Quenya 

o

preposition. from

Derivations

  • ăwă “from” ✧ PE17/148
    • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/148
  • “from, coming from, as described by a genitive” ✧ PE22/168
    • HO “from, coming from” ✧ WJ/361

Variations

  • ō ✧ PE22/168
Quenya [PE17/148; PE22/168] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ho

from

ho prep. "from" (3O); cf. -

o-

prefix. together

Cognates

  • S. go- “together, co-, com-” ✧ PE17/016; PE17/191; PE17/191; WJ/367
  • T. vo- “together” ✧ WJ/367

Derivations

  • WO “together” ✧ PE17/191; WJ/367
  • “together” ✧ PE19/106
    • WO “together” ✧ WJ/361

Element in

  • ᴺQ. ocantië “pattern”
  • ᴺQ. ocar- “to cooperate, work together, participate”
  • ᴺQ. ocaraitië “program, a set of activities”
  • ᴺQ. ofelmë “sympathy, compassion, pity, *(lit.) together-feeling”
  • ᴺQ. ohérë “government”
  • Q. ohlon “diphthong” ✧ VT48/29
  • Q. oholima “confidential”
  • Q. ólama “consonant”
  • Q. olass(i)ë “foliage, collection of leaves”
  • Q. olië “company, people together”
  • ᴺQ. ólië “society, (lit.) together-people”
  • ᴺQ. ólëo “society, (lit.) together-people”
  • ᴺQ. olindë “harmony”
  • ᴺQ. olirië “concert”
  • Q. olos “inflorescence, mass of flowers (on one plant), inflorescence, mass of flowers”
  • Q. olótë “bloom, the flowers collectively of a single plant”
  • Q. ombari “company, dwellers together”
  • Q. omen- “to move to a common point, meet, to meet, move to a common point, *(lit.) move together” ✧ PE17/013
  • Q. omentië “meeting (of pathways), (lit.) coming together of journey-path, meeting or junction of the directions of two people” ✧ PE17/013; PE17/013; WJ/367
  • ᴺQ. omírë “jewelry (collectively)”
  • ᴺQ. omolmë “company, business, enterprise, firm”
  • Q. onóna “twin-born; one of a pair of twins” ✧ WJ/367
  • Q. onot-to count up, reckon, [ᴹQ.] to count up, reckon”
  • Q. onótië “*reckoning”
  • ᴺQ. orendë “(nuclear) family”
  • ᴺQ. ori “grain, seed”
  • ᴺQ. ósana- “to counsel, think together”
  • Q. ósanwë “communication of thought, interchange of thought; (lit.) thinking together (dual)”
  • ᴺQ. ósat- “to share”
  • Q. ostimë “blend”
  • ᴺQ. otarmië “colonnade”
  • ᴺQ. otolmië “keyboard”
  • ᴺQ. ovëa “(con)similar, alike”
  • Q. ovéa “(con)similar, alike”
  • ᴺQ. ovesta “contract, compact, treaty”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
WO/WONO > ŏ-´[wo-] > [o-]✧ PE17/191
gwo > wa-[gwo-] > [gwa-] > [ɣwa-] > [wa-]✧ PE19/106
gwo > o-[gwo-] > [ɣwo-] > [ɣo-] > [o-]✧ PE19/106
WO > ó-[wo-] > [o-]✧ WJ/367

Variations

  • ŏ-´ ✧ PE17/191 (ŏ-´)
  • wa- ✧ PE19/106
  • ó ✧ PE22/168 (ó)
  • ŏ ✧ VT48/29
  • ó- ✧ WJ/367; WJ/367
Quenya [PE17/013; PE17/016; PE17/191; PE19/106; PE22/168; VT48/29; WJ/367] Group: Eldamo. Published by

or

over

or prep. "over" (CO); in early "Qenya", this preposition was also defined as "on, upon" (LT1:256, MC:216). Prefixed or- is translated "up" in ortil, q.v.

uo

together

[uo adv. "together" (PE17:191)]

uo

adverb. together

Derivations

  • ówō “together” ✧ PE17/191
    • WO “together” ✧ PE17/191

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ówō > uo[owō] > [uo]✧ PE17/191

-ro

he

-ro pronominal ending "he", in antaváro, q.v. In Tolkiens later Quenya, the ending -s covers both "he", "she" and "it".

from

, lo (2) prep. "from", also used = "by" introducing the agent after a passive construction: nahtana ló Turin *"slain by Túrin" (VT49:24). A similar and possibly identical form is mentioned in the Etymologies as being somehow related to the ablative ending -llo, but is not there clearly defined (VT45:28). At one point, Tolkien suggested that lo rather than the ending -llo was used with proper names (lo Manwë rather than Manwello for "from Manwë"), but this seems to have been a short-lived idea (VT49:24).

-va

from

-va possessive ending, presumably related to the preposition va "from". In Eldaliéva, Ingoldova, miruvóreva, Oroméva, rómeva, Valinóreva (q.v. for references), Follondiéva, Hyallondiéva (see under turmen for references). Following a consonant, the ending instead appears as -wa (andamacilwa "of the long sword", PE17:147, rómenwa *"of the East", PE17:59). Pl. - when governing a plural word (from archaic -vai) (WJ:407), but it seems that -va was used throughout in late Exilic Quenya (cf. miruvóreva governing the plural word yuldar in Namárië). Pl. -iva (-ivë*), dual -twa, partitive pl. -líva**.

hó-

away, from, from among

- verbal prefix; "away, from, from among", the point of view being outside the thing, place, or group in thought (WJ:368)

olla

over

olla prep "over" (= beyond, of things passed over, as in "I went over a river" or "they went over the hill") (PE17:65)

va

from

va prep. "from" (VT43:20; prefixed in the form var- in var-úra "from evil", VT43:24). In VT49:24, va, au and o are quoted as variants of the stem awa "away from".

a

interjection. O, Oh

Element in

Variations

  • A ✧ Let/448; LotR/0981; S/223; UT/138; VT43/13; VT44/15
  • Ai ✧ VT43/13
  • á ✧ VT44/07
Quenya [Let/448; LotR/0981; S/223; UT/138; VT43/13; VT44/07; VT44/15] Group: Eldamo. Published by

wa-

prefix. together

au-

prefix. away (from)

