Quenya 

e

pronoun. one, (neut[er]) it, a thing, one, (neuter) it; [ᴹQ.] he, she

Changes

  • emo “one, (neut[er]) it, a thing” ✧ PE22/154

-ro

he

-ro pronominal ending "he", in antaváro, q.v. In Tolkiens later Quenya, the ending -s covers both "he", "she" and "it".

ea

verb. be

be

Quenya [PE 19:48] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

er

one, alone

er cardinal "one, alone" (ERE, VT48:6, VT49:54), in an early source also adv. "only, but, still" (LT1:269); Eru er "one God" (VT44:17; er was here emended by Tolkien from erëa, which seems to be an adjectival form *"one, single".)

essë

he

essë (2) pron? "he" (and also "she, it"?), possible emphatic 3rd sg. emphatic pronoun, attested in the sentence essë úpa nas "he is dumb" (PE17:126)

et

out

et prep. (and adv.?) "out", when followed by ablative "out of" (VT45:13) or literally "out from", as in EO: et Eärello "out of the Great Sea"; cf. also et sillumello "from this hour" in VT44:35. Et i pe/péti, untranslated phrase, perhaps "out of the mouth" (VT47:35). Prefixet- "forth, out" (ET), also in longer form ete- (as in etelehta, eteminya); verb ettuler "are coming forth" (ettul- = et + tul-). (SD:290; read probably *ettulir or continuative *ettúlar in Tolkien's later Quenya). The forms etemmë and etengwë (VT43:36) seem to incorporate pronominal suffixes for "us", hence ?"out of us", inclusive and exclusive respectively. The pronoun -mmë denoted plural inclusive "we" when this was written, though Tolkien would later make it dual exclusive instead (see -mmë). Second person forms are also given: etelyë, etellë ?"out of you", sg. and pl. respectively (Tolkien would later change the ending for pl. "you" from -llë to -ldë).

se

he, she, it

se (1) pron. "he, she, it" also object "him, her, it", 3rd person sg. Used "of living things including plants" (VT49:37; the corresponding inaimate pronoun is sa). The pronoun comes directly from se as the original stem-form (VT49:50). Stressed form , VT49:51, attested in object position in melin sé "I love him" (VT49:21). Ósë "with him/her", VT43:29; see ó-. Long dative/allative sena "[to/for] him" or "at him", VT49:14, allative senna "to him/her" (VT49:45, 46). Compare the reflexive pronoun insë *"himself, herself".

é

indeed

é adverbial particle "indeed" that may be prefixed to a sentence (VT45:11). Short e in the sentence e man antaváro? "what will he give indeed?" (LR:63).

-së

suffix. he, she, it

a

cardinal. one

Quenya [PE 22:94; PE 22:124f] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

erëa

cardinal. one

erëa adj.? "one" or *"single", apparently an adjectival form (see er) (VT44:17)

min

cardinal. one

min numeral "one", also minë (VT45:34, VT48:6)

min

cardinal. one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first

Cognates

  • S. min “one, one, [G.] single” ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06
  • T. min “one” ✧ VT48/06

Derivations

  • min “one”
    • MIN “one, first of a series, one, first of a series; [ᴹ√] stand alone, stick out”

Element in

Quenya [PE17/095; VT48/06] Group: Eldamo. Published by

minë

cardinal. one

minë numeral "one", also min (MINI, VT45:34)

mir

cardinal. one

mir (2) cardinal "one" (LT1:260; in LotR-style Quenya rather minë)

nandë

harp

nandë (2) ("ñ")noun "harp" (ÑGAN/ÑGÁNAD; according to VT46:3, Tolkien changed the final vowel from -a to -ë)

ná-

verb. to be, to be, [ᴱQ.] exist

Changes

  • nāner ✧ VT49/09
  • nārnăr ✧ VT49/30

Cognates

  • Ad. -n “predicate suffix”
  • S. na- “to be”

