ Ety/NĀ¹

ná-

verb. to be

Derivations

  • ᴹ√NĀ/ANA “be, exist” ✧ Ety/NĀ²
  • ᴹ✶ “was; then, ago” ✧ PE22/096

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√NĀ² > [nā]✧ Ety/NĀ²
ᴹ✶nḗ > [nē]✧ PE22/096

Variations

  • ✧ Ety/NĀ²
Qenya [Ety/NĀ²; PE22/096] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-n

suffix. genitive suffix

Cognates

  • Ilk. -a(n) “genitive”
  • N. na “with, by; of”

Derivations

  • ᴹ√NĀ/ANA “to, towards”
  • ᴹ√ENE “?genitive” ✧ PE21/59

Variations

  • en ✧ PE21/59 (en)

ye

preposition. at

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶ “at” ✧ PE21/27

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶ > ye[je]✧ PE21/27

-ya

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

ten

conjunction. for

Element in

an(a)

preposition. to, towards

Changes

  • naan/ana/na “at, by, near” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Cognates

  • N. na “with, by; of” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Derivations

  • ᴹ√NĀ/ANA “to, towards” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. ana- “to, towards” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√NĀ¹ > an/ana/na[nā] > [na]✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Variations

  • an/ana/na ✧ Ety/NĀ¹
  • na ✧ EtyAC/NĀ¹ (na); VT27/10
Qenya [Ety/NĀ¹; EtyAC/NĀ¹; VT27/10] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-voite

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

Elements

WordGloss
-ite“(verbal) adjective ending”

ve

preposition. with

Element in

ye-

verb. to be

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ “to be” ✧ PE22/123

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√YE > [jē]✧ PE22/123

Variations

  • ✧ PE22/123 ()
Qenya [LR/072; PE22/011; PE22/107; PE22/115; PE22/117; PE22/119; PE22/120; PE22/123] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

-nā

suffix. adjective

Element in

  • ᴹ✶kuʒnā “bowed, bow-shaped, bent”

Variations

  • ✧ PE21/59
  • nā́ ✧ PE22/111
Middle Primitive Elvish [PE21/59; PE22/107; PE22/111] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ana

root. be, exist

Middle Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

-ina

suffix. adjective

Derivatives

  • Ilk. -en “adjectival suffix”
  • ᴹQ. -ina “adjective suffix; passive participle”
  • N. -en “adjective suffix”

Element in

  • ᴹ✶Bedūina “*of Spouses” ✧ Ety/LEP

Variations

  • ina ✧ Ety/LEP
  • -ĭnā ✧ PE21/59
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/LEP; PE21/59] Group: Eldamo. Published by

preposition. at

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. ye “at” ✧ PE21/27
Middle Primitive Elvish [PE21/27] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nā/ana

root. to, towards

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶anta- “to give, present” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
    • ᴹQ. anta- “to give” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • ᴹQ. an(a) “to, towards” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹
    • ᴹQ. ana- “to, towards” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹
  • ᴹQ. anna “gift” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • ᴹQ. an(ner) “at hand”
  • ᴹQ. anta “face” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • ᴹQ. ante “giver (f.)” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • ᴹQ. anto “giver (m.)” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • ᴹQ. -n “genitive suffix”
  • N. ant “gift” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • N. anna- “to give” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • N. Eriant “Day-bringer” ✧ Ety/AR¹
  • N. na “with, by; of” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Element in

  • ᴹ√ANAT ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • ᴹ✶rīg-anna “crown-gift” ✧ Ety/RIG
  • ᴹQ. Aryante “Day-bringer” ✧ Ety/AR¹
  • ᴹQ. na-súrima “aspirate”
  • ᴹQ. Yavanna “Fruit-giver” ✧ Ety/YAB
  • N. Ivann “Fruit-giver” ✧ Ety/YAB

Variations

  • NA¹ ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • NĀ¹ ✧ Ety/NĀ¹
  • ANA¹ ✧ EtyAC/YAB
  • NA ✧ PE18/037
  • AN(A) ✧ PE18/037
  • an ✧ PE18/038
  • nā̆ ✧ PE18/038
  • an/na ✧ PE18/038
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/ANA¹; Ety/AR¹; Ety/NĀ¹; Ety/RIG; Ety/YAB; EtyAC/YAB; PE18/037; PE18/038] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nā/ana

root. be, exist

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. ná- “to be” ✧ Ety/NĀ²
  • ᴹQ. anwa “true, real, actual” ✧ Ety/ANA²
  • ᴹQ. nasto “animal, beast”
  • ᴹQ. nat “thing” ✧ Ety/NĀ²
  • N. nad “thing” ✧ Ety/NĀ²

