Quenya 

alta

radiance

alta (2) noun "radiance" (VT42:32, PE17:50). Cf. variant ñalta.

alta

noun. radiance

cal-

shine

#cal- vb. "shine", future tense caluva ("k") "shall shine" _(UT:22 cf. 51). Compare also early "Qenya" cala- ("k")"shine" (LT1:254)_. It is possible that the verbal stem should have a final -a in later Quenya as well, since this vowel would not appear in the future tense caluva (compare valuvar as the pl. future tense of vala-, WJ:404).

cala

light

cala ("k")noun "light" (KAL). Concerning the "Qenya" verb cala-, see #cal- above.

cala

noun. light, light; [ᴱQ.] daytime (sunlight), 12 hours

This is the most common Quenya word for “light”, derived from the root √KAL of similar meaning (RGEO/62; PE17/84). It appears in numerous compounds, either in its full form or in a reduced form cal-.

Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. kala appeared all the way back in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “daytime (sunlight), 12 hours” and derived from the early root ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” (QL/44), but it had the sense “light” in the phrase ᴱQ. i·kal’antúlien “Light hath returned” (LT1/184), and it was given as the cognate of G. gala “light, daylight” in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/37).

ᴹQ. kala “light” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√KAL “shine” (Ety/KAL). Somewhat curiously in that document its primitive form was given as ᴹ✶k’lā́ (EtyAC/KAL), a form that also appeared in the first version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ1) from the 1930s (PE18/38). Tolkien may have used this variant form to explain N. glaw “radiance” (< ᴹ✶g’lā́), but in later writings S. glaw “sunshine” was derived from √LAW.

Derivations

  • KAL “light; shine, be bright, light; shine, be bright, [ᴱ√] shine golden” ✧ PE17/084

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
CAL > Cala[kala]✧ PE17/084

Variations

  • Cala ✧ PE17/084; RGEO/62
Quenya [PE17/084; PE17/143; RGEO/62; VT39/14] Group: Eldamo. Published by

alcar

noun. radiance

radiance, splendour

Quenya [PE 18:36 PE 18:87] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

cálë

light

cálë ("k")noun "light" (Markirya; in early "Qenya", cálë meant "morning", LT1:254)

cálë

noun. light

A noun for “light” appearing in the versions of the Markirya poem from the 1960s (MC/222-223).

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. kále “morning” was a derivative of the early root ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” (QL/44), and kāle was mentioned again Gnomish Lexicon Slips as a cognate of G. gaul “a light” (PE13/114). The form ᴱQ. kale “day” appeared in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s, but was deleted (PE14/43). It might also be an element in ᴹQ. yúkale “twilight” (= “both lights”) from The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KAL).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d stick to the better attested Q. cala “light”.

Element in

Variations

  • kále ✧ MC/222; MC/223
Quenya [MC/222; MC/223] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nalta

radiance, glittering reflection

nalta ("ñ")noun "radiance, glittering reflection" (from jewels, glass or polished metals, or water) (PM:347)

calina

light

calina ("k")adj. "light" (KAL), "bright" (VT42:32) "(literally illumined) sunny, light" (PE17:153) but apparently a noun "light" in coacalina, q.v.

calta-

shine

calta- ("k")vb. "shine" (KAL)

accal(a)-

verb. shine

shine (suddenly and) brilliantly, blaze

Quenya [PE 18:35, 61 PE 18:85] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

sil-

shine

sil- vb. "shine" (white), present tense síla "shines, is shining" (FG); aorist silë, pl. silir (RS:324), frequentative sisíla- (Markirya comments), future tense siluva (VT49:38), dual future siluvat (VT49:44, 45)

fairë

radiance

fairë (3) noun "radiance" (PHAY)