Cognates

  • T. au- “away” ✧ WJ/365

Derivations

  • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/024; VT49/24
  • awa- “away” ✧ WJ/365
    • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/143; WJ/365

Element in

  • ᴺQ. aucelië “sewer, (lit.) away-flowing”
  • Q. aucir- “to cut off (and get rid of or lose a portion)” ✧ WJ/365
  • ᴺQ. auhanta “refuse, trash, garbage, (lit.) thing thrown away”
  • ᴺQ. aulerya- “to rid, free somebody of something”
  • ᴺQ. aumanca- “to sell, (lit.) trade away”
  • ᴺQ. aumapando “abductor, (lit.) away-seizer”
  • ᴺQ. aumenta- “to dismiss, divorce, (lit.) away-send”
  • ᴺQ. aupenya “complete, without lack”
  • ᴺQ. aupsar- “to wipe away”
  • ᴺQ. auquer- “to reject, (lit.) turn away”
  • ᴺQ. ausatië “especially, (lit.) setting aside”
  • ᴺQ. autulya- “to deport, (lit.) bring away”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
au/awa > au-[au-]✧ WJ/365

Variations

  • au ✧ VT49/24; WJ/368
  • o ✧ VT49/24
Quenya [PE17/024; VT49/24; WJ/365; WJ/368] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ala

hail, blessed be (thou)

[ala (6) (also alar! or alla!) interjection "hail, blessed be (thou)". (VT45:5,14)]

alar!

hail, blessed be (thou)

[alar! (also ala and alla!) interjection "hail, blessed be (thou)". (VT45:5,14, 26)]

alla!

hail, blessed be (thou)

[alla! (also alar! or ala) interjection "hail, blessed be (thou)". (VT45:5, 14)] PE17:146 cites alla "hail, welcome" as a variant (occurring within the imaginary world) of aiya.

aia

hail

aia interjection "hail", variant of aiya (VT43:28)

aia

interjection. hail

aiya

hail

aiya interjection "hail", as greeting (LotR2:IV ch. 9, see Letters:385 for translation), or a call "for help and attention" (PE17:89), "only addressed to great or holy persons as the Valar, or to Earendil" (PE17:149). Variant aia (VT43:28)

alassë

hail

[alassë (2) interjection "hail" or "bless", evidently a synonym of the greeting alar!, q.v. (VT45:26)]

au

away

au (2) adv. "away", of position rather than movement (compare oa). PE17:148

ea

verb. be

be

Quenya [PE 19:48] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

essë

he

essë (2) pron? "he" (and also "she, it"?), possible emphatic 3rd sg. emphatic pronoun, attested in the sentence essë úpa nas "he is dumb" (PE17:126)

helexë

noun. hail

A neologism for “hail” coined by Helge Fauskanger for his NQNT (NQNT) derived from the root √KHELEK, likely modeled after caraxë < √KARAK.

Derivations

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

se

he, she, it

se (1) pron. "he, she, it" also object "him, her, it", 3rd person sg. Used "of living things including plants" (VT49:37; the corresponding inaimate pronoun is sa). The pronoun comes directly from se as the original stem-form (VT49:50). Stressed form , VT49:51, attested in object position in melin sé "I love him" (VT49:21). Ósë "with him/her", VT43:29; see ó-. Long dative/allative sena "[to/for] him" or "at him", VT49:14, allative senna "to him/her" (VT49:45, 46). Compare the reflexive pronoun insë *"himself, herself".

uo

adverb. together

Element in

  • ᴺQ. uomë “community”

Sindarin 

Ae

interjection. O!

See also ai.1 and a.2

Sindarin [VT/44:21,22] Group: SINDICT. Published by

a

interjection. o

interj. o. A Elbereth Gilthoniel 'O Elbereth Who lit the Stars'.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:20] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

a

interjection. O!

See also ai.1 and ae.1

Sindarin [Letters/308] Group: SINDICT. Published by

a

interjection. O!

Element in

Variations

  • A ✧ LB/354; LotR/0238; LotR/0729; LotR/0729; RGEO/63; RGEO/64; RGEO/64; RGEO/64
  • a ✧ Let/279
  • Ae ✧ VT44/22
Sindarin [LB/354; Let/279; LotR/0238; LotR/0729; RGEO/63; RGEO/64; VT44/22] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ae

interjection. O!

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

Sindarin [Ety/360, WJ/366, WJ/369-70, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-3] Group: SINDICT. Published by

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from, of. In older S. o had the form od before vowels. o menel aglar elenath ! lit. 'from Firmament glory of the stars !'.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:20-1:42:54] < _au(t) _< stem_ awa_. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from. . This gloss was rejected.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:148] < AWA, WĀ go, move (from speaker), go away, depart. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

o

preposition. from, of

@@@ for o + in = uin, compare no + i = nui (Ety/NU)

Derivations

  • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/024; WJ/366
  • ăwă “from” ✧ PE17/148
    • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/148

Element in

Sindarin [LotR/0238; LotR/0305; LotR/0729; PE17/024; PE17/042; PE17/148; RGEO/62; RGEO/63; RGEO/64; SD/129; WJ/366; WJ/367; WJ/370] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-o

suffix. imperative

Cognates

  • Q. á “imperative particle” ✧ PE17/040

Derivations

  • ā “imperative” ✧ WJ/365; WJ/372

Element in

  • S. ped- “to say, speak” ✧ PE17/040

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ā > ō > o[ā] > [ǭ] > [au] > [o]✧ WJ/365
ā > -o[ā] > [ǭ] > [au] > [o]✧ WJ/372

Variations

  • o ✧ PE17/040; WJ/365
Sindarin [PE17/040; WJ/365; WJ/372] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nan

preposition. of

no

verb. be!