Variations

  • NA² ✧ Ety/ANA²
  • NĀ² ✧ Ety/NĀ²
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/ANA²; Ety/NĀ²] Group: Eldamo. Published by

root. be

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶eʒ- “to be”
    • ᴹQ. ea- “to be; to exist, have being, be found extant in the real world” ✧ PE22/122; PE22/122; PE22/122; PE22/122
  • ᴹQ. ea- “to be; to exist, have being, be found extant in the real world” ✧ PE19/048
  • ᴹQ. enge “ago, once (in past), †it was” ✧ PE19/048

Variations

  • Ē ✧ PE22/122
Middle Primitive Elvish [PE19/048; PE22/122] Group: Eldamo. Published by

eʒ-

verb. to be

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ “be”

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. ea- “to be; to exist, have being, be found extant in the real world” ✧ PE22/122; PE22/122; PE22/122; PE22/122

Variations

  • eʒe ✧ PE22/122
  • eñe ✧ PE22/122
Middle Primitive Elvish [PE22/122] Group: Eldamo. Published by

root. to be

Changes

  • YEĒ “to be” ✧ PE22/122

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. ye- “to be” ✧ PE22/123
  • ᴹQ. -ie “stative suffix” ✧ EtyAC/YĒ

Variations

  • Ī ✧ EtyAC/YĒ
  • I ✧ PE18/060
  • YE ✧ PE18/084 (YE); PE22/123 (YE)
Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/YĒ; PE18/060; PE18/084; PE22/123] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ē

root. to be

Middle Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

ī

root. to be

Middle Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

na

preposition. of (the)

Element in

Variations

  • na· ✧ GG/09
  • nan· ✧ GG/09
  • nan ✧ GG/11; GG/15; GG/15; LT2A/Duilin
  • na·² ✧ GL/59
  • nan- ✧ GL/59
Gnomish [GG/07; GG/09; GG/11; GG/15; GL/17; GL/42; GL/44; GL/59; LT1A/Turuhalmë; LT2A/Dor-na-Dhaideloth; LT2A/Duilin; LT2A/Fôs’Almir; LT2A/Nauglafring; PE13/095] Group: Eldamo. Published by

na-

verb. to be

Changes

  • nithi ✧ GL/58

Cognates

  • Eq. ná- “to be, exist”

Derivations

  • ᴱ√ “be, exist”

Element in

Variations

  • na-¹ ✧ GL/58
  • ni ✧ GL/58 (ni)
Gnomish [GG/09; GL/58] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nan

preposition. of

a

preposition. of

-a

suffix. genitive suffix

Cognates

  • Eq. -o “genitive ending” ✧ GG/10; GG/10

Derivations

  • ᴱ✶ ✧ GG/10; GG/10
Gnomish [GG/10; GL/17] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-n

suffix. genitive suffix

Cognates

  • Eq. -n “genitive suffix” ✧ GG/10
  • Eq. -o “genitive ending” ✧ GG/10

-ra

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

  • G. gwandra “beautiful” ✧ LT1A/Vána
  • G. gwadhra “habitable” ✧ GL/47
  • G. bodra “back(ward), hinder, rear” ✧ GL/23
  • G. cingra “plaited” ✧ GL/26
  • G. hadra “opposing, facing, opposite; equivalent” ✧ GL/47
  • G. egra “distant, far away” ✧ GL/32
  • G. aithra “piercing, sharp; thorny” ✧ GL/18
  • G. fodra “the last, latest, endmost” ✧ GL/35
  • G. hamra “lowly, lowlying; base” ✧ GL/48
  • G. hagra “seated” ✧ GL/47