Sindarin 

aglar

noun. radiance

_n. _radiance, glory. Q. alkar. >> aglareb

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:24] < _aklar_ < KAL light. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

calad

gerund noun. light

Sindarin [Ety/362, UT/65] Group: SINDICT. Published by

calad

noun. light

_ n. _light, fire, brightness, shining. >> galad

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:84] < GAL. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

galad

radiance

1a _ n. _radiance. >> Galadriel, Gil-galad

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:50] < _kalat_- radiance < GAL < KAL shine. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

galad

noun. light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or polished metal, or water)

Sindarin [VT/45:13, PM/347, Letters/425] Group: SINDICT. Published by

galad

light

_ n. _light, fire, brightness, shining. >> calad, Caras Galadon

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:84] < GAL. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

gail

light

(adjective) 1) gail (bright), lenited ngail, no distinct pl. form (VT45:18), 2) lim (clear, sparkling), no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fish”.

gail

light

(bright), lenited ngail, no distinct pl. form (VT45:18)

calad

light

_(noun) _1) calad (i galad, o chalad), pl. celaid (i chelaid), 2) gaul (i **aul), pl. goel (i ngoel = i ñoel), coll. pl. golath. Note: A homophone means "wolf-howl", but has different mutations. 3) (bright light) galad (i ngalad = i ñalad), (sunlight, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid). 4) gâl (gal-, -al in compounds, with article i **âl), pl. gail (i ngail = i ñail).

calad

light

(i galad, o chalad), pl. celaid (i chelaid), 2) gaul (i ’aul), pl. goel (i ngoel = i ñoel), coll. pl. golath. Note: A homophone means "wolf-howl", but has different mutations. 3) (bright light) galad (i ngalad = i ñalad), (sunlight, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid). 4) gâl (gal-, -al in compounds, with article i ’âl), pl. gail (i ngail = i ñail).

galad

radiance

1) galad (i ngalad = i ñalad) (bright light, sunlight, brilliance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid), 2) glaw (i **law), pl. gloe (in gloe), 3) thîl; no distinct pl. form, coll. pl. ?thiliath**.

galad

radiance

(i ngalad = i ñalad) (bright light, sunlight, brilliance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid)

lim

light

(clear, sparkling), no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fish”.

glaw

radiance

(i ’law), pl. gloe (in gloe)

glaur

golden light

(i ’laur), pl. gloer (in gloer).

silef

shining white

is listed in LR:385 s.v. SIL as the cognate of Quenya silma of this meaning, but silef is there asterisked, apparently to indicate that it only appears as part of the word Silevril ”Silmaril”. The word silef may also be used = Quenya silima (noun), the crystal substance of the Silmarils.

síla

shine white

(i híla, i sílar) Adj.

glawar

sunlight

(i ’lawar) (gold, radiance of the Golden Tree Laurelin), pl. glewair (in glewair) if there is a pl. (VT41:10)

thîl

radiance

; no distinct pl. form, coll. pl. ?thiliath.

glóren

shining with golden light

(glórin-) (golden), lenited ’lóren; pl. glórin

glóren

shining with golden light

(glórin-) (golden), lenited ’lóren; pl. glórin.

Telerin 

cala

noun. light

Primitive elvish

kal

root. light; shine, be bright, light; shine, be bright, [ᴱ√] shine golden

This root was the basis for words having to do with “light” for most of Tolkien’s life. Its derivatives include Q. cala “light” and S. aglar “glory” which likewise retained the same basic form and meaning throughout Tolkien’s life. The root ᴱ√KALA first appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “shine golden” (QL/44) along with a rejected variant ᴱ√ALA “light” (QL/29). In this early iteration, the root ᴱ√KALA included a number of derivatives having to do with daytime, such as ᴱQ. kala “daytime (sunlight), 12 hours” and G. gala “daylight” (QL/44; GL/38). Also of interest is that most of the Gnomish derivatives from this period began with g-, indicating that the true form of the root may have been ✱ᴱ√GALA (or at least a blending with it), since [[eq|initial [g-] became [k-]]] in Early Qenya.