Derivations

  • “be (the same as another), exist” ✧ PE17/093

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
> [nā]✧ PE17/093

Variations

  • ✧ LotR/0377; PE17/090; PE17/093; PE22/154; PE22/167; VT42/33; VT49/09; VT49/23
  • na ✧ Minor-Doc/1955-CT; PE17/057; PE17/074; PE17/074; PE17/090; PE17/162; VT43/13; VT43/30
  • ✧ PE17/058; RGEO/59; VT49/09 (); VT49/28; VT49/30
  • nā- ✧ PE22/166; VT49/27; VT49/28 (nā-)
  • nā̀ ✧ RGEO/58
  • ✧ RGEO/60
  • nā̆ ✧ VT49/30
  • nār ✧ VT49/30 (nār)
Quenya [LotR/0377; Minor-Doc/1955-CT; PE17/057; PE17/058; PE17/059; PE17/074; PE17/090; PE17/093; PE17/126; PE17/162; PE22/154; PE22/158; PE22/166; PE22/167; PE22/168; RGEO/58; RGEO/59; RGEO/60; VT42/33; VT42/34; VT43/13; VT43/14; VT43/15; VT43/16; VT43/23; VT43/30; VT43/34; VT44/34; VT49/09; VT49/10; VT49/19; VT49/23; VT49/27; VT49/28; VT49/29; VT49/30] Group: Eldamo. Published by

quén

one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman

quén (quen-, as in pl. queni; as final element in compounds -quen) noun "one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman", pl. queni = "persons", "(some) people", "they" with the most general meaning (as in "they [= people in general] say that..."). The element is combined with noun and adjective stems in old compounds to denote habitual occupations or functions, or to describe those having some notable (permanent) quality; examples include roquen, ciryaquen, arquen, q.v. Also in aiquen "whoever", ilquen "everybody" (WJ:361 cf. 360, 372).

erúmëa

outer, outermost

erúmëa adj. "outer, outermost" (LT1:262)

-s

suffix. he, she, it

am(a)-

prefix. intensive prefix

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

Changes

  • an-an ✧ PE17/090

Cognates

  • S. an- “intensive prefix”

Derivations

  • andā “long, far” ✧ PE17/090
    • ANAD “long; far” ✧ PE17/090
  • am- “intensive prefix” ✧ PE17/090; PE17/092
    • AMA “addition, increase, plus”
  • AMA “addition, increase, plus” ✧ PE17/091
  • NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/146; PE21/79

Element in

  • ᴺQ. amyára “elder”
  • Q. Anairë “*Holiest”
  • Q. Ancalimë “*Brightest (f.)”
  • Q. Ancalimon “*Brightest (m.)”
  • ᴺQ. anyára “elder, *senior”
  • Q. unqualë “death agony, death agony, torment, [ᴹQ.] agony, death” ✧ PE19/078

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
and(a) > an-[an-]✧ PE17/090
and(a) > anda-[anda-]✧ PE17/090
am > an[am-]✧ PE17/090
AMA > ama[ama-]✧ PE17/091
am > an[am-]✧ PE17/092
ANA/NĀ > an-[an-]✧ PE17/146
ANA/NA > an-[an-]✧ PE21/79

Variations

  • an ✧ PE17/056; PE17/057; PE17/090; PE17/092; PE17/092
  • ana ✧ PE17/056; PE17/057
  • ana- ✧ PE17/056
  • añ- ✧ PE17/090
  • am ✧ PE17/090; PE17/091 (am)
  • anda- ✧ PE17/090
  • ama ✧ PE17/091 (ama)
  • ama- ✧ PE17/092
Quenya [Let/279; PE17/056; PE17/057; PE17/090; PE17/091; PE17/092; PE17/146; PE19/078; PE21/79] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mo

one, someone, anyone

mo, indefinite pronoun "one, someone, anyone" (VT42:34, VT49:19, 20, 26)

au

away

au (2) adv. "away", of position rather than movement (compare oa). PE17:148

hó-

away, from, from among

- verbal prefix; "away, from, from among", the point of view being outside the thing, place, or group in thought (WJ:368)

tanta

harp

tanta (1) noun "harp", also as verb tanta- "to play a harp" (VT41:10)

tantila

harp

tantila noun "harp" (VT41:10)

Sindarin 

e

pronoun. he

The meaning "he" is deduced from the apparent function of this word in the so-called "King's Letter", but it also seems possible to interpret it as "indeed" (as in Q. e, LR/63, VT/45:11), used here in a way of formal address expressing the wishes or the will of the King