Variations

  • -ra ✧ GL/18 (-ra); GL/23 (-ra); GL/26 (-ra); GL/32 (-ra); GL/35 (-ra); GL/47 (-ra); GL/47 (-ra); GL/47 (-ra); GL/48 (-ra); LT1A/Vána (-ra)
Gnomish [GL/18; GL/23; GL/26; GL/32; GL/35; GL/47; GL/48; LT1A/Vána] Group: Eldamo. Published by

a(n)

preposition. of

Derivations

  • ᴱ✶ā ✧ PE13/108

Element in

Variations

  • ✧ GG/07; GL/17; GL/49; LT1A/Uolë Kúvion; LT1I/Gilfanon
  • an ✧ GG/11; GL/26; GL/26; LT2A/Cûm an-Idrisaith
  • a ✧ GG/11; GL/34; GL/46; GL/64; LT1A/Cûm a Gumlaith; LT2A/Falasquil; LT2A/Teld Quing Ilon; LT2A/Tôn a Gwedrin; PE13/093; PE13/108
Gnomish [GG/07; GG/11; GG/12; GL/17; GL/26; GL/34; GL/46; GL/49; GL/64; LT1A/Cûm a Gumlaith; LT1A/Uolë Kúvion; LT1I/Gilfanon; LT2A/Cûm an-Idrisaith; LT2A/Falasquil; LT2A/Teld Quing Ilon; LT2A/Tôn a Gwedrin; PE13/093; PE13/108] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-(r)in

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

  • G. angrin “of iron, iron” ✧ GL/19
  • G. anothrin “adult (of men), fullgrown; manly” ✧ GL/19
  • G. aulin “wrong” ✧ GL/20
  • G. baldrin “mighty” ✧ GL/21
  • G. belin “expanded, unrolled, unfurled, set (of sails)” ✧ GL/22
  • G. benin “shapely, pretty” ✧ GL/22
  • G. bedhin “wedded, married” ✧ GL/22
  • G. felegrin “equable” ✧ GL/34
  • G. felthadrin “probable” ✧ GL/34
  • G. blethrin “gracious, kind” ✧ GL/23
  • G. celchin “of glass” ✧ GL/25
  • G. celebrin “of silver” ✧ GL/25
  • G. cîrin “present (place or time), modern” ✧ GL/26
  • G. clogrin “stony, stone-like” ✧ GL/26
  • G. codrin “nutty” ✧ GL/26
  • G. crogin “hooked” ✧ GL/27
  • G. culwin “golden” ✧ GL/27
  • G. curin “magical” ✧ GL/28 (curin)
  • G. dribin “worn out” ✧ GL/30
  • G. elegrin “different, strange” ✧ GL/32
  • G. Egladrin
  • G. egrin “wide, vast, broad; far” ✧ GL/32
  • G. erethrin “isolated, solitary, lonely” ✧ GL/33
  • G. embrin “by name, named” ✧ GL/32 (embrin)
  • G. fadrin “sufficient” ✧ GL/33
  • G. fadin “sated, saturated” ✧ GL/33
  • G. fathrin “tasselled” ✧ GL/34
  • G. fegrin “free” ✧ QL/037
  • G. fidhrin “haired”
  • G. flathrin “foamy, tasseled” ✧ GL/35
  • G. fofrin “foolish” ✧ GL/35
  • G. gaisin “of steel” ✧ GL/37
  • G. gaithrin “like steel” ✧ GL/37
  • G. gedrin “sib, akin” ✧ GL/38
  • G. gîrin “bygone, old, belonging to former days, olden, former, ancient” ✧ GL/38
  • G. glanthin “cleanly, pure” ✧ GL/39
  • G. glanwethrin “cleanly, pure” ✧ GL/39
  • G. glastrin “marble” ✧ GL/39
  • G. glathrin “brilliant, lucent” ✧ GL/39
  • G. glen(d)rin “slender” ✧ GL/39
  • G. glôrin “golden, of gold” ✧ GL/40
  • G. glothrin “white, clear white” ✧ GL/40
  • G. godaithri(o)n “learned, educated” ✧ GL/40
  • G. gudhrin “inflamed, burning hot” ✧ GL/42
  • G. haithin “gone, departed, lost” ✧ GL/47
  • G. fedhin “bound by agreement; ally, friend”
  • G. gwegrin “masculine” ✧ GL/44
  • G. ganothrin “youthful” ✧ GL/37
  • G. giothrin “embryonic” ✧ GL/39
  • G. celegrin “glassy, like glass” ✧ GL/25
  • G. hethrin “of the same family (in a close sense), consanguine” ✧ GL/48
  • G. haugrin “lowly, humble, mean” ✧ GL/48
  • G. cagrin “funny, amusing” ✧ GL/24
  • G. glingrin “musical” ✧ GL/39
  • G. ausin “rich; fortune” ✧ GL/20
  • G. gwethrin “welcome, acceptable” ✧ GL/47
  • G. fagin “cut” ✧ GL/33
  • G. singrin “salt”
  • G. aurin “made (by craft of hand), wrought, fashioned” ✧ GL/20
  • G. gerin “metallic” ✧ GL/38
  • G. fostrin “odorous” ✧ GL/36