Sindarin [VT/44:21,24] Group: SINDICT. Published by

od

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

Sindarin [Ety/360, WJ/366, WJ/369-70, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-3] Group: SINDICT. Published by

go-

together

_pref. _together. Q. o-.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:16] < C.E. WĀ, WO. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

na-

verb. to be

Sindarin [no aer i eneth lín VT/44:21,24] Group: SINDICT. Published by

uin

preposition. of the

Sindarin [SD/129-31] o+i. Group: SINDICT. Published by

gwa-

prefix. together (only in old compounds, the living form is go-)

Sindarin [Ety/399, WJ/367] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ai!

hail

! (interjection) ai! _(according to one interpretation of Glorfindel_s cry ai na vedui, Dúnadan!)

ai!

hail

(according to one interpretation of Glorfindel’s cry ai na vedui, Dúnadan!)

e

pronoun. he

The meaning "he" is deduced from the apparent function of this word in the so-called "King's Letter", but it also seems possible to interpret it as "indeed" (as in Q. e, LR/63, VT/45:11), used here in a way of formal address expressing the wishes or the will of the King

Sindarin [SD/129-31] Group: SINDICT. Published by

e

he

1) e (SD:128-31), 2) ho, hon, hono. (The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)

e

pronoun. he

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. e “he, she, it”

Element in

Sindarin [AotM/062; SD/129] Group: Eldamo. Published by

e

he

(SD:128-31)

e

away

ed (out, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition "out from, out of" (WJ:367)

gwachae

away

1) (adj.) gwachae (remote), lenited wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186, isolated from gwahaedir). 2) (adv.) e, ed (out, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition "out from, out of" (WJ:367)

gwachae

away

(remote), lenited ’wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch *(PM:186, isolated from gwahaedir)*.         

na

be

: The verb ”to be” is poorly attested. Apparently the root is na-. The imperative is attested as no, and nad (used = ”thing”) may be seen as an original gerund *”a being”. It seems that the copula ”is, are” (and ”was, were”?) can be omitted altogether, as in the ”Noldorin” sentence lheben teil brann i annon ”five feet high [is] the door” (AI:92), in Sindarin perhaps *leben tail brand i annon.

na

be

. The imperative is attested as no, and nad (used = ”thing”) may be seen as an original gerund ✱”a being”. It seems that the copula ”is, are” (and ”was, were”?) can be omitted altogether, as in the ”Noldorin” sentence lheben teil brann i annon ”five feet high [is] the door” (AI:92), in Sindarin perhaps ✱leben tail brand i annon.

nae

alas

(interjection) nae

nae

alas

a

o

O Elbereth Gilthoniel A Elbereth Gilthoniel. The alternative form ae may be used when the next word begins in a: Ae Adar nín, O my Father (VT44:23). By another theory, ae represents a + the definite article i (✱a i Adar nín "o the Father of mine").

o

of

(od), followed by hard mutation. With article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by ”mixed” mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366). Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning”.

o

concerning

o (about), becoming o h- before a vowel, e.g. o hEdhil ”concerning Elves” (read perhaps oh Edhil in Sindarn spelling)

o

concerning

(about), becoming o h- before a vowel, e.g. o hEdhil ”concerning Elves” (read perhaps oh Edhil in Sindarn spelling)

o

from

(od), followed by hard mutation; with article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by mixed mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366) Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning” (q.v. for this meaning of ”of”). 2) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of” 3)

o

about

o (concerning), becoming o h- before a vowel, e.g. o hEdhil ”about/concerning Elves”. Read perhaps oh Edhil in Sindarin orthography.

o

about

(concerning), becoming o h- before a vowel, e.g. o hEdhil ”about/concerning Elves”. Read perhaps oh Edhil in Sindarin orthography.

o

of)

M (also used = OF) o (od), followed by hard mutation. With article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by ”mixed” mutation according to David Salos reconstuctuons). (WJ:366). Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning”.

o

from)

o (od), followed by hard mutation; with article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by mixed mutation according to David Salos reconstuctuons). (WJ:366) Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning” (q.v. for this meaning of ”of”). 2) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of” 3)

go

together

(prefix) go-, gwa- (+ lenition) (co-, com-).

go

together

gwa- (+ lenition) (co-, com-).

ho

he

hon, hono. *(The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)*

or

over

(adjectival prefix) or- (above, high)

or

over

(above, high)

os

about, around

(as in osgar- ”cut around”

thar

over

(adverbial prefix) thar- (across, athwart, beyond)

thar

over

(across, athwart, beyond)

en

of the

e- (sg. genitival article)

godref

through together

(AI:92)

Telerin 

-o

suffix. of

Cognates

  • Q. -o “of; genitive ending” ✧ WJ/369

ho

preposition. from

Derivations

  • ʒō “from” ✧ PE21/78

vo-

prefix. together

Cognates

  • Q. o- “together” ✧ WJ/367

Derivations

  • WO “together” ✧ WJ/367

Variations

  • vō/vo- ✧ WJ/367

au

adverb. away

Cognates

  • Q. öa “away (of movement)” ✧ WJ/366

Derivations

  • awā “away” ✧ WJ/366
    • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ WJ/361; WJ/365

au-

prefix. away

Cognates

  • Q. au- “away (from)” ✧ WJ/365

Derivations

  • awa- “away” ✧ WJ/365
    • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/143; WJ/365

Adûnaic

suffix. genitive (draft)

The suffix used for the draft-genitive case, with a plural form -ōm (SD/438). In a later conceptual stage, it became the ordinary prepositional suffix .

Variations

  • ō ✧ SD/438

preposition. from

A prepositional suffix translated “from” (SD/429). In a few places, the suffix appears with the glide-consonant v (pronounced [w]) between it and a preceding u-vowel (SD/247, 249). It is likely related to the Quenya genitive inflection Q. -o.

Conceptual Development: At an earlier conceptual stage, this suffix was a grammatical inflection, the draft-genitive (SD/438).