Sindarin [SD/129-31] Group: SINDICT. Published by

e

pronoun. he

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. e “he, she, it”

Element in

Sindarin [AotM/062; SD/129] Group: Eldamo. Published by

edhel

e

e, pl1. edhil {ð}_ n. _marcher, one who went forth.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:152] < *_edelā_ < EL. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

ell

e

e, pl2. eldrim n.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:141] < _eldā_. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

en

of the

poss. art. of the.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:102] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

en

preposition. of the

Changes

  • anieni ✧ PE17/097
  • en(n)aena ✧ PE17/097

Derivations

  • ān(a) “subjective genitive” ✧ PE17/097

Element in

Variations

  • en ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953; PE17/097; PE17/102; PE17/141; S/197; S/203; S/216; UT/040; UT/100; UT/150; UT/153; UT/245; VT50/23
  • en· ✧ MR/373
  • an ✧ PE17/097
  • ena ✧ PE17/097
  • ani ✧ PE17/097 (ani)
  • en(n)a ✧ PE17/097 (en(n)a)
Sindarin [Let/448; LotR/0953; LotR/1134; MR/373; PE17/097; PE17/102; PE17/126; PE17/141; S/197; S/203; S/216; UT/040; UT/054; UT/100; UT/150; UT/153; UT/245; VT50/23] Group: Eldamo. Published by

no

verb. be!

Sindarin [VT/44:21,24] Group: SINDICT. Published by

min

cardinal. one, one, [G.] single

Cognates

  • Q. min “one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first” ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06

Element in

  • S. Miniel “Vanyar”
  • S. minlamad “?alliteration, (lit.) first-echoing”
  • S. minui “first” ✧ VT42/25
  • S. minuial “(dawn) twilight”

Variations

  • min ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06
  • mîn ✧ VT42/25
Sindarin [PE17/095; VT42/25; VT48/06] Group: Eldamo. Published by

pen

pronoun. one, somebody, anybody

Usually enclitic and mutated as ben.2

Sindarin [WJ/376] Group: SINDICT. Published by

na-

verb. to be

Sindarin [no aer i eneth lín VT/44:21,24] Group: SINDICT. Published by

na-

verb. to be

Changes

  • dôddád ✧ VT44/22
  • dádhae ✧ VT44/22
  • haeno ✧ VT44/24

Cognates

  • Q. ná- “to be, to be, [ᴱQ.] exist”

Derivations

  • “be (the same as another), exist”

Element in

Variations

  • dôd ✧ VT44/22 (dôd)
  • dád ✧ VT44/22 (dád)
  • hae ✧ VT44/22 (hae)
Sindarin [VT44/22; VT44/24; VT50/23] Group: Eldamo. Published by

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

Cognates

  • Q. an- “intensive prefix”

Element in

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

Sindarin [Ety/373, VT/42:24-25, VT/48:6] Group: SINDICT. Published by

mîn

fraction. one (first of a series)

Sindarin [Ety/373, VT/42:24-25, VT/48:6] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ganna

harp

(verb, play a harp) ganna- (i nganna = i ñanna, in gannar = i ñgannar); also gannada (i ngannada = i ñannada, in gannadar = i ñgannadar).

e

outer

(adjectival prefix) e-, ed-

e

outer

ed

e

he

1) e (SD:128-31), 2) ho, hon, hono. (The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)

e

he

(SD:128-31)

e

out

e, ed (away, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition: (WJ:367)

e

out

ed (away, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition:

e

forth

(adv. pref.) e, ed (out, away); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition "out from, out of" (WJ:367)

e

forth

ed (out, away); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition "out from, out of" (WJ:367)

e

away

ed (out, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition "out from, out of" (WJ:367)

en

of the

en-, e- (sg. genitival article): interjection

en

of the

en-, e-, genitival article, mostly only used in the singular (in the plural, in or i + nasal mutation is used), though infrequently en is used in the pl. as well. Followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions.

ho

he

hon, hono. *(The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)*

na

be

: The verb ”to be” is poorly attested. Apparently the root is na-. The imperative is attested as no, and nad (used = ”thing”) may be seen as an original gerund *”a being”. It seems that the copula ”is, are” (and ”was, were”?) can be omitted altogether, as in the ”Noldorin” sentence lheben teil brann i annon ”five feet high [is] the door” (AI:92), in Sindarin perhaps *leben tail brand i annon.