This G/K variation became explicit in The Etymologies of the 1930s, where ᴹ√KAL “shine” had a Noldorin-only variant ᴹ√GAL (Ety/GAL, KAL). Tolkien did consider having a few Quenya derivatives of ᴹ√GAL, but they were all rejected (EtyAC/GAL¹). In the 1930s, it also seems the “daytime” derivatives were transferred to ᴹ√AR “day” (Ety/AR¹). The root √KAL continued to appear in Tolkien’s later writings, variously glossed “shine”, “light” and “be bright”, with such frequency that it is impractical to list all the references. Likewise Tolkien continued to refer to the Sindarin-only variant √GAL on a regular basis; see that entry for details.

The root √KAL had a couple of extended forms of note, in particular √KALAR glossed “be radiant” in the 1930s (PE18/62), also appearing in the vowel-suppressed variant ᴹ√AKLA(R) “radiance, splendour” which served as the basis for Q. alcar/S. aglar “glory, brilliance, splendour, radiance” (PE17/105, 124; PE18/36, 87; VT47/13; Ety/AKLA-R, KALAR); in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s this variant root was given as ᴱ√ḶKḶ instead (QL/30). Tolkien frequently used the extension √KALAT as the representation of triconsontal roots (PE18/33, 86; WJ/392), though the only derivative he ever gave for it was ✶kalatta “a light, lamp” (PE21/80).

Derivatives

  • akkal- “to blaze, shine (suddenly and) brilliantly” ✧ PE18/085; PE18/088
    • ᴺQ. accal- “to blaze, shine (suddenly and) brilliantly”
  • akla- “to shine out, flash” ✧ PE18/085; PE18/087; PE18/087
    • Q. alca- “to glitter, to glitter, *shine out, flash” ✧ PE18/087
    • ᴺS. agla- “to shine out, flash”
    • ᴺS. agol “flash”
  • aklar(a) “radiance, brilliance, glory” ✧ PE17/024
    • Q. alcar “glory, splendour, radiance, brilliance” ✧ PE17/024; PE17/105; PE17/124; PE18/085; PE18/087; VT47/13
    • S. aglar “glory, brilliance, splendour, radiance” ✧ PE17/024; PE17/105; PE17/124; PE18/087; VT47/13
    • T. aclar “glory, splendour” ✧ VT47/13
  • kal- “to shine, be bright”
  • KALAR “*be radiant, [ᴹ√] be radiant” ✧ PE18/087
    • aklar(a) “radiance, brilliance, glory” ✧ PE17/105; PE17/124; PE18/085; PE18/085; PE18/087; VT47/13
    • Q. alcar “glory, splendour, radiance, brilliance” ✧ PE17/024; PE17/105; PE17/124; PE18/085; PE18/087; VT47/13
    • S. aglar “glory, brilliance, splendour, radiance” ✧ PE17/024; PE17/105; PE17/124; PE18/087; VT47/13
    • T. aclar “glory, splendour” ✧ VT47/13
    • aklāra “brilliant, glorious” ✧ PE18/087
    • S. aglor “brilliant, glorious” ✧ PE18/087
    • Q. calar “lamp” ✧ VT47/13
    • T. calar “lamp” ✧ VT47/13
  • kalma “a light”
    • Q. calma “lamp, (device for shining) light, lamp, (device for shining) light, [ᴱQ.] candle; (day)light”
  • kalta- “cause to shine, kindle” ✧ PE22/129
    • Q. calta- “to kindle, to kindle, [ᴹQ.] (cause to) shine, light up, [ᴱQ.] set light to”
  • k’la “*light” ✧ PE18/087
  • ñ(g)alatā “(reflected) radiance, glitter (of reflected light), glory” ✧ PE17/050
    • Q. nalta “radiance, glittering reflection” ✧ PE17/050; PM/347
    • S. galad “radiance, glittering reflection; light, fire, brightness, shining; bliss, radiance, glittering reflection; light, fire, brightness, shining; bliss; [ᴱN.] dawn” ✧ PM/347
    • T. alata “radiance, glittering reflection” ✧ PM/347
  • Q. alcar “glory, splendour, radiance, brilliance” ✧ SA/aglar
  • Q. cal- “to shine”
  • Q. cala “light, light; [ᴱQ.] daytime (sunlight), 12 hours” ✧ PE17/084
  • ᴺQ. calainë “serenity, serene”
  • ᴺQ. calas “brass”
  • Q. calima “bright, luminous” ✧ Let/278; PE17/153
  • Q. calina “light, bright, sunny, (lit.) illumined” ✧ PE17/153
  • ᴺQ. callë “fair weather, clear sky, blue sky”
  • ᴺQ. calta “picture, photography”
  • ᴺQ. calwa “lurid”
  • ᴺS. aglann “ray of light”
  • S. aglar “glory, brilliance, splendour, radiance” ✧ SA/aglar
  • S. cal- “to shine”
  • S. calad “light, fire, brightness, shining, light, brightness, shining, fire” ✧ PE17/050; PE17/084
  • S. calan “day(light)”
  • S. calar “(portable) lamp”
  • S. calen “green; fresh, vigorous; †bright, green; †bright, [N.] bright-coloured; [S.] fresh, vigorous” ✧ PE17/153; PE17/153; SA/calen; SA/kal
  • ᴺS. celia- “to illuminate, light up; to illustrate”