Variations

  • -rin ✧ GL/19 (-rin); GL/19 (-rin); GL/21 (-rin); GL/23 (-rin); GL/24 (-rin); GL/25 (-rin); GL/25 (-rin); GL/26 (-rin); GL/26 (-rin); GL/26 (-rin); GL/32 (-rin); GL/32 (-rin); GL/32 (-rin); GL/33 (-rin); GL/33 (-rin); GL/34 (-rin); GL/34 (-rin); GL/34 (-rin); GL/35 (-rin); GL/35 (-rin); GL/36 (-rin); GL/37 (-rin); GL/37 (-rin); GL/38 (-rin); GL/39 (-rin); GL/39 (-rin); GL/39 (-rin); GL/39 (-rin); GL/39 (-rin); GL/39 (-rin); GL/40 (-rin); GL/40 (-rin); GL/44 (-rin); GL/47 (-rin); GL/48 (-rin); GL/48 (-rin); QL/037 (-rin)
  • -in ✧ GL/20 (-in); GL/20 (-in); GL/20 (-in); GL/22 (-in); GL/22 (-in); GL/22 (-in); GL/25 (-in); GL/27 (-in); GL/27 (-in); GL/28 (-in); GL/30 (-in); GL/33 (-in); GL/33 (-in); GL/37 (-in); GL/38 (-in); GL/38 (-in); GL/39 (-in); GL/40 (-in); GL/42 (-in); GL/47 (-in)
Gnomish [GL/19; GL/20; GL/21; GL/22; GL/23; GL/24; GL/25; GL/26; GL/27; GL/28; GL/30; GL/32; GL/33; GL/34; GL/35; GL/36; GL/37; GL/38; GL/39; GL/40; GL/42; GL/44; GL/47; GL/48; QL/037] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-(i)ol

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

  • G. aglar(i)ol “glorious” ✧ GL/17
  • G. barchol “terrible, awful” ✧ GL/22
  • G. bodruithol “vengeful (by nature)” ✧ GL/23 (bodruithol)
  • G. bronniol “constant, faithful” ✧ GL/24
  • G. cancol “laughing” ✧ GL/24 (cancol)
  • G. cauthiol “tasteful, endowed with good taste; discreet, circumspect” ✧ GL/24
  • G. clochiol “stone” ✧ GL/40
  • G. gumriol “burdensome” ✧ GL/43
  • G. cucthol “painstaking” ✧ GL/27
  • G. cunghol “painstaking” ✧ GL/27
  • G. diriol “tedious” ✧ GL/30
  • G. drauthiol “arduous, labourious” ✧ GL/30
  • G. egriol “excessive”
  • G. enwiol “nominal” ✧ GL/32
  • G. dairiol “merry (of things), funny” ✧ GL/29
  • G. glarossiol “dazzling” ✧ GL/39
  • G. glôriol “golden, like gold” ✧ GL/40
  • G. gudhriol “inflamed, inflammatory” ✧ GL/42
  • G. gwassiol “rushing, noisy, loud, rustling or splashing” ✧ GL/44
  • G. gwenniniol “maiden(ly), girlish” ✧ GL/45
  • G. gwilbriniol “like a butterfly” ✧ GL/45
  • G. gwirthol “reluctant” ✧ GL/46
  • G. bridol “changing, varying, variable” ✧ GL/24
  • G. hadhol “abiding; enduring, constant, faithful” ✧ GL/47
  • G. hadruithol “vengeful” ✧ GL/47
  • G. hiriol “anxious” ✧ GL/49
  • G. gwiniol “feminine” ✧ GL/45
  • G. gimriol “audible, noticeable” ✧ GL/38
  • G. gwesol “affable” ✧ GL/47
  • G. gothriol “warlike” ✧ GL/42
  • G. brigol “afraid; fearful, timid” ✧ GL/24

