heru

lord, master

heru (also hér) noun "lord, master" (PM:210, KHER, LT1:272, VT44:12); Letters:283 gives hér (heru); the form Héru with a long vowel refers to God in the source where it appears (i Héru "the Lord", VT43:29). In names like Herumor "Black Lord" and Herunúmen "Lord of the West" (SA:heru). The form heruion is evidently a gen.pl. of heru "lord": "of the lords" (SD:290); herunúmen "Lord-of-West" (LR:47), title of Manwë. Pl. númeheruvi "Lords-of-West" (*"West-lords") in SD:246, a title of the Valar; does this form suggest that #heruvi is the regular plural of heru?

heru

noun. lord, master

Cognates

• Ad. khôr “lord”
• S. hîr “lord, master” ✧ Let/282; SA/heru; PM/210; VT41/09

Derivations

• ✶khēr “lord, master” ✧ Let/282; VT41/09
  • √KHER “possess, possess, [ᴹ√] rule, govern, [ᴱ√] have power”
• ✶kherū “lord, master” ✧ Let/282; PE17/097
  • √KHER “possess, possess, [ᴹ√] rule, govern, [ᴱ√] have power”

Element in

• Q. Artaher “Noble Lord”
• Q. Ciryaher “*Ship Lord”
• ᴺQ. hérosto “capital city”
• Q. Herucalmo
• Q. Heru Imillion “Lord of the Rings” ✧ DTS/54
• Q. Herumor “*Black Lord” ✧ SA/heru
• Q. Herunúmen “Lord of the West” ✧ SA/heru
• Q. Heru órava omessë “Lord, have mercy on us” ✧ VT44/12
• ᴺQ. herwa “lordly”
• Q. i Héru aselyë “the Lord is with thee” ✧ VT43/29
• Q. Ondoher “*Stone Lord” ✧ PM/210
• Q. Ostoher “*City Lord”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶khēr > hēr	[kʰēr] > [xēr] > [hēr]	✧ Let/282
✶kherū > heru	[kʰerū] > [xerū] > [herū] > [heru]	✧ Let/282
✶kherū > heru	[kʰerū] > [xerū] > [herū] > [heru]	✧ PE17/097
✶khēr > hēr	[kʰēr] > [xēr] > [hēr]	✧ VT41/09

Variations

• Heru ✧ DTS/54; VT44/12
• hēr ✧ Let/282; VT41/09
• hēr- ✧ PM/210
• Héru ✧ VT43/29

hér

lord

hér noun "lord" (VT41:9), also heru, q.v.

hér

noun. lord

heru-

to rule

heru- vb. "to rule" (LT1:272; rather tur- in LotR-style Quenya)

harya-

possess

harya- vb. "possess" (3AR)

Malantur

lord, ruler

Malantur, masc. name. Apparently includes -(n)tur "lord, ruler". The initial element is unlikely to connect with the early "Qenya" element mala- "hurt, pain", and may rather reflect the root MALAT "gold" (PM:366): Malat-ntur > Malantur "Gold-ruler"? (UT:210)

condo

noun. lord

túrin

noun. lord

Derivations

• √TUR “dominate, master, conquer; power [over others], mastery (legitimate or illegitimate), control (of other wills); strong, mighty in power, dominate, master, conquer; power [over others], mastery (legitimate or illegitimate), control (of other wills); strong, mighty in power; [ᴹ√] victory; [ᴱ√] am strong”

Element in

• Q. i Túrin i Cormaron “the Lord of the Rings” ✧ Minor-Doc/1973-05-30

Variations

• Túrin ✧ Minor-Doc/1973-05-30

vala-

to rule

vala- (2) vb. "to rule", only with reference to the Valar (see Vala). Future tense valuva is attested (WJ:404)

herunauco

9V7J5.DaH noun. dwarf-lord, dwarven lord

hîr

noun. lord, master

Cognates

• Q. heru “lord, master” ✧ Let/282; SA/heru; PM/210; VT41/09

Derivations

• ✶khēr “lord, master” ✧ Let/282; VT41/09
  • √KHER “possess, possess, [ᴹ√] rule, govern, [ᴱ√] have power”

Element in

• Q. Ondohir ✧ PM/210
• S. a Hîr Annûn Gilthoniel “*oh Lady of the West, Star-kindler” ✧ LB/354
• S. aran Gondor ar Arnor ar Hîr i Mbair Annui “king of Gondor and Arnor and Lord of the Westlands” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129
• S. Arothir “Noble Lord”
• S. Barahir “*Fiery-lord” ✧ SA/heru
• S. Duinhir “*River Lord”
• S. Elphir
• S. Erchirion
• S. Gonnhirrim “Masters of Stone” ✧ SA/heru
• S. Gwaihir “Windlord”
• S. herdir “master”
• S. híril “lady, lady; [G.] princess, †queen” ✧ SA/heru
• S. Hirluin
• S. Hirwen
• S. Lothíriel
• S. rochir “knight, horse-lord” ✧ Let/282
• S. Rochirrim “Horse-lords” ✧ UT/318
• S. Rohirrim “Horse-lords” ✧ Let/382; SA/heru
• S. Torhir Ifant