Element in

  • KALAR “*be radiant, [ᴹ√] be radiant” ✧ PE17/105; PE17/124; PE17/156; VT47/13
  • KALAT ✧ WJ/392
  • Kalatāna ✧ PE17/084
  • ñ(g)alatā “(reflected) radiance, glitter (of reflected light), glory” ✧ PE17/050
  • SKAL “cover, veil, cloak, conceal, cover, veil, cloak, conceal, [ᴹ√] screen, hide (from light), overshadow” ✧ PE17/184
  • Q. Altáriel “Galadriel” ✧ PE17/084
  • Q. Caltáriel “woman crowned with glory, radiance” ✧ PE17/084
  • Q. Calacirya “Pass of Light” ✧ PE17/073; SA/kal
  • Q. Calantar “Light-giver” ✧ NM/280
  • Q. Calaquendi “Elves of the Light, (lit.) Light Elves” ✧ SA/kal
  • Q. Calion “*Son of Light” ✧ SA/kal
  • S. Glingal “Hanging Flame”

Variations

  • kal ✧ Let/278; PE17/050
  • KAL- ✧ PE17/024
  • CAL ✧ PE17/084; PE17/150
  • kal- ✧ PE18/091; SA/aglar; SA/calen; SA/kal
  • Kala ✧ WJ/392
Primitive elvish [Let/278; NM/280; PE17/024; PE17/050; PE17/059; PE17/073; PE17/084; PE17/105; PE17/124; PE17/146; PE17/150; PE17/153; PE17/156; PE17/184; PE18/085; PE18/087; PE18/088; PE18/091; PE18/103; PE22/129; SA/aglar; SA/calen; SA/kal; VT47/13; WJ/392] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kalat

noun. light

Derivatives

Variations

  • kalā́t- ✧ PE18/087
Primitive elvish [PE18/087; PE21/71] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gal

root. light; shine, be bright

A Sindarin-only root for “light; shine”, a variant of √KAL of the same meaning. Its most notable derivative is S. galad “radiance, light”, an element in the names Galadriel and Gil-galad. This root did not explicitly appear in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where the base for Qenya light words was given as ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” (QL/44), but nearly all the Gnomish derivations of this root begin with g-, as in G. gal- “to shine” and G. glarw(ed) “bright, light” (GL/39). Given that [[eq|initial [g] > [k]]] in early Quenya, this makes it very likely the actual early root was ✱ᴱ√GALA, or at the very least a blending of ᴱ√KALA and ᴱ√GALA.