Cognates

  • Q. -o “of; genitive ending”

Element in

Variations

  • -o ✧ SD/365
  • ō ✧ SD/429
Adûnaic [SD/247; SD/249; SD/365; SD/382; SD/429] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-ak Reconstructed

preposition. away

A suffix in the word êphalak “far away”, a derivative of êphal “far” (SD/247). Some authors have suggested that -ak is an intensive suffix “very” instead of suffix meaning “away” (LGtAG, NBA/32). However, the corresponding Quenya word vahai(y)a “far away” is a combination va “(away) from” and haiya “far”, so it seems to me that the literal translation “away” is more likely to be correct (this translation of va was published after LGtAG and NBA were written).

Element in

u

pronoun. he

A well-attested pronominal prefix, the masculine singular pronoun “he” (SD/433). See the entry on pronominal-prefixes for more discussion. Tolkien said that it had another variant hu- (SD/433), but this variant was only appears in the early and rejected hunekkū, which was changed to unekkū (see nakh-). Tolkien further indicated that the form u- primitively had an initial consonant [ɣ] or [ʔ] that was lost (SD/433).

Derivations

  • √Ad. ƷU “he”

Variations

  • u-/hu- ✧ SD/433

Khuzdûl

-ul

suffix. of

Element in

  • Kh. Azanulbizar “Dimrill Dale, (lit.) Rills of the Shadows” ✧ RC/269

Variations

  • |ul ✧ PE17/047
Khuzdûl [PE17/047; RC/269] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Primitive elvish

suffix. genitive

Changes

  • āō ✧ PE17/097
  • i+āmiōm ✧ PE17/097

Derivations

  • HO “from, coming from”

Derivatives

  • Q. -o “of; genitive ending” ✧ WJ/407
  • S. -a “[old] genitive suffix” ✧ PE17/097; PE17/097

Variations

  • ō ✧ PE17/097
  • ā ✧ PE17/097 (ā)
  • i+ām ✧ PE17/097 (i+ām)
Primitive elvish [PE17/097; WJ/370; WJ/407] Group: Eldamo. Published by

preposition. from

Primitive elvish [VT47/35] Group: Eldamo. Published by

wo

root. together

This root was the basis for the prefix Q. o- and S. go- “together”. In the 1910s Gnomish Lexicon, G. go- (unaccented) or gwa- “together” was derived from primitive ᴱ✶ŋu̯a and the Qenya form was ᴱQ. ma- (GL/40-41). In the 1920s the Early Noldorin form was still ᴱN. go- or gwa- but the Qenya form was ᴱQ. va- (PE13/162), probably from primitive ✱wa-. In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave the root as ᴹ√WŌ̆ “together” with derivatives ᴹQ. o- and N. go- or stressed gwa- (Ety/WŌ; EtyAC/WŌ).

In The Etymologies Tolkien explained the go-/gwa- variation in Noldorin as the result of the sound change whereby stressed became wa in Common Eldarin (Ety/WŌ); Tolkien gave a similar explanation for Sindarin in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (WJ/367). Despite stressed > wa being an ancient change, the wa variant did not survive in Quenya. Tolkien explained the sound change whereby wo became o in Quenya several times: in the Outline of Phonetic Development (OP1) from the 1930s, in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s, and in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (PE19/53, 106; WJ/367). The root √WO itself also appeared several times in Tolkien’s later writings (PE17/16, 191; WJ/361), in one place with the variant √WONO (PE17/191).

Derivatives

  • ówō “together” ✧ PE17/191
    • Q. uo “together” ✧ PE17/191
  • “together” ✧ WJ/361
    • Q. o- “together” ✧ PE19/106
    • S. go- “together, co-, com-” ✧ WJ/368
    • ᴺS. gu “(together) with”
  • Q. o- “together” ✧ PE17/191; WJ/367
  • S. go- “together, co-, com-” ✧ PE17/016; PE17/191; WJ/367
  • T. vo- “together” ✧ WJ/367

Element in

  • ᴺ✶. womātē “*community, (lit.) eating-together”
  • ᴺQ. ólav- “to compromise”
  • ᴺQ. ómen “crossroads”
  • ᴺS. goven “crossroads”

Variations

  • WĂ/WO ✧ PE17/016
  • WO/WONO ✧ PE17/191 (WO/WONO)
Primitive elvish [PE17/016; PE17/191; WJ/361; WJ/367] Group: Eldamo. Published by

prefix. together

Derivations

  • WO “together” ✧ WJ/361

Derivatives

  • Q. o- “together” ✧ PE19/106
  • S. go- “together, co-, com-” ✧ WJ/368
  • ᴺS. gu “(together) with”

Variations

  • gwo ✧ PE19/106
  • wo- ✧ WJ/367
  • wo ✧ WJ/368
Primitive elvish [PE19/106; WJ/361; WJ/367; WJ/368] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ʒō

preposition. from

Derivatives

  • T. ho “from” ✧ PE21/78

Variations

  • ʒō̆ ✧ PE21/78
Primitive elvish [PE21/78] Group: Eldamo. Published by

orlā

preposition. over

Derivatives

  • Q. olla “over [beyond]” ✧ PE17/065

Variations

  • or-lā ✧ PE17/065 (or-lā)
Primitive elvish [PE17/065] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ówō

adverb. together

Derivations

  • WO “together” ✧ PE17/191

Derivatives

  • Q. uo “together” ✧ PE17/191
Primitive elvish [PE17/191] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ăwă

preposition. from

Derivations

  • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/148

Derivatives

  • Q. o “from” ✧ PE17/148
  • S. o “from, of” ✧ PE17/148
Primitive elvish [PE17/148] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-āga

suffix. genitive

Derivatives

  • S. -a “[old] genitive suffix” ✧ NM/355; NM/355
Primitive elvish [NM/355] Group: Eldamo. Published by

au-

prefix. away

Derivations

  • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ WJ/361

Element in

  • aumata- “to eat away, corrode”
Primitive elvish [WJ/361] Group: Eldamo. Published by

awa-

prefix. away

Derivations

  • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/143; WJ/365

Derivatives

  • Q. au- “away (from)” ✧ WJ/365
  • Q. ú “without, destitute of” ✧ PE17/144
  • T. au- “away” ✧ WJ/365

Element in

Variations

  • awa ✧ WJ/360
  • au/awa ✧ WJ/365
Primitive elvish [PE17/144; WJ/360; WJ/365] Group: Eldamo. Published by

awā

adverb. away

Derivations

  • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ WJ/361; WJ/365

Derivatives

  • Q. öa “away (of movement)” ✧ WJ/366
  • T. au “away” ✧ WJ/366

Element in

Primitive elvish [WJ/361; WJ/366] Group: Eldamo. Published by

root. be, exist

Throughout much of its conceptual development, Quenya had two distinct roots for the verb to be: the root √ functioning mainly as a copula in “to be” expressions like Elrondo Elda ná “Elrond is an Elf” or Aracorno halla ná “Aragorn is tall”, versus a distinct root used mainly for existential statements such as Eru ëa “God exists”. The copula-root was established very early as √, but the existential-root varied considerably.