Variations

  • -ol ✧ GL/17 (-ol); GL/22 (-ol); GL/23 (-ol); GL/24 (-ol); GL/24 (-ol); GL/24 (-ol); GL/27 (-ol); GL/27 (-ol); GL/38 (-ol); GL/42 (-ol); GL/42 (-ol); GL/43 (-ol); GL/46 (-ol); GL/47 (-ol); GL/47 (-ol); GL/47 (-ol)
  • -iol ✧ GL/24 (-iol); GL/24 (-iol); GL/29 (-iol); GL/30 (-iol); GL/30 (-iol); GL/32 (-iol); GL/39 (-iol); GL/40 (-iol); GL/40 (-iol); GL/44 (-iol); GL/45 (-iol); GL/45 (-iol); GL/45 (-iol); GL/49 (-iol)
Gnomish [GL/17; GL/22; GL/23; GL/24; GL/27; GL/29; GL/30; GL/32; GL/38; GL/39; GL/40; GL/42; GL/43; GL/44; GL/45; GL/46; GL/47; GL/49] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-r(i)ol

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

Variations

  • -rol ✧ GL/17 (-rol); GL/25 (-rol); GL/48 (-rol)
  • -riol ✧ GL/24 (-riol); GL/25 (-riol); GL/29 (-riol); GL/32 (-riol); GL/42 (-riol)
Gnomish [GL/17; GL/24; GL/25; GL/29; GL/32; GL/42; GL/48] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-wed

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

  • G. caithonwed “original” ✧ GL/24
  • G. celchwed “glassy” ✧ GL/25
  • G. clogwed “stony, stone-covered” ✧ GL/26
  • G. codwed “nutbearing” ✧ GL/26
  • G. dairwed “merry, funny (common)” ✧ GL/29
  • G. deldrinwed “beechen” ✧ GL/30
  • G. drogwed “servile, slavish; base, mean” ✧ GL/31
  • G. faronwed “foreign” ✧ GL/34
  • G. egwed “far, distant” ✧ PE13/113
  • G. fathwed “tasselled” ✧ GL/34
  • G. galwed “brilliant, shining” ✧ PE13/114
  • G. godaithrinwed “grammatical” ✧ GL/40
  • G. gonwed “rocky” ✧ GL/41
  • G. grithonwed “thoughtful, careful; unselfish” ✧ GL/42
  • G. gwavwed “windy” ✧ GL/43
  • G. gwegwed “male” ✧ GL/44
  • G. hilwed “adolescent” ✧ GL/49
  • G. in(d)wed “indoors, at home; homely, domestic(ated)”
  • G. gwinwed “female” ✧ GL/45
  • G. erwed “unique” ✧ GL/33
  • G. fedhwed “lawful”
  • G. calwed “flourishing, adolescent” ✧ GL/25
  • G. fabwed “corpulent” ✧ GL/34
Gnomish [GL/24; GL/25; GL/26; GL/29; GL/30; GL/31; GL/33; GL/34; GL/40; GL/41; GL/42; GL/43; GL/44; GL/45; GL/49; PE13/113; PE13/114] Group: Eldamo. Published by

to

proper name. To

Cognates

  • Eq. Tombo “Gong (of the Children)” ✧ PE15/07

-thol Reconstructed

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

Early Noldorin

na

preposition. of

Element in

Early Noldorin [LB/275; SM/026] Group: Eldamo. Published by

neb

adverb. near

Element in

  • En. goneb “similar” ✧ PE13/164
  • En. gonebedach- “to approach one another, to become like, resemble” ✧ PE13/164
  • En. neibio “nearly, almost” ✧ PE13/164
  • En. nebmerion “neighbour” ✧ PE13/164
  • En. nebuin “neighbour (fem.)” ✧ PE13/164
  • En. nebweb “neighbour” ✧ PE13/164
Early Noldorin [PE13/164] Group: Eldamo. Published by

a(n)

preposition. of (the)

Element in

Variations

  • a ✧ LB/149
  • an ✧ PE13/128
Early Noldorin [LB/149; PE13/128] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-ui