The first explicit appearance of the root ᴹ√GAL “shine” was in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/GAL), where it was given along with an extended root ᴹ√GALAN “bright” (EtyAC/GAL¹). Tolkien considered but rejected having some Quenya derivatives of these roots: ᴹQ. ala “day” and ᴹQ. alan “daytime” (EtyAC/GAL¹), but he seems to have decided that ᴹ√GAL was a Noldorin-only root, as described in the ᴹ√KAL entry from the same set of documents (Ety/KAL).

The root √GAL reappeared in various etymological notes from the 1950s and 60s, where Tolkien again iterated it was not used in Quenya, and was a root specific to Sindarin (PE17/59) and possibly also Nandorin (PE17/50). The root was potentially problematic in the name Gil-galad, however, in that it was not mutated to Gil-’alad. It seems likely that when Tolkien first coined this name, the second element was from N. calad “light” from the root ᴹ√KAL. This root and word survived into Sindarin (UT/65), and Tolkien sometimes still considered it the basis for Gil-galad (PE17/50).

However, at one point he decided the elements in the names Galadriel and Gil-galad were the same; to explain the lack of mutation in Gil-galad, he posited that the root was actually strengthened to √ÑGAL (PE17/59). Galadriel’s name in The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 was based on the root √ÑAL “shine by reflection” (PM/347), so it seems this was the path Tolkien eventually followed. This makes the ultimate status of √GAL “shine” rather unclear, especially since some of its other derivatives like S. uial twilight (PE17/153) were sometimes derived from √ÑAL (PE17/169).

Changes

  • GALÑGAL “light” ✧ PE17/059

Derivatives

  • gaili “ray”
  • GLAY “light [substance]”
    • S. glae(gal) “light (as an ethereal substance), light (as an ethereal substance), *photons” ✧ NM/283
  • ñ(g)alatā “(reflected) radiance, glitter (of reflected light), glory” ✧ PE17/050
    • Q. nalta “radiance, glittering reflection” ✧ PE17/050; PM/347
    • S. galad “radiance, glittering reflection; light, fire, brightness, shining; bliss, radiance, glittering reflection; light, fire, brightness, shining; bliss; [ᴱN.] dawn” ✧ PM/347
    • T. alata “radiance, glittering reflection” ✧ PM/347
  • S. galad “radiance, glittering reflection; light, fire, brightness, shining; bliss, radiance, glittering reflection; light, fire, brightness, shining; bliss; [ᴱN.] dawn” ✧ PE17/084

Element in

  • Q. yúyal “twilight” ✧ PE17/153
  • S. Galadriel “Glittering-garland” ✧ SA/kal
  • S. Galdor
  • S. galvorn “type of dark metal devised by Eöl, *(lit.) shining-black” ✧ SA/kal
  • S. Gil-galad “Starlight, (lit.) Star of Radiance” ✧ SA/kal
  • S. uial “twilight, evendim” ✧ PE17/153

Variations

  • gal ✧ Let/278; PE17/050
  • GAL ✧ PE17/050; PE17/059; PE17/084; PE17/146; PE17/153; PE17/153; PE17/153
  • gal- ✧ SA/kal
Primitive elvish [Let/278; PE17/050; PE17/059; PE17/084; PE17/146; PE17/153; SA/kal] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

gail

noun. bright light

Noldorin [Ety/362] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gal-

prefix. light

Noldorin [galvorn, etc.] Group: SINDICT. Published by

calad

gerund noun. light

Noldorin [Ety/362, UT/65] Group: SINDICT. Published by

calad

noun. light

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√KAL > calad[kalata] > [kalat] > [kalad]✧ Ety/KAL
Noldorin [Ety/KAL; Ety/KIL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