The earliest version of the existential root was ᴱ√Ō “be, exist” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/69). By the 1920s it seems this root has changed to ᴱ√Ī as it appeared in Early Qenya words lists from that period (PE16/140), and the verb for “to be” in the contemporaneous Early Qenya Grammar was ᴱQ. e- or i (PE14/51, 57).

A similar root ᴹ√ or ᴹ√I appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s, albeit with no derivatives (EtyAC/YE). It was most likely the basis for the so-called “stative” suffix ᴹQ. -ie seen in the contemporaneous Fíriel’s Song (LR/72). The root ᴹ√YE was also mentioned in both the first and second versions of the Tengwesta Qenderinwa from 1937 (TQ1: PE18/60) and around 1950 (TQ2: PE18/84), though in the latter it was rejected (PE18/84 note #69). This root is reflected in the use of ᴹQ. ye- in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 (PE22/107, 115, 117, 119-120), but this verb was rejected and replaced towards the end of that document by a new verb ᴹQ. ea- (PE22/122-124 and PE22/123 note #130). The rejection of ye- “to be” may be due to the introduction of Q. yén for the Elvish long year, as suggested by Christopher Gilson (PE22/86).

In QVS, the new verb ea- was derived from a primitive ✱eʒe or ✱eñe (PE22/122); the root ᴹ√ “be” had already been mentioned in Outline of Phonetic Development (OP1) from the late 1930s, indicating Tolkien had been considering this form for some time. In 1948 QVS, Tolkien said:

> The primary sense of this verb was “to exist, to have being, to be found, extant, in the real world”. But it was often weakened to the copula, in statements of identity or predication. This however in classical Quenya was limited mainly to the past and future (PE22/123).

Thus in 1948 Tolkien started the process of establishing ea- as primarily an existential verb. A few years later, Tolkien mentioned the root √ “be” in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s (PE19/96) and he described √ more fully in verbal notes from 1969 where he said:

> Stem of verb “exist” (have being in primary world of history) was √EŊE, distinct from √NA joining adjs./nouns/pronouns in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have a certain quality, or to be the same as another (PE22/147).

Thus the conceptual development of this root seems to have roughly been √Ō (1910s) >> √YĒ/Ī (1920s) >> √ (late 1940s) >> √ (early 1950s). This is an oversimplification however, in that √ appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s and Tolkien may have been considering it much earlier. Furthermore, the role of √ as primarily as existential root (vs. copula √) was only firmly established in Tolkien’s later writings. When the root was √YĒ/Ī in the 1920s through 1940s, it seems the verbs ᴱQ. e- and ᴹQ. ye- were used for both existential statements and as a copula, and in this period √ (though mentioned) was rarely used and may have been out of favor.

Derivatives

  • eñ- “to exist”
    • Q. ëa- “to be, exist, to be, exist, [ᴹQ.] have being, be found extant in the real world” ✧ PE22/166; VT49/29; VT49/29
  • eñna
    • Q. éna “[unglossed]” ✧ PE19/097
  • Q. “Creation, the (Material) Universe, Cosmos, World; it is, let it be, Creation, the (Material) Universe, Cosmos, †World; it is, let it be, [ᴹQ.] all that is” ✧ PE22/147; VT49/28
  • Q. ëa- “to be, exist, to be, exist, [ᴹQ.] have being, be found extant in the real world” ✧ PE22/147; VT49/28
  • Q. engë “ago, in the past, ago, in the past, [ᴹQ.] once (in past), †it was” ✧ PE19/096
  • Q. engwë “thing”

Variations

  • EŊE ✧ PE22/147
  • eŋe ✧ PE22/147; VT49/28
Primitive elvish [PE19/096; PE22/147; VT49/28] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ā

particle. imperative

Derivatives

  • Q. á “imperative particle”
  • S. -o “imperative” ✧ WJ/365; WJ/372

Element in

Primitive elvish [PE22/139; PE22/140; WJ/365; WJ/371; WJ/372] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

Noldorin [Ety/360, WJ/366, WJ/369-70, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-3] Group: SINDICT. Published by

o

preposition. about, concerning

The Etymologies state that h- is prefixed to the word following this preposition, when it begins with a vowel: o Hedhil "concerning the Elves". Some scholars consider that this rule is not valid in Sindarin, but that the preposition would perhaps become oh in such a case (hence oh Edhil, to be compared with ah in Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth)

Noldorin [Ety/378] Group: SINDICT. Published by

o

preposition. from, of

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. ho “from” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ƷO “from, away, from among, out of” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ƷŌ̆ > o[ɣo] > [o]✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆

Variations

  • o ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆; TI/182
Noldorin [Ety/ƷŌ̆; TI/182] Group: Eldamo. Published by

o

preposition. about, concerning

Cognates

  • ᴺQ. os “around, about, round”

Derivations

  • ᴹ√OS “round, about” ✧ Ety/OS

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√OS > o[oso] > [oho] > [oh] > [o]✧ Ety/OS

Variations

  • o ✧ Ety/OS; EtyAC/OS
Noldorin [Ety/OS; EtyAC/OS] Group: Eldamo. Published by

an

preposition. of

Element in

Noldorin [WR/287; WR/379; WR/388] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ho

pronoun. he

Noldorin [Ety/385, X/Z] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ho

pronoun. he

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶sū̆/sō̆ “masc., he” ✧ Ety/S
    • ᴹ√S “demonstrative stem” ✧ Ety/S