na

be

. The imperative is attested as no, and nad (used = ”thing”) may be seen as an original gerund ✱”a being”. It seems that the copula ”is, are” (and ”was, were”?) can be omitted altogether, as in the ”Noldorin” sentence lheben teil brann i annon ”five feet high [is] the door” (AI:92), in Sindarin perhaps ✱leben tail brand i annon.

eru

the one

isolated from

min

cardinal. one

1) (number ”one” as the first in a series) min, mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 2) (number) êr, whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone); 3)

Sindarin [Parviphith] Published by

min

one

mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”.

pen

cardinal. one

(indefinite pronoun) (= somebody, anybody) pen (WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lords Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean *”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of *ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

pen

one

(WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lord’s Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean ✱”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of ✱ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

êr

one

whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone)

edren

adjective. outer

Derivations

  • ET “out, forth”
Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

gannel

harp

(noun) gannel (i ngannel = i ñannel, o n**gannel = o ñgannel), pl. gennil (in gennil = i ñgennil), coll. pl. gannellath. Archaic †gandel**.

î

interjection. indeed

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. é “indeed”

Derivations

  • ᴹ√Ē “indeed”
Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

gwachae

away

1) (adj.) gwachae (remote), lenited wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186, isolated from gwahaedir). 2) (adv.) e, ed (out, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition "out from, out of" (WJ:367)

gwachae

away

(remote), lenited ’wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch *(PM:186, isolated from gwahaedir)*.         

Telerin 

er

cardinal. one

Cognates

  • Q. er “one, alone, one, alone; [ᴱQ.] only, a single” ✧ VT48/06

min

cardinal. one

Cognates

  • Q. min “one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first” ✧ VT48/06

au

adverb. away

Cognates

  • Q. öa “away (of movement)” ✧ WJ/366

Derivations

  • awā “away” ✧ WJ/366
    • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ WJ/361; WJ/365

au-

prefix. away

Cognates

  • Q. au- “away (from)” ✧ WJ/365

Derivations

  • awa- “away” ✧ WJ/365
    • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/143; WJ/365

Adûnaic

u

pronoun. he

A well-attested pronominal prefix, the masculine singular pronoun “he” (SD/433). See the entry on pronominal-prefixes for more discussion. Tolkien said that it had another variant hu- (SD/433), but this variant was only appears in the early and rejected hunekkū, which was changed to unekkū (see nakh-). Tolkien further indicated that the form u- primitively had an initial consonant [ɣ] or [ʔ] that was lost (SD/433).

Derivations

  • √Ad. ƷU “he”

Variations

  • u-/hu- ✧ SD/433

-ak Reconstructed

preposition. away

A suffix in the word êphalak “far away”, a derivative of êphal “far” (SD/247). Some authors have suggested that -ak is an intensive suffix “very” instead of suffix meaning “away” (LGtAG, NBA/32). However, the corresponding Quenya word vahai(y)a “far away” is a combination va “(away) from” and haiya “far”, so it seems to me that the literal translation “away” is more likely to be correct (this translation of va was published after LGtAG and NBA were written).

Element in

Primitive elvish

imin

masculine name. One

Element in

Primitive elvish [NM/055; NM/060; WJ/380; WJ/421; WJI/Imin] Group: Eldamo. Published by

min

cardinal. one

Derivations

  • MIN “one, first of a series, one, first of a series; [ᴹ√] stand alone, stick out”

Derivatives

  • Q. min “one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first”

Element in

Variations

  • Min ✧ NM/060
Primitive elvish [NM/060; WJ/421] Group: Eldamo. Published by

am-

prefix. intensive prefix

Derivations

  • AMA “addition, increase, plus”

Derivatives

  • Q. amba “more” ✧ PE17/090
  • Q. an- “intensive prefix” ✧ PE17/090; PE17/092

Variations

  • am ✧ PE17/090; PE17/092; PE17/092
  • an- ✧ PE17/092
  • ✧ PE17/092
Primitive elvish [PE17/090; PE17/092] Group: Eldamo. Published by

au-

prefix. away

Derivations

  • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ WJ/361

Element in

  • aumata- “to eat away, corrode”
Primitive elvish [WJ/361] Group: Eldamo. Published by

awa-

prefix. away

Derivations

  • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/143; WJ/365

Derivatives

  • Q. au- “away (from)” ✧ WJ/365
  • Q. ú “without, destitute of” ✧ PE17/144
  • T. au- “away” ✧ WJ/365