galad

noun. light

Derivations

  • ᴹ√GAL “shine” ✧ Ety/GAL

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√GAL > galad[galata] > [galat] > [galad]✧ Ety/GAL
Noldorin [EtyAC/GAL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

glaw

noun. radiance

Noldorin [Ety/362] Group: SINDICT. Published by

glaw

noun. radiance

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. kala “light” ✧ Ety/KAL

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶glā “radiance” ✧ Ety/KAL
    • ᴹ√GAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶g’lā́ > glaw[glā] > [glǭ] > [glou] > [glau]✧ Ety/KAL

glaur

noun. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin)

Noldorin [Ety/358, Ety/368] Group: SINDICT. Published by

glor-

noun. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin)

Noldorin [Ety/358, Ety/368] Group: SINDICT. Published by

síla-

verb. to shine white

Noldorin Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Primitive adûnaic

nimir

root. shine

A Primitive Adûnaic root glossed “shine” (SD/416), apparently the basis for Nimir “Elf”.

Derivatives

  • Ad. Nimir “Elf, (lit.) Shining One”
Primitive adûnaic [SD/416] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Valarin 

ithīr

noun. light

Qenya 

kala

noun. light

Cognates

  • N. glaw “radiance” ✧ Ety/KAL

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶k’lā “light” ✧ Ety/KAL
    • ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL; PE18/038

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶k’lā́ > kala[kala]✧ Ety/KAL

kalina

adjective. light

Cognates

  • N. calen “green, (orig.) bright-coloured” ✧ Ety/KAL

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√KAL > kalina[kalina]✧ Ety/KAL

faire

noun. radiance

Cognates

  • On. phaire “radiance” ✧ Ety/PHAY

Derivations

  • ᴹ√PHAY “radiate, send out rays of light” ✧ Ety/PHAY

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√PHAY > faire[pʰajre] > [pʰaire] > [ɸaire] > [faire]✧ Ety/PHAY

Variations

  • faire ✧ Ety/PHAY

Doriathrin

gôl

noun. light

A (rejected?) Doriathrin noun for “light” derived from primitive ᴹ✶gālæ appearing in The Etymologies (Ety/KAL, EtyAC/KAL). According to Christopher Tolkien’s notes, it was part of a rejected etymology for the name Thingol, but it isn’t clear whether this noun was rejected or if it was just the etymology. Its long primitive vowel [[ilk|[ā] became [ō]]] as was the norm in Ilkorin.

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶gālæ “light” ✧ Ety/KAL
    • ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL

Element in

  • Ilk. ThingolGrey-wise” ✧ Ety/KAL (Thingol*)

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶gālæ > gôl[gālæ] > [gāla] > [gōla] > [gōl]✧ Ety/KAL

Variations

  • gôl ✧ Ety/KAL (Dor. gôl); EtyAC/KAL (N. gôl)
Doriathrin [Ety/KAL; EtyAC/KAL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Old Noldorin 

phaire

noun. radiance

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. faire “radiance” ✧ Ety/PHAY

Derivations

  • ᴹ√PHAY “radiate, send out rays of light” ✧ Ety/PHAY

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√PHAY > phaire[pʰajre] > [pʰaire] > [ɸaire]✧ Ety/PHAY
Old Noldorin [Ety/PHAY] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