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶sū̆/sō̆ > ho[so] > [ho]✧ Ety/S

Variations

  • hon ✧ Ety/S
  • hono ✧ Ety/S

nan

preposition. of

go-

prefix. together

Noldorin [Ety/399, WJ/367] Group: SINDICT. Published by

go-

prefix. together

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. o- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Derivations

  • ᴹ√WO “together” ✧ Ety/KWET; Ety/NAT
  • ᴹ✶wō̆- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
    • ᴹ√WO “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Element in

  • N. gobel “walled house or village, town”
  • N. gobennas “history” ✧ Ety/KWET
  • N. godrebh “abreast; *together-through”
  • N. gwaloth “blossom, collection of flowers”
  • N. gonathra- “to entangle, enmesh” ✧ Ety/NAT
  • N. gonod- “to count (up)” ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • N. govad- “to meet”
  • N. gowest “contract, compact, treaty” ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • N. gwanod “tale, number, number, tale”
  • N. gwanur “kinsman, kinswoman” ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • N. gwastar “hummock” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√WŌ̆ > go-[wo-] > [gwo-] > [go-]✧ Ety/NAT
ᴹ✶wō/wŏ > gwa-[wó-] > [wá-] > [gwá-]✧ Ety/WŌ

Variations

  • go ✧ Ety/KWET
  • gwa- ✧ Ety/WŌ (gwa-)
Noldorin [Ety/KWET; Ety/NAT; Ety/WŌ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

hon

pronoun. he

Noldorin [Ety/385, X/Z] Group: SINDICT. Published by

os-

prefix. about, around

Noldorin [Ety/379] Group: SINDICT. Published by

os-

prefix. about

Derivations

  • ᴹ√OS “round, about” ✧ Ety/OS

Element in

  • N. Dagor-os-Giliath “Battle under Stars”
  • ᴺS. osgaef “surroundings, environs, milieu”
  • N. osgar- “to cut round, amputate” ✧ Ety/OS

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√OS > os-[os-]✧ Ety/OS

hono

pronoun. he

Noldorin [Ety/385, X/Z] Group: SINDICT. Published by

hon(o)

pronoun. he

gwa-

prefix. together

gwa-

prefix. together (only in old compounds, the living form is go-)

Noldorin [Ety/399, WJ/367] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ai

interjection. hail

Element in

Variations

  • Ai ✧ RS/198; RS/361
Noldorin [RS/198; RS/361] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nae

interjection. alas

Noldorin [Ety/375] Group: SINDICT. Published by

nae

interjection. alas

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. nai “alas” ✧ Ety/NAY

Derivations

  • ᴹ√NAY “lament” ✧ Ety/NAY

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√NAY > nae, nae[nai] > [nae]✧ Ety/NAY

Variations

  • nae, nae ✧ Ety/NAY
Noldorin [Ety/NAY; EtyAC/NAY] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Primitive adûnaic

ʒu Reconstructed

root. he

A Primitive Adûnaic form attested as u “he” (SD/435), but given the later Adûnaic pronoun Ad. u or hu “he”, the actual primitive pronoun may have been ✱ƷU [ɣu], ✱ʔU or ✱HU [xu], as Tolkien indicated in a footnote (SD/433, note #7). The suffix -u was also a common feature of Classical Adûnaic masculine-nouns.

Derivatives

  • Ad. u “he”

Variations

  • u ✧ SD/435
Primitive adûnaic [SD/435] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Qenya 

o

preposition. *from

ho

preposition. from

Changes

  • oho ✧ PE21/60
  • hoo ✧ PE21/60

Cognates

  • Ilk. go “from, away; patronymic” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆
  • N. o “from, of” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ƷO “from, away, from among, out of” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆
  • ᴹ✶ʒō “partitive; away from, from among” ✧ PE21/60
    • ᴹ√ƷO “from, away, from among, out of” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆; Ety/WŌ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ƷŌ̆ > ho[ɣo] > [ho]✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆
ᴹ✶ʒō̆ > o[-ɣo] > [-o]✧ PE21/60
ᴹ✶ʒō̆ > ho[ɣo] > [ho]✧ PE21/60

Variations

  • o ✧ PE21/60; PE21/60 (o)
Qenya [Ety/ƷŌ̆; PE21/60] Group: Eldamo. Published by

o-

prefix. together

Cognates

  • N. go- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • Ilk. gwo- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶wō̆- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ; PE19/053
    • ᴹ√WO “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Element in

  • ᴹQ. omentie “meeting”
  • ᴹQ. onóro “kinsman; brother” ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • ᴹQ. onot- “to count up”
  • ᴹQ. oselle “[sworn] sister, associate [f.]” ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • ᴹQ. otorno “sworn brother, associate [m.]” ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • ᴹQ. ovesta “contract, compact, treaty” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶wō/wŏ > ō̆-[wo-] > [o-]✧ Ety/WŌ
ᴹ✶gwo- > [gwo-] > [gwa-] > [ɣwa-] > [wa-]✧ PE19/053
ᴹ✶gwo- > o-´[gwo-] > [ɣwo-] > [ɣo-] > [o-]✧ PE19/053

Variations

  • ō̆- ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • ✧ PE19/053
  • o-´ ✧ PE19/053
Qenya [Ety/WŌ; PE19/053] Group: Eldamo. Published by

pa

preposition. about

Element in

wa-

prefix. together

nai

interjection. alas

Cognates

  • N. nae “alas” ✧ Ety/NAY

Derivations

  • ᴹ√NAY “lament” ✧ Ety/NAY

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√NAY > nai[nai]✧ Ety/NAY

va

preposition. away

Cognates

Derivations

  • Q. va “(away) from, (away) from, [ᴹQ.] away, [ᴱQ.] gone forth; with”
    • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ VT49/24

Element in

Doriathrin

gwo-

prefix. together

An archaic prefix meaning “together” derived from primitive ᴹ✶wō̆- (Ety/WŌ). It was lost because it coalesced with the preposition go “from”. As such, it is the clearest example of how [[ilk|initial [gwo] became [go]]] in Ilkorin.

