-na (4), ending used to form passive participles as well as some adjectives and nouns; see -ina. According to PE17:68, the ending -na was "no longer part of verbal conjugation"; the derived words are thus considered independent adjectives (sometimes nouns) rather than regularly derived passive participles, the obvious etymological connection to certain verbal stems notwithstanding. Where adding the ending to a root would produce the combinations tn, pn, kn (cn), metathesis occurs to produce nt, (np >) mp, nc, as in nanca *"slain" for older ¤ndakna, or hampa "restrained, delayed, kept" vs. the root KHAP "retain, keep, detain". Following -l, the suffix -na turns into -da, as in yulda "draught, the amount drunk" for older yulna (this being an example of a noun being derived with this ending, though Tolkien might also explain yulda as containing a distinct ending -da [q.v.] denoting the result of a verbal action). The word *turúna "mastered" (q.v., only attested in elided form turún) would seem to be a passive participle formed from the verb turu- "master" (PE17:113), suggesting that in the case of U-stem verbs, their final -u is lengthened to ú when -na is added.
Quenya
-na
suffix. slain
-na
no longer part of verbal conjugation
-ina
suffix. adjective suffix; passive participle
Derivations
- ✶-inā “adjective; passive participle”
Element in
-nna
to
-n (1) dative ending, originating as a reduced form of -nă "to", related to the allative ending -nna (VT49:14). Attested in nin, men, ten, enyalien, Erun, airefëan, tárin, yondon (q.v.) and also added to the English name Elaine (Elainen) in a book dedication to Elaine Griffiths (VT49:40). The longer dative ending -na is also attested in connection with some pronouns, such as sena, téna, véna (q.v.), also in the noun mariéna from márië "goodness" (PE17:59). Pl. -in (as in hínin, see hína), partitive pl. -lin, dual -nt (Plotz). The preposition ana (#1) is said to be used "when purely dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that it can replace the dative ending, e.g. *ana Eru instead of Erun for "to God". In some of Tolkiens earlier material, the ending -n (or -en) expressed genitive rather than dative, but he later decided that the genitive ending was to be -o (cf. such a revision as Yénië Valinóren becoming Yénië Valinórëo, MR:200).
-nna
to, at, upon
-nna "to, at, upon", allative ending, originating from -na "to" with fortified n, VT49:14. Attested in cilyanna, coraryanna, Endorenna, Elendilenna, númenórenna, parma-restalyanna, rénna, senna, tielyanna, q.v. If a noun ends in -n already, the ending -nna merges with it, as in Amanna, formenna, Elenna, númenna, rómenna as the allative forms of Aman, formen, elen, númen, rómen (q.v.). Plural -nnar in mannar, valannar, q.v.
-a
suffix. adjectival suffix
This suffix is frequently used to create the adjective form of a noun, especially in the form -ëa for nouns ending in -ë. This function dates back to CE. ✶-ā.
Derivations
- ✶-ā “adjectival”
Element in
- Q. airëa “holy (applied to persons)” ✧ PE17/149
- ᴺQ. aitalëa “reverent, worshipful, religious”
- Q. Aldëa “*Tuesday, Tree-day (Númenórean)”
- Q. amaurëa “dawn, early day, morning” ✧ MC/223
- Q. andúna “western”
- ᴺQ. aurëa “sunny, sunlit; *daytime”
- Q. endëa “middle”
- Q. eressëa “lonely” ✧ LotR/1116
- Q. fínëa “dexterous”
- Q. ilaurëa “*daily”
- Q. ilyarëa “*daily”
- Q. ilucara “omnificent” ✧ VT39/20
- Q. laurëa “golden (of hue)”
- Q. lillassëa “having many leaves”
- Q. lilótëa “having many flowers”
- Q. lómëa “shadowed, gloomy, shadowed, gloomy, *dusk-like”
- Q. mírëa “jewelled, jewelled, *gemmed”
- Q. nieninquëa “like a snowdrop” ✧ PE16/096
- Q. nöa “former; yesterday; tomorrow, yesterday; former, *previous; tomorrow”
- ᴺQ. nornolassëa “having oak-leaves”
- Q. núla “dark, occult, mysterious”
- Q. oialëa “eternal”
- Q. rávëa “roaring”
- Q. taurëa “forested”
- Q. túrëa “mighty, masterful, mighty, masterful, *having political power” ✧ PE17/115
- Q. úfanwëa “not veiled, unveiled”
- Q. úpahtëa “speechless”
- Q. vëa “seeming, apparent, seeming, apparent; [ᴱQ.] similar, like”
- Q. yaimëa “wailing”
na
to, towards
na (2) prep. "to, towards", possibly obsoleted by #1 above; for clarity writers may use the synonym ana instead (NĀ1). Originally, Tolkien glossed na as "at, by, near"; the new meaning entered together with the synonyms an, ana (VT45:36).
-ya
suffix. adjective suffix
Derivations
- ✶-yā “present participle” ✧ PE17/068
Element in
- Q. Aldúya “*Tuesday, Day of the Two Trees”
- Q. Amanyar “Those of Aman”
- Q. Anarya “Sunday, (lit.) Sun-day”
- Q. apacenya “of foresight”
- Q. attalya “biped, *(lit.) two-footed”
- ᴺQ. cantalya “four-legged, quadruped, (lit.) four-footed”
- Q. -carya “doing” ✧ PE17/068
- Q. Eärenya “Sea-day, *Thursday”
- Q. elenya “adjective referring to the stars, *of the stars, stellar”
- Q. entya “central, middle”
- Q. firya “mortal; human, [ᴹQ.] human; [Q.] mortal”
- Q. Isilya “*Monday, Moon-day”
- Q. -matya “-eating” ✧ PE17/068
- Q. Menelya “*Wednesday, Heavens-day”
- Q. minya “first; eminent, prominent”
- Q. Narya “(Ring) of Fire”
- Q. Nenya “(Ring) of Water”
- ᴺQ. ruimenya “fireside, by the fire”
- Q. tatya “second”
- Q. tercenya “of insight”
- Q. Valanya “*Friday, Vala-day”
- Q. Vilya “(Ring) of Air”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶-ı̯ā > -ya [-jā] > [-ja] ✧ PE17/068 Variations
- -ya ✧ PE17/068 (-ya)
ana
to
ana (1) prep. "to" (VT49:35), "as preposition _ana _is used when purely _dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that the preposition ana can be used instead of the dative ending -n (#1, q.v.) Also as prefix: ana- "to, towards" (NĀ1); an (q.v.) is used with this meaning in one source (PE17:127)_
nanca
slain
nanca adj. *"slain" (PE17:68); see -na
*turúna
mastered
*turúna passive participle "mastered", only attested attested in the elided form turún' (UT:138, apparently incomplete spelling turun in Silm ch. 21). The form may be understood as the passive participle of the verb turu- "master, defeat, have victory over" (PE17:113), the sole available example of a U-stem verb appearing in such a participle form. Compare -na #4.
turúna
adjective. mastered
A shorter ending -na also occurs, e.g. nahtana "slain" (VT49:24); the example hastaina "marred" would suggest that *nahtaina is equally possible. In the example aistana "blessed" (VT43:30), -na may be preferred to -ina for euphonic reasons, to avoid creating a second diphthong ai where one already occurs in the previous syllable (*aistaina). In PE17:68, the ending -ina is said to be "aorist" (unmarked as regards time and aspect); the same source states that the shorter ending -na is "no longer part of verbal conjugation", though it obviously survives in many words that are maybe now to be considered independent adjectives. See -na #4.