Element in

Variations

  • awa ✧ WJ/360
  • au/awa ✧ WJ/365
Primitive elvish [PE17/144; WJ/360; WJ/365] Group: Eldamo. Published by

awā

adverb. away

Derivations

  • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ WJ/361; WJ/365

Derivatives

  • Q. öa “away (of movement)” ✧ WJ/366
  • T. au “away” ✧ WJ/366

Element in

Primitive elvish [WJ/361; WJ/366] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

ho

pronoun. he

Noldorin [Ety/385, X/Z] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ho

pronoun. he

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶sū̆/sō̆ “masc., he” ✧ Ety/S
    • ᴹ√S “demonstrative stem” ✧ Ety/S

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶sū̆/sō̆ > ho[so] > [ho]✧ Ety/S

Variations

  • hon ✧ Ety/S
  • hono ✧ Ety/S

hon

pronoun. he

Noldorin [Ety/385, X/Z] Group: SINDICT. Published by

hon(o)

pronoun. he

hono

pronoun. he

Noldorin [Ety/385, X/Z] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ed-

prefix. forth, out

Noldorin [Ety/356] Group: SINDICT. Published by

min

cardinal. one

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. min “one” ✧ Ety/MINI

Derivations

  • ᴹ√MIN “stand alone, stick out” ✧ Ety/MINI

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√MINI > min[mini] > [mine] > [min]✧ Ety/MINI
Noldorin [Ety/MINI] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gandel

noun. harp

Noldorin [Ety/377, X/ND2] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gannel

noun. harp

Noldorin [Ety/377, X/ND2] Group: SINDICT. Published by

a-

prefix. intensive prefix

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶a- ✧ EtyAC/N
    • ᴹ√A “intensive prefix” ✧ EtyAC/N

Element in

  • N. afarch “arid, very dry” ✧ EtyAC/N
  • N. ongol “stench” ✧ EtyAC/N

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶a- > a[a]✧ EtyAC/N

Variations

  • a ✧ EtyAC/N

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

Noldorin [Ety/373, VT/42:24-25, VT/48:6] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Primitive adûnaic

ʒu Reconstructed

root. he

A Primitive Adûnaic form attested as u “he” (SD/435), but given the later Adûnaic pronoun Ad. u or hu “he”, the actual primitive pronoun may have been ✱ƷU [ɣu], ✱ʔU or ✱HU [xu], as Tolkien indicated in a footnote (SD/433, note #7). The suffix -u was also a common feature of Classical Adûnaic masculine-nouns.

Derivatives

  • Ad. u “he”

Variations

  • u ✧ SD/435
Primitive adûnaic [SD/435] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Qenya 

e

pronoun. he, she, it

Changes

  • éette “hé” ✧ PE22/121

Cognates

  • S. e “he”

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶e “he, she, it”

Element in

Variations

  • é ✧ PE22/121 (é)
Qenya [PE22/096; PE22/097; PE22/100; PE22/106; PE22/108; PE22/110; PE22/116; PE22/118; PE22/119; PE22/120; PE22/121; PE22/122; PE22/123; VT27/07] Group: Eldamo. Published by

é

interjection. indeed

Cognates

  • ᴺS. î “indeed”

Derivations

  • ᴹ√Ē “indeed” ✧ EtyAC/Ē

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√Ē > ē[ē]✧ EtyAC/Ē

Variations

  • ē ✧ EtyAC/Ē
  • E ✧ LR/063
Qenya [EtyAC/Ē; LR/063] Group: Eldamo. Published by

min

cardinal. one

Cognates

  • N. min “one” ✧ Ety/MINI

Derivations

  • ᴹ√MIN “stand alone, stick out” ✧ Ety/MINI

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√MINI > mine[mine]✧ Ety/MINI
ᴹ√MINI > min[min]✧ Ety/MINI