kal

root. shine

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶akkala- “to blaze, shine (suddenly and) brilliantly” ✧ PE18/035; PE18/061
  • ᴹ√AKLA(R) “radiance, splendour” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; Ety/KAL
    • ᴹQ. alkar(e) “radiance, brilliance” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; PE18/036
    • ᴹQ. alka “ray of light, ray of light, [ᴱQ.] light of day; shining” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R
    • N. aglar “glory, splendour” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; Ety/KAL; PE18/036
  • ᴹ✶gālæ “light” ✧ Ety/KAL
    • Ilk. gôl “light” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • ᴹ√KALAR “be radiant” ✧ Ety/KAL; PE18/036
    • ᴹ√AKLA(R) “radiance, splendour” ✧ PE18/036; PE18/062
    • ᴹQ. alkar(e) “radiance, brilliance” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; PE18/036
    • ᴹQ. alka “ray of light, ray of light, [ᴱQ.] light of day; shining” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R
    • N. aglar “glory, splendour” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; Ety/KAL; PE18/036
    • ᴹ✶kalaryā “brilliant” ✧ Ety/KAL
    • N. celeir “brilliant” ✧ Ety/KAL
    • On. klōra “brilliant” ✧ PE18/036
    • N. claur “splendid; †splendour, glory” ✧ PE18/036
  • ᴹ✶kalrō “noble man, hero” ✧ Ety/KAL
    • ᴹQ. kallo “noble man, hero” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • ᴹ✶k’lā “light” ✧ Ety/KAL; PE18/038
    • ᴹQ. kala “light” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • ᴹ✶uklaina “wicked”
  • ᴹQ. kalina “light” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • ᴹQ. kalma “light, lamp” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • ᴹQ. kalta- “to (cause to) shine, light up, kindle (lamp etc.)” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • ᴹQ. kalya- “to illuminate” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • N. calad “light” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • N. calen “green, (orig.) bright-coloured” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • N. claur “splendid; †splendour, glory” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • N. uial “twilight” ✧ Ety/KAL

Element in

  • ᴹ✶lingikā̆la “Hanging-flame” ✧ Ety/KAL (lingikā̆la)
  • ᴹQ. Ankale “Radiant-one, Sun, (lit.) The Very Bright” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • ᴹQ. Kalamando “Light Mando” ✧ EtyAC/MAN (Kalamando)
  • ᴹQ. yúkale “twilight” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • N. Oelinuial “Pools of Twilight” ✧ Ety/AY
  • N. Caleledh “*Light Elf” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • N. Celion “*Light Elf” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • N. Glingal “Hanging Flame” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • N. uial “twilight” ✧ Ety/YŪ
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/AKLA-R; Ety/AY; Ety/GAL; Ety/KAL; Ety/YŪ; EtyAC/GAL¹; EtyAC/GYEL; EtyAC/MAN; PE18/035; PE18/036; PE18/038; PE18/058; PE18/061] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kalar

root. be radiant

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL; PE18/036

Derivatives

  • ᴹ√AKLA(R) “radiance, splendour” ✧ PE18/036; PE18/062
    • ᴹQ. alkar(e) “radiance, brilliance” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; PE18/036
    • ᴹQ. alka “ray of light, ray of light, [ᴱQ.] light of day; shining” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R
    • N. aglar “glory, splendour” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; Ety/KAL; PE18/036
  • ᴹ✶kalaryā “brilliant” ✧ Ety/KAL
    • N. celeir “brilliant” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • On. klōra “brilliant” ✧ PE18/036
    • N. claur “splendid; †splendour, glory” ✧ PE18/036

Variations

  • KÁLAR ✧ EtyAC/AKLA-R; EtyAC/KAL
  • KALÁR ✧ EtyAC/KAL
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KAL; EtyAC/AKLA-R; EtyAC/KAL; PE18/036; PE18/062] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kalat

noun. light

Variations

  • kalat- ✧ PE21/56
Middle Primitive Elvish [PE21/56] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gal

root. shine

Derivatives

  • Ilk. gelion “bright” ✧ Ety/GYEL
  • ᴹ✶galyā “bright, light” ✧ Ety/KAL
    • N. gail “bright, light” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • ᴹ✶glā “radiance” ✧ Ety/KAL
    • N. glaw “radiance” ✧ Ety/KAL
  • N. galad “light” ✧ Ety/GAL