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

  • En. inathui “innumerable” ✧ PE13/148
Early Noldorin [PE13/148] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

root. be, exist

Derivatives

  • Eq. “so, yes (it is)” ✧ QL/064
  • Eq. ná- “to be, exist” ✧ QL/064
  • Eq. nanwa “being”
  • Eq. nasta “existence, being, creature” ✧ QL/064
  • Eq. nat “thing” ✧ QL/064
  • G. na- “to be”
  • G. nad “*thing”
  • G. nath “thing, affair, matter”
  • G. nast “being (abstract); being (creature)”

Element in

  • Eq. nea “it is, yes”
Early Primitive Elvish [QL/064] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ī

root. be

Derivatives

  • ᴱ✶-ya “present” ✧ PE16/140
  • Eq. e- “to be” ✧ PE16/140

Variations

  • ī ✧ PE16/140
Early Primitive Elvish [PE16/140] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ō

root. be, exist

Changes

  • OOŌ ✧ QL/069

Derivatives

  • Eq. ó- “to be” ✧ QL/069

Variations

  • OO ✧ QL/069 (OO)
Early Primitive Elvish [QL/069] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

na

preposition. for

Element in

  • Eq. na voru “for always” ✧ PE15/69 (na voru)
Early Quenya [PE15/69] Group: Eldamo. Published by

interjection. so, yes (it is)

Derivations

  • ᴱ√ “be, exist” ✧ QL/064

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√ > [nā]✧ QL/064

Variations

  • ✧ QL/064
Early Quenya [QL/064] Group: Eldamo. Published by

har(e)

adverb. near

Derivations

  • ᴱ√HAÐA “cleave, remain” ✧ QL/039

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√HAŘA > har(e)[xaðǝ] > [xað] > [hað] > [haz] > [har]✧ QL/039

Variations

  • har ✧ QL/039
Early Quenya [LT1A/Eruman; QL/039] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ná-

verb. to be, exist

Cognates

  • G. na- “to be”

Derivations

  • ᴱ√ “be, exist” ✧ QL/064

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√ > [nā-]✧ QL/064

Variations

  • ✧ QL/064
Early Quenya [PE15/32; PE16/141; QL/064; VT40/08] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-n

suffix. genitive suffix

Cognates

  • G. -n “genitive suffix” ✧ GG/10

Element in

Variations

  • -n ✧ GG/10
  • na ✧ PE16/146
Early Quenya [GG/10; PE16/146] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-noina

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

  • Eq. hestanoina “bearing the nearest consanguinity” ✧ QL/040
  • Eq. vestanoina “related by marriage” ✧ QL/101

Elements

WordGloss
-ina“adjectival suffix”
Early Quenya [QL/040; QL/101] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-wa

suffix. adjective suffix

-ya

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

  • Eq. erya “only, single” ✧ PE14/082
  • Eq. arinya “fireside” ✧ QL/032
Early Quenya [PE14/082; QL/032] Group: Eldamo. Published by

hya

preposition. by

Derivations

  • ᴱ√HYA “this by us” ✧ QL/041

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√HYA > hya[θʲa] > [sja] > [j̊a]✧ QL/041

Variations

  • hya ✧ QL/041
Early Quenya [QL/041] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-noite

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

Elements

WordGloss
-ite“adjective ending”
Early Quenya [PE15/69; QL/039; QL/067; QL/077; QL/080; QL/104] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-se

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

  • Eq. ankasse(a) “lofty, tall, (lit.) up-headed, high-headed” ✧ QL/030
  • Eq. simpise “piping, whistling” ✧ QL/084
Early Quenya [QL/030; QL/084] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-voite

suffix. adjective suffix

@@@ sometimes with stem voisi-: kuluvoite, mavoite,

Element in

Elements

WordGloss
-ite“adjective ending”
Early Quenya [QL/029; QL/031; QL/048; QL/049; QL/051; QL/055; QL/057; QL/062; QL/078; QL/083; QL/096; QL/098; QL/100; QL/102] Group: Eldamo. Published by

e-

verb. to be

Derivations

  • ᴱ√Ī “be” ✧ PE16/140

Element in

Early Quenya [PE14/051; PE14/054; PE14/057; PE16/062; PE16/066; PE16/140; PE16/141; PE16/143] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ó-

verb. to be

Derivations

  • ᴱ√Ō “be, exist” ✧ QL/069

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√Ō > ō-[ō-]✧ QL/069

Variations

  • ō- ✧ QL/069
Early Quenya [QL/069] Group: Eldamo. Published by