Variations

  • mine ✧ Ety/MINI
Qenya [Ety/MINI; EtyAC/MINI] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mine

cardinal. one

ye-

verb. to be

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ “to be” ✧ PE22/123

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√YE > [jē]✧ PE22/123

Variations

  • ✧ PE22/123 ()
Qenya [LR/072; PE22/011; PE22/107; PE22/115; PE22/117; PE22/119; PE22/120; PE22/123] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ná-

verb. to be

Derivations

  • ᴹ√NĀ/ANA “be, exist” ✧ Ety/NĀ²
  • ᴹ✶ “was; then, ago” ✧ PE22/096

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√NĀ² > [nā]✧ Ety/NĀ²
ᴹ✶nḗ > [nē]✧ PE22/096

Variations

  • ✧ Ety/NĀ²
Qenya [Ety/NĀ²; PE22/096] Group: Eldamo. Published by

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

Derivations

  • ᴹ√A “intensive prefix” ✧ EtyAC/A
  • ᴹ√N- “intensive” ✧ EtyAC/N; PE19/055

Element in

  • ᴹQ. ampano “building (especially of wood), wooden hall, construction, edifice” ✧ EtyAC/N
  • ᴹQ. Ankale “Radiant-one, Sun, (lit.) The Very Bright” ✧ EtyAC/A; EtyAC/N
  • ᴹQ. antaro “high mountain, peak, high mountain, peak, *(lit.) great height” ✧ EtyAC/N
  • ᴹQ. parka “dry; thirsty” ✧ EtyAC/A
  • ᴹQ. tára “lofty, high” ✧ EtyAC/N
  • ᴹQ. unqale “death agony, agony, death” ✧ EtyAC/N

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√A > an[an-]✧ EtyAC/A
ᴹ√N- > an-[ṇd-] > [and-]✧ EtyAC/N
ᴹ√N- > um[ṃb-] > [umb-]✧ EtyAC/N
ᴹ√N- > [ŋ̣g-] > [iŋg-]✧ EtyAC/N
ᴹ√nŏ- > > > an[ṇd-] > [and-]✧ PE19/055

Variations

  • an ✧ EtyAC/A; PE18/042; PE19/055
  • am ✧ EtyAC/A; PE18/042; PE19/055
  • ✧ EtyAC/A; PE19/055
  • um ✧ EtyAC/N
  • ✧ EtyAC/N
  • ✧ PE18/042
Qenya [EtyAC/A; EtyAC/N; PE18/042; PE19/055] Group: Eldamo. Published by

va

preposition. away

Cognates

Derivations

  • Q. va “(away) from, (away) from, [ᴹQ.] away, [ᴱQ.] gone forth; with”
    • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ VT49/24

Element in

Doriathrin

er Reconstructed

cardinal. one

The Ilkorin word for “one” attested only in the name Ermabuin or Ermab(r)in “One-handed” (Ety/MAP).

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. er “one, alone”

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ER “be alone, deprived”

Element in

Old Noldorin 

et-

prefix. out

Element in

  • On. etled- “to go abroad” ✧ Ety/LED
Old Noldorin [Ety/LED] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

e

pronoun. he, she, it

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. e “he, she, it”

Element in

  • ᴹ✶e mati-te “he eats him(self)” ✧ PE22/095
  • ᴹ✶e mati-the “he eats him (another man)” ✧ PE22/095; PE22/095
Middle Primitive Elvish [PE22/094; PE22/095] Group: Eldamo. Published by

e

root. intensive prefix

Element in

  • ᴹ✶Endero “(?virile) young bridegroom” ✧ EtyAC/E
Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/E] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ē

root. indeed

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “indeed” with a single derivative ᴹQ. é of the same meaning (EtyAC/Ē).