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. o- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶wō̆- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
    • ᴹ√WO “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶wō/wŏ > gwo[wo] > [gwo] > [go]✧ Ety/WŌ

Variations

  • gwo ✧ Ety/WŌ (gwo)
Doriathrin [Ety/WŌ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-a(n)

suffix. genitive

The Ilkorin genitive suffix (Ety/NAUK), attested in Dor. Tor Tinduma “King of Twilight” (Ety/TIN). It might have developed from the root ᴹ√NĀ/ANA, which is the source of the Quenya genitive suffix ᴹQ. -n and the Noldorin preposition N. na “of”. Helge Fauskanger suggested instead that it developed from a suffixal form of ᴹ✶ʒō (AL-Ilkorin/-a). This second derivation seems more plausible given its plural form -ion, though the plural could also have developed from (plural) ✶ī + (genitive) ✶āna > ✱✶-iān(a) > -iōn > -ion. See the entry on the genitive inflection for further discussion.

Conceptual Development: This suffix and its plural are the same as the Gnomish genitive suffix -a with plural -ion (GG/10). The derivation of the Gnomish genitive is closer to Mr. Fauskanger’s suggested etymology of the Ilkorin genitive, giving further support to his theory.

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. -n “genitive suffix”

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶ʒō “partitive; away from, from among”
    • ᴹ√ƷO “from, away, from among, out of” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆; Ety/WŌ
Doriathrin [Ety/NAUK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Old Noldorin 

wa-

prefix. together

Derivations

  • ᴹ√WO “together” ✧ Ety/NŌ; Ety/THEL; Ety/TOR

Element in

  • On. wanūre “kinswoman” ✧ Ety/THEL
  • On. wanūro “kinsman” ✧ Ety/NŌ
  • On. wathel “[sworn] sister, associate [f.]” ✧ Ety/THEL
  • On. wator “brother” ✧ Ety/TOR

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√WŌ̆ > wa[wo] > [wa]✧ Ety/TOR

Variations

  • wa ✧ Ety/TOR
Old Noldorin [Ety/NŌ; Ety/THEL; Ety/TOR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

wo

root. together

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶wō̆- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
    • Ilk. gwo- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
    • ᴹQ. o- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ; PE19/053
    • N. go- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • N. go- “together” ✧ Ety/KWET; Ety/NAT
  • On. wa- “together” ✧ Ety/NŌ; Ety/THEL; Ety/TOR

Element in

  • ᴹ✶wanōrō “one of kin” ✧ Ety/TOR
  • ᴹQ. onóne “kinswoman; sister” ✧ Ety/NŌ; Ety/THEL
  • ᴹQ. onóro “kinsman; brother” ✧ Ety/NŌ
  • ᴹQ. onot- “to count up” ✧ Ety/NOT
  • ᴹQ. oselle “[sworn] sister, associate [f.]” ✧ Ety/THEL
  • ᴹQ. otorno “sworn brother, associate [m.]” ✧ Ety/TOR
  • ᴹQ. ovesta “contract, compact, treaty” ✧ Ety/WED (ovesta)
  • N. gwaloth “blossom, collection of flowers” ✧ Ety/LOT(H)
  • N. gonod- “to count (up)” ✧ Ety/NOT
  • N. gowest “contract, compact, treaty” ✧ Ety/WED
  • N. gwanod “tale, number, number, tale” ✧ Ety/NOT
  • N. gwastar “hummock” ✧ Ety/STAR

Variations

  • WŌ̆ ✧ Ety/NAT; Ety/NŌ; Ety/NOT; Ety/STAR; Ety/THEL; Ety/TOR; Ety/WED; Ety/WŌ
  • ✧ EtyAC/WŌ
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KWET; Ety/LOT(H); Ety/NAT; Ety/NŌ; Ety/NOT; Ety/STAR; Ety/THEL; Ety/TOR; Ety/WED; Ety/WŌ; EtyAC/WŌ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

wō̆-

prefix. together

Derivations

  • ᴹ√WO “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Derivatives

  • Ilk. gwo- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • ᴹQ. o- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ; PE19/053
  • N. go- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Variations

  • wō/wŏ ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • gwo- ✧ PE19/053
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/WŌ; PE19/053] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nā/ana

root. be, exist

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. ná- “to be” ✧ Ety/NĀ²
  • ᴹQ. anwa “true, real, actual” ✧ Ety/ANA²
  • ᴹQ. nasto “animal, beast”
  • ᴹQ. nat “thing” ✧ Ety/NĀ²
  • N. nad “thing” ✧ Ety/NĀ²

Variations

  • NA² ✧ Ety/ANA²
  • NĀ² ✧ Ety/NĀ²
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/ANA²; Ety/NĀ²] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ana

root. be, exist

Middle Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

root. be

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶eʒ- “to be”
    • ᴹQ. ea- “to be; to exist, have being, be found extant in the real world” ✧ PE22/122; PE22/122; PE22/122; PE22/122
  • ᴹQ. ea- “to be; to exist, have being, be found extant in the real world” ✧ PE19/048
  • ᴹQ. enge “ago, once (in past), †it was” ✧ PE19/048

Variations

  • Ē ✧ PE22/122
Middle Primitive Elvish [PE19/048; PE22/122] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

o

preposition. from

a

preposition. of

a(n)

preposition. of

Derivations

  • ᴱ✶ā ✧ PE13/108

Element in

Variations

  • ✧ GG/07; GL/17; GL/49; LT1A/Uolë Kúvion; LT1I/Gilfanon
  • an ✧ GG/11; GL/26; GL/26; LT2A/Cûm an-Idrisaith
  • a ✧ GG/11; GL/34; GL/46; GL/64; LT1A/Cûm a Gumlaith; LT2A/Falasquil; LT2A/Teld Quing Ilon; LT2A/Tôn a Gwedrin; PE13/093; PE13/108
Gnomish [GG/07; GG/11; GG/12; GL/17; GL/26; GL/34; GL/46; GL/49; GL/64; LT1A/Cûm a Gumlaith; LT1A/Uolë Kúvion; LT1I/Gilfanon; LT2A/Cûm an-Idrisaith; LT2A/Falasquil; LT2A/Teld Quing Ilon; LT2A/Tôn a Gwedrin; PE13/093; PE13/108] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nan

preposition. of

o-

conjunction. he

Element in

  • G. o·gwath lemp nin “he beckons, (lit.) he wags a finger at me” ✧ GL/53 (o·gwath lemp nin*)