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶khēr > hir	[kʰēr] > [xēr] > [xīr] > [hīr]	✧ Let/282
✶khēr > hîr	[kʰēr] > [xēr] > [xīr] > [hīr]	✧ VT41/09

Variations

• Hîr ✧ AotM/062; LB/354; SD/129
• hir ✧ Let/282
• hīr ✧ PM/210

heron

lord

(i cheron, o cheron) (master), pl. heryn (i cheryn), coll. pl. heronnath** (VT45:22). Since the pl. heryn clashes with the fem. sg. heryn** ”lady”, other words for ”lord” may be preferred.

hîr

lord

1) hîr (i chîr, o chîr; also hir-, her- at the beginning of compounds) (master), no distinct pl. form, not even with article (i chîr), coll. pl. híriath (Letters:282, 386; VT41:9); 2) heron (i cheron, o cheron) (master), pl. heryn (i cheryn), coll. pl. heronnath (VT45:22)._ _Since the pl. heryn clashes with the fem. sg. heryn ”lady”, other words for ”lord” may be preferred. 3) brannon (i vrannon), pl. brennyn (i mrennyn), coll. pl. brannonnath; 4) tûr (i dûr, o thûr, construct tur) (mastery, power, control; master, victor), pl. tuir (i thuir), coll. pl. túrath.

hîr

lord

(i chîr, o chîr; also hir-, her- at the beginning of compounds) (master), no distinct pl. form, not even with article (i chîr), coll. pl. híriath (Letters:282, 386; VT41:9)

gar

possess

gar- (i **âr, i ngerir = i ñerir) (hold, have; be able, can); pa.t. garant**. (AI:92, VT45:14)

gar

possess

(i ’âr, i ngerir = i ñerir) (hold, have; be able, can); pa.t. garant. (AI:92, VT45:14)

brannon

lord

(i** vrannon), pl. brennyn (i** mrennyn), coll. pl. brannonnath

tûr

lord

(i** dûr, o thûr, construct tur) (mastery, power, control; master, victor), pl. tuir (i** thuir), coll. pl. túrath.

kherû

masculine name. Lord

A rejected draft version of the Adûnaic name for Morgoth translated “Lord”, replaced by Arûn of the same meaning (SD/376). It is transparently a derivative of the Elvish root ᴹ√KHER, as suggested by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynn (AAD/18). A later form of this word, ✱khôr “lord”, may appears as an element in the name Adûnakhôr “Lord of the West”.

Changes

• Kherū → Arûn “Lord” ✧ SD/376
• Kherū → Arûn ✧ SDI2/Arûn

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHER “rule, govern, possess”

Variations

• Kherū ✧ SD/376 (Kherū); SDI2/Arûn (Kherū)

arûn

masculine name. Lord

An Adûnaic name for Morgoth, perhaps coined by Sauron when he introduced the worship of the dark god to the Númenóreans, translated as “Lord” (SD/376). It is derived from the word ârû “king” and was sometimes used in a compound together with Morgoth’s true Adûnaic name: Arûn-Mulkhêr (SD/367). In other writings (SD/357) it was the original Adûnaic name of Morgoth before he fell to evil, but that hardly makes sense in the conceptual scenario of the later Silmarillion, in which Morgoth had already become evil before men awoke.

Elements

Word	Gloss
ârû	“king”

bâr

noun. lord

A noun translated as “lord” (SD/311, 428). This nouns wins the prize for “most inflected Adûnaic noun”, since we have declensions for this noun in both the draft Adûnaic grammar and the later grammar of Lowdham’s Report. As such, it is very helpful for comparing how the noun declensions changed as Tolkien developed Adûnaic grammar. For example, comparing its draft plurals bāri/bārim to its later plural bârî/bârîm indicate the draft plural was originally formed with a short rather than long i. There are a few lingering examples of this short-i plural in later writings (SD/247, 251).

Conceptual Development: In earlier writings the rejected name Kherû “Lord” (SD/376) indicates a possible earlier form of this noun; Kherû itself was changed to Arûn. A similar form reappears in later writings in the name Adûnakhôr “Lord of the West”: either akhôr or khôr “lord”. Whether or not this later word replaced bâr is unknown.