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. é “indeed” ✧ EtyAC/Ē
  • ᴺS. î “indeed”

Variations

  • Ē ✧ EtyAC/Ē
Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/Ē] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ē

root. to be

Middle Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

root. be

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶eʒ- “to be”
    • ᴹQ. ea- “to be; to exist, have being, be found extant in the real world” ✧ PE22/122; PE22/122; PE22/122; PE22/122
  • ᴹQ. ea- “to be; to exist, have being, be found extant in the real world” ✧ PE19/048
  • ᴹQ. enge “ago, once (in past), †it was” ✧ PE19/048

Variations

  • Ē ✧ PE22/122
Middle Primitive Elvish [PE19/048; PE22/122] Group: Eldamo. Published by

root. to be

Changes

  • YEĒ “to be” ✧ PE22/122

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. ye- “to be” ✧ PE22/123
  • ᴹQ. -ie “stative suffix” ✧ EtyAC/YĒ

Variations

  • Ī ✧ EtyAC/YĒ
  • I ✧ PE18/060
  • YE ✧ PE18/084 (YE); PE22/123 (YE)
Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/YĒ; PE18/060; PE18/084; PE22/123] Group: Eldamo. Published by

eʒ-

verb. to be

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ “be”

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. ea- “to be; to exist, have being, be found extant in the real world” ✧ PE22/122; PE22/122; PE22/122; PE22/122

Variations

  • eʒe ✧ PE22/122
  • eñe ✧ PE22/122
Middle Primitive Elvish [PE22/122] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ī

root. to be

Middle Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

a

root. intensive prefix

An “intensive” root addition described by Tolkien in The Etymologies from the 1930s (EtyAC/A). It was one of two basic intensive mechanisms, along with the (syllabic) prefixed N- (EtyAC/N). The prefixed vowel a- seems to have been used originally in Primitive Elvish when the base vowel was a, and similarly with E and I (EtyAC/E; Ety/I²); whether this was also true of the vowels o, u is unclear, as Tolkien didn’t mention them. These various vocalic intensifications were frequently accompanied by dynamic lengthening (doubling), with the example given by Tolkien being: ᴹ✶parkā “dry” → ᴹ✶apparkā “very dry, arid” (> N. afarch).

In the case of e- and i-, the examples were dero, dise → ᴹ✶Endero, ᴹ✶Indise “groom, bride”; these examples indicate that other kinds of consonant fortifications were possible, in this case nasalization of stops, which often replaced consonant-doubling for voiced stops in Primitive Elvish.

Specifically in the case of a-, however, it seems it could be used as a general intensive that “was distinct in origin, though similar in function, to the prefixed basic vowel”. Why this was true of a- alone is not clear, but there seems to have been some complex interplay between the vocalic intensives and the intensives derived from syllabic initial ṇ-, with the net result that the intensive prefix in Q. became an-, am-, añ-, depending on the initial consonant.

See the entry on the Quenya comparative for a more detailed discussion of the conceptual development of intensives in Eldarin.

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶a- “complete” ✧ EtyAC/TALÁT
  • ᴹ✶a- ✧ EtyAC/N
    • N. a- “intensive prefix” ✧ EtyAC/N
  • ᴹQ. an- “intensive prefix” ✧ EtyAC/A

Element in

  • ᴹ✶angosse “horror” ✧ EtyAC/GOS
  • ᴹ✶oññol- “strong smell” ✧ EtyAC/A
  • ᴹ✶parkā “dry” ✧ EtyAC/A

Variations

  • a ✧ EtyAC/GOS
Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/A; EtyAC/GOS; EtyAC/N; EtyAC/TALÁT] Group: Eldamo. Published by

i

root. intensive prefix

Element in

  • ᴹ✶Indise “bride” ✧ Ety/I²
  • ᴹ✶Ithil “moon” ✧ Ety/I²

Variations

  • I ✧ Ety/I²; EtyAC/I²
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/I²; EtyAC/I²] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

er

adjective. one

Cognates

  • Eq. er “one, only, alone, a single” ✧ GL/32
  • Eq. er “only, but, still” ✧ LT1A/Tol Eressëa

Derivations

  • ᴱ√ERE “remain alone” ✧ LT1A/Tol Eressëa

Element in

  • G. ereg “alone, only” ✧ GL/32
  • G. ereth “solitude, oneness, loneliness” ✧ GL/32; LT1A/Tol Eressëa
  • G. ert “once, once only” ✧ GL/32
  • G. erw “only” ✧ GL/32
  • G. er(e)tha- “to isolate, rob, deprive” ✧ GL/32
  • G. erwed “unique” ✧ GL/32