Variations

  • ✧ GL/53 ()

on

pronoun. he

Element in

Gnomish [GL/51; GL/62] Group: Eldamo. Published by

a

preposition. from

Cognates

  • Eq. ô “from” ✧ GL/17

Derivations

Element in

Variations

  • a ✧ GG/11
  • a(n·) ✧ GL/17
  • o ✧ PE13/115
Gnomish [GG/11; GL/17; PE13/115] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mu

preposition. from

Variations

  • mu ✧ GL/58

gomintha

adverb. together

Element in

a nech(a)

alas, o, woe

Changes

  • nech!a nech ✧ GL/59
  • necha!(a) necha! ✧ GL/59

Variations

  • a nech ✧ GL/59
  • (a) necha! ✧ GL/59
  • nech! ✧ GL/59 (nech!)
  • necha! ✧ GL/59 (necha!)

Early Noldorin

o

preposition. *than; of

Element in

Early Noldorin [PE13/128; PE13/138] Group: Eldamo. Published by

na

preposition. of

Element in

Early Noldorin [LB/275; SM/026] Group: Eldamo. Published by

hin

preposition. from

Element in

Early Noldorin [MC/217] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Solosimpi

va-

prefix. together

Cognates

  • En. go- “together, co(n)-” ✧ PE13/162; PE13/162
Solosimpi [PE13/162] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

ō

root. be, exist

Changes

  • OOŌ ✧ QL/069

Derivatives

  • Eq. ó- “to be” ✧ QL/069

Variations

  • OO ✧ QL/069 (OO)
Early Primitive Elvish [QL/069] Group: Eldamo. Published by

suffix.

Derivatives

  • Eq. -o “genitive ending” ✧ GG/10; GG/10
  • Eq. ô “from”
  • G. -a “genitive suffix” ✧ GG/10; GG/10

Variations

  • ō ✧ GG/10
Early Primitive Elvish [GG/10] Group: Eldamo. Published by

root. be, exist

Derivatives

  • Eq. “so, yes (it is)” ✧ QL/064
  • Eq. ná- “to be, exist” ✧ QL/064
  • Eq. nanwa “being”
  • Eq. nasta “existence, being, creature” ✧ QL/064
  • Eq. nat “thing” ✧ QL/064
  • G. na- “to be”
  • G. nad “*thing”
  • G. nath “thing, affair, matter”
  • G. nast “being (abstract); being (creature)”

Element in

  • Eq. nea “it is, yes”
Early Primitive Elvish [QL/064] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ī

root. be

Derivatives

  • ᴱ✶-ya “present” ✧ PE16/140
  • Eq. e- “to be” ✧ PE16/140

Variations

  • ī ✧ PE16/140
Early Primitive Elvish [PE16/140] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

o-

prefix. he; 3rd sg. masc. pronoun

ô

preposition. from

Cognates

  • G. a “from” ✧ GL/17

Derivations

Early Quenya [GL/17] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ai

interjection. o!, ha!

@@@ appears as ail in later printings vs. early printing ai!

Cognates

  • G. ai “oh!”

Derivations

  • ᴱ√AYA “honour, revere” ✧ QL/034

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√AY̯A > ai[aja] > [ajǝ] > [aj] > [ai]✧ QL/034

Variations

  • Ai ✧ VT40/08; VT40/08
Early Quenya [QL/034; VT40/08] Group: Eldamo. Published by

va-

prefix. together

Cognates

  • En. go- “together, co(n)-” ✧ PE13/162; PE13/162
Early Quenya [PE13/162] Group: Eldamo. Published by

hu

pronoun. he; 3rd sg. masc. pronoun

Element in

  • Eq. (h)úva “*his; 3rd sg. masc. possessive emphatic” ✧ PE14/052
  • Eq. hu·karne ha min “he did it first (i.e. either before anyone else did so, or before he did anything else)” ✧ PE14/084
  • Eq. hu·mate “he eats” ✧ PE14/085
  • Eq. húyo “he (emphatic); 3rd sg. masc. pronoun” ✧ PE14/052
  • Eq. hwa- “his; 3rd sg. masc. possessive” ✧ PE14/052
  • Eq. tára·kasse Taniqetildo, tára·kasisse hu·sórie “on the high top of Taniqetil, on the high peaks he sat” ✧ PE14/078
  • Eq. wingildin o silqelosseën “the foam-maidens with blossom-white hair” ✧ MC/216; PE16/100; PE16/104

Variations

  • o ✧ MC/216; PE16/100; PE16/100; PE16/104
  • hu- ✧ PE14/052; PE14/085
  • u- ✧ PE14/052
Early Quenya [MC/216; PE14/052; PE14/053; PE14/054; PE14/078; PE14/084; PE14/085; PE16/100; PE16/104] Group: Eldamo. Published by

u-

prefix. he; 3rd sg. masc. pronoun

tu

pronoun. he

Changes

  • tuhu “he” ✧ PE14/078

Element in

Variations

  • tu ✧ PE14/046; PE14/079 (tu)
Early Quenya [PE14/046; PE14/079] Group: Eldamo. Published by

áye

interjection. hail

Derivations

  • ᴱ√AYA “honour, revere” ✧ QL/034

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√AY̯A > áye[ajē] > [aje] > [aie] > [aije] > [āje]✧ QL/034
Early Quenya [LT1A/Ainur; QL/034] Group: Eldamo. Published by

o

preposition. over, across, along

Early Quenya [QL/069] Group: Eldamo. Published by