Element in

  • ᴹ√GALAN “bright” ✧ EtyAC/GAL¹

Variations

  • GAL ✧ Ety/GAL; Ety/GYEL; Ety/KAL (GAL)
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/GAL; Ety/GYEL; Ety/KAL; EtyAC/GAL¹] Group: Eldamo. Published by

k’lā

noun. light

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL; PE18/038

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. kala “light” ✧ Ety/KAL

Element in

  • ᴹQ. Kalion “Son of Light, Valinorian Elda” ✧ PE21/37 (kalion)

Variations

  • k’lā́ ✧ Ety/KAL
  • klā́ ✧ PE18/038
  • kalĭ ✧ PE21/37 (kalĭ)
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KAL; EtyAC/KAL; PE18/038; PE21/37] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gālæ

noun. light

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL

Derivatives

  • Ilk. gôl “light” ✧ Ety/KAL
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KAL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

akla(r)

root. radiance, splendour

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; Ety/KAL
  • ᴹ√KALAR “be radiant” ✧ PE18/036; PE18/062
    • ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL; PE18/036

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. alkar(e) “radiance, brilliance” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; PE18/036
  • ᴹQ. alka “ray of light, ray of light, [ᴱQ.] light of day; shining” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R
  • N. aglar “glory, splendour” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R; Ety/KAL; PE18/036

Variations

  • AKLA-R ✧ EtyAC/AKLA-R
  • aklar(a) ✧ PE18/036
  • AKLAR ✧ PE18/062
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/AKLA-R; Ety/KAL; EtyAC/AKLA-R; PE18/036; PE18/062] Group: Eldamo. Published by

glā

noun. radiance

Derivations

  • ᴹ√GAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL

Derivatives

  • N. glaw “radiance” ✧ Ety/KAL

Variations

  • g’lā́ ✧ Ety/KAL
  • g’lā ✧ EtyAC/KAL
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KAL; EtyAC/KAL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

gaul

noun. light

Early Noldorin

glaiw

noun. light

Derivations

  • ᴱ√KALA “shine golden”
Early Noldorin [PE13/144] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

kṇðṇ

root. shine

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as ᴱ√KṆŘṆ “shine” with derivatives in both Qenya and Gnomish, such as ᴱQ. kanda- “blaze”, G. cintha- “to light, set alight”, ᴱQ. kanwa “lurid”, and G. cantha “flame” (QL/47; GL/25-26). It may be a variant of ᴱ√KṚN “✱red” (QL/48). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

Derivatives

  • ᴱ✶kṇdōrā́
    • ᴱ✶kṇ́dṑra
    • Eq. kandóra “bright dawn, red sky in morning” ✧ PE12/006
    • Eq. kandóra “bright dawn, red sky in morning” ✧ PE12/005
  • Eq. kanwa “lurid” ✧ QL/047
  • Eq. kanda- “to blaze” ✧ QL/047
  • Eq. kandóra “bright dawn, red sky in morning” ✧ PME/047; QL/047
  • G. cintha- “to light, set alight”

Element in

Variations

  • KṆŘṆ ✧ PME/047; QL/047
  • kṇřṇ ✧ QL/044
Early Primitive Elvish [PME/047; QL/044; QL/047] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kṇřṇ

root. shine

Early Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

kala

noun. light, daytime (sunlight), 12 hours

Cognates

  • G. gal(a) “daylight, light” ✧ GL/37
  • G. glâ “day, daytime” ✧ GL/39

Derivations

  • ᴱ✶kalā ✧ GL/39
    • ᴱ√KALA “shine golden”
  • ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” ✧ QL/044

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ✶kalā > kala[kalā] > [kala]✧ GL/39
ᴱ√KALA > kala[galā] > [gala] > [kala]✧ QL/044

Variations

  • kala ✧ GL/37; GL/39 (kala); QL/044
Early Quenya [GL/37; GL/39; LT1/184; QL/044] Group: Eldamo. Published by