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√ERE > er[er]✧ LT1A/Tol Eressëa
Gnomish [GL/32; LT1A/Tol Eressëa] Group: Eldamo. Published by

o-

conjunction. he

Element in

  • G. o·gwath lemp nin “he beckons, (lit.) he wags a finger at me” ✧ GL/53 (o·gwath lemp nin*)

Variations

  • ✧ GL/53 ()

on

pronoun. he

Element in

Gnomish [GL/51; GL/62] Group: Eldamo. Published by

na-

verb. to be

Changes

  • nithi ✧ GL/58

Cognates

  • Eq. ná- “to be, exist”

Derivations

  • ᴱ√ “be, exist”

Element in

Variations

  • na-¹ ✧ GL/58
  • ni ✧ GL/58 (ni)
Gnomish [GG/09; GL/58] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ufra

adjective. outer

Early Primitive Elvish

e

root. that (by you)

Derivatives

  • Eq. e- “that by you” ✧ QL/034
  • Eq. en “that by you; thereupon” ✧ QL/034
  • Eq. ena “that by you” ✧ QL/034
  • Eq. enwa “tomorrow” ✧ QL/034
  • Eq. ene “look (at what you have)!” ✧ QL/034

Variations

  • en- ✧ QL/034
  • ek- ✧ QL/034
  • et- ✧ QL/034
Early Primitive Elvish [QL/034] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ī

root. be

Derivatives

  • ᴱ✶-ya “present” ✧ PE16/140
  • Eq. e- “to be” ✧ PE16/140

Variations

  • ī ✧ PE16/140
Early Primitive Elvish [PE16/140] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ese

root. out

Early Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

eðe

root. out

Derivatives

  • ᴱ✶eðus
    • Eq. erus(ta) “outside”
    • G. edhos “just without, close by” ✧ GL/31
  • Eq. Eruman “beyond the abode of the Mánir” ✧ LT1A/Neni Erúmëar
  • Eq. ere- “to go”
  • Eq. ere(n) “iron, steel”
  • Eq. eru “outward” ✧ QL/036
  • Eq. est “outwards” ✧ QL/036
  • Eq. esta- “to send”
  • Eq. ere- “out” ✧ QL/036
  • Eq. es- “*out” ✧ QL/036
  • G. edh “outside, near borders of, near, hard by, beside”

Element in

  • ᴱ✶Eðusmānī “beyond the abode of the Mánir” ✧ QL/036
  • Eq. Eruman “beyond the abode of the Mánir” ✧ LT1A/Eruman
  • Eq. erúmea “outer, outermost” ✧ LT1A/Neni Erúmëar
  • Eq. Neni Erúmear “Outermost Waters” ✧ LT1A/Eruman

Variations

  • ERE ✧ LT1A/Eruman; LT1A/Neni Erúmëar; QL/036
  • ESE ✧ QL/036
Early Primitive Elvish [LT1A/Eruman; LT1A/Neni Erúmëar; QL/036] Group: Eldamo. Published by

eře

root. out

Early Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

e-

verb. to be

Derivations

  • ᴱ√Ī “be” ✧ PE16/140

Element in

Early Quenya [PE14/051; PE14/054; PE14/057; PE16/062; PE16/066; PE16/140; PE16/141; PE16/143] Group: Eldamo. Published by

el

adverb/adjective. one

tu

pronoun. he

Changes

  • tuhu “he” ✧ PE14/078

Element in

Variations

  • tu ✧ PE14/046; PE14/079 (tu)
Early Quenya [PE14/046; PE14/079] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mir

cardinal. one

Cognates

  • G. min “one, single” ✧ LT1A/Minethlos

Derivations

  • ᴱ√ “*one” ✧ LT1A/Minethlos; QL/061

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√MĪ¹ > mir[mir]✧ QL/061
Early Quenya [LT1A/Minethlos; PME/061; QL/061] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ere-

prefix. out

Derivations

  • ᴱ√EÐE “out” ✧ QL/036

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√ERE > ere-[eðe-] > [ere-]✧ QL/036

Variations

  • ere- ✧ QL/036
Early Quenya [QL/036] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ó-

verb. to be

Derivations

  • ᴱ√Ō “be, exist” ✧ QL/069

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√Ō > ō-[ō-]✧ QL/069

Variations

  • ō- ✧ QL/069
Early Quenya [QL/069] Group: Eldamo. Published by