Element in

• Ad. Ar-Pharazônun Bâr ’nAnadûnê “King Pharazon is Lord of Anadune” ✧ SD/428
• Ad. Bârim an-Adûn yurahtam dâira sâibêth-mâ Êruvô “Lords of [the] West, they rent [the] Earth with assent from Eru” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. bārun an-adūn {urahhata >>} urahta dāira sāibēth-mā ēruvō ✧ SD/312
• Ad. bārun-adūnō rakkhatū kamāt sōbēthumā eruvō “the Lord of West broke asunder earth assent-with of God” ✧ SD/311
• Ad. bâr ukallaba “the lord fell” ✧ SD/429
• Ad. bârun (u)kallaba “the lord fell, it was the lord who fell” ✧ SD/429
• Ad. narîka ’nBâri ’nAdûn yanâkhim “The Eagles of the Lords of the West are at hand” ✧ SD/251

Variations

• Bār ✧ SD/428
• bār ✧ SD/429; SD/437; SD/438; SD/438

khôr Reconstructed

noun. lord

An element meaning “lord” appearing only in the name Adûnakhôr “Lord of the West”, though a similar form appears in the earlier names Kherû “Lord” and Mulkhêr “Lord of Darkness”. It isn’t clear whether this element is ✱akhôr or ✱khôr, but khôr resembles the Primitive Elvish root √KHER “rule, govern, possess”, to which it may be related.

This possible relationship has been suggested by various authors (AL/Adûnaic, EotAL/KHUR). Andreas Moehn rejected the relationship, pointing out that Primitive Elvish ✶khēru “lord” would have developed phonetically into Ad. ✱✱khîru (EotAL). However, khôr may be derived from some more ancient Avari loan word, which underwent different phonetic developments than those of the Eldarin languages, perhaps ✶kher- > khar > khaur > Ad. khôr.

Cognates

• Q. heru “lord, master”

Derivations

• √KHER “possess, possess, [ᴹ√] rule, govern, [ᴱ√] have power”

Element in

• Ad. Adûnakhôr “Lord of the West”

uzbad

noun. lord

Element in

• Kh. Balin Fundinul Uzbad Khazaddûmu “Balin son of Fundin Lord of Moria” ✧ PE17/047

Variations

• Uzbad ✧ PE17/047

kher

root. possess, possess, [ᴹ√] rule, govern, [ᴱ√] have power

The basic root for rulership was √KHER for most of Tolkien’s life. The root appeared as ᴱ√HERE “rule, have power” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, and in this period already had the derivative ᴱQ. heru “lord” and ᴱQ. heri “lady” (QL/40), words that retained the same form and meaning throughout Tolkien’s life. Gnomish derivatives from this period include G. herma “protection, lordship, sway”, G. hermon “lord”, G. hîr “care, anxiety; heed”, and G. hiril “queen†, princess” (GL/49).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s these last two Gnomish words became N. hîr “master” and N. hiril “lady” as derivatives of ᴹ√KHER “rule, govern, possess”; the words ᴹQ. heru/ᴹQ. heri reappeared as well (Ety/KHER). All four of these words reappeared frequently in Tolkien’s later writing, though S. hîr was more typically glossed “lord” (PM/210; SD/129; VT41/9; Let/382; UT/318). The root √KHER itself reappeared in a 1954 letter to Naomi Mitchison with the gloss “possess” (Let/178).

Derivatives

• Ad. khôr “lord”
• ✶khēr “lord, master”
  • Q. heru “lord, master” ✧ Let/282; VT41/09
  • S. hîr “lord, master” ✧ Let/282; VT41/09
• ✶kherī “lady”
  • Q. heri “lady”
• ✶kheru- “to lord it over, be master of, own”
  • ᴺQ. heru- “to lord it over, be master of, own, [ᴱQ.] rule”
• ✶kherū “lord, master”
  • Q. heru “lord, master” ✧ Let/282; PE17/097
• ᴺQ. hérë “lordship”
• ᴺS. herf “protection, lordship, sway”

Element in

• ᴺQ. herulatsë “estate, domain”
• ᴺQ. ohérë “government”
• S. rochir “knight, horse-lord” ✧ Let/178

Variations

• kher- ✧ Let/178

khēr

noun. lord, master

Derivations

• √KHER “possess, possess, [ᴹ√] rule, govern, [ᴱ√] have power”

Derivatives

• Q. heru “lord, master” ✧ Let/282; VT41/09
• S. hîr “lord, master” ✧ Let/282; VT41/09

Element in

• ✶arāt-chír “Noble Lord” ✧ VT41/09

kherū

noun. lord, master

Derivations

• √KHER “possess, possess, [ᴹ√] rule, govern, [ᴱ√] have power”

Derivatives

• Q. heru “lord, master” ✧ Let/282; PE17/097

Element in

• ✶kherūnī “lady” ✧ PE17/097

árātō

noun. lord

Derivations

• √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118

Derivatives

• Q. aráto “champion, eminent man, noble, lord, king” ✧ PE17/118

heron

noun. lord, master

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHER “rule, govern, possess” ✧ Ety/KHER

Element in

• N. Roheryn ✧ EtyAC/KHER

Elements

Word	Gloss
hîr	“master, lord”
-(r)on	“agental suffix”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KHER > heron	[kʰerondo] > [xerondo] > [xerond] > [herond] > [heronn] > [heron]	✧ Ety/KHER

brannon

noun. lord

brannon

